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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences has been published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences since the establishment of PAS in 1952. The journal is peer-reviewed and issued in electronic format. It aims to publish original, high-quality papers from multidisciplinary engineering sciences, with preferred topics including:

  • Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
  • Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
  • Civil Engineering,
  • Control, Informatics and Robotics,
  • Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
  • Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
  • Material Science and Nanotechnology,
  • Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:
JCR Impact Factor 2024: 1.1
5 Year Impact Factor 2023: 1.0
CiteScore 2024: 2.7
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023: 0.271
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023: 0.517
Ministry of Education and Science: 100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.
ISSN
ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

B. Sawicki and S. Osowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

P. Ładyżyński, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and P. Kryszkiewicz, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

P. Zięba and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2

1 BPASTS 2/2026 - Contents
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2
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2 An evaluation of an artificial immune system based approach to anomaly detection in computer programs
Patryk Widuliński , Krzysztof Wawryn
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157325 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157325
Keywords: intrusion detection system malware anomaly detection negative selection
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Abstract

The growing sophistication of cyber threats and the limitations of traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS) have led researchers to explore biologically inspired models. One promising approach involves the application of artificial immune systems (AIS), which mimic the self/nonself discrimination mechanism of biological immune systems. In this paper, we propose an IDS based on the negative selection algorithm (NSA), enhanced by a novel modification involving intercellular receptors (ICRs). This dual-receptor architecture improves detection accuracy by targeting both standard and intercellular anomalies in program code. We present a mathematical model of the system, describe its implementation, and evaluate its performance across three key metrics: detection rate, memory efficiency, and processing speed. Experimental results demonstrate that the modified NSA with ICRs matches or outperforms existing methods, achieving an average detection accuracy improvement of 8.1%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Patryk Widuliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Wawryn
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Koszalin University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Computer Science, Sniadeckich 2, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland
3 An explainable hybrid deep learning approach for power quality disturbance classification
Hasan Uzel
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157326 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157326
Keywords: power quality deep learning hybrid explainable AI LIME
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Abstract

This study presents a deep learning-based framework for the accurate classification of power quality (PQ) disturbances using time-series and environmental data. Four architectures: artificial neural network (ANN), convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and a hybrid model were implemented and evaluated on a dataset containing key electrical and environmental features such as voltage sag, harmonics, temperature pollution level. Comprehensive preprocessing, including normalization, correlation assessment of skewness and kurtosis analysis, ensured statistical reliability. Among the evaluated models, the hybrid architecture achieved the best performance, with an accuracy of 98.91% and an F1-score of 98.90%, outperforming all standalone approaches. Model interpretability was enhanced using local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME), which identified feature contributions for individual predictions. A comparison with eight recent studies demonstrated competitive or superior performance in both accuracy and explainability. The integration of high-performing hybrid modeling with interpretable AI makes the proposed system well-suited for real-time PQ monitoring in smart grid environments. Future work may incorporate unsupervised and transfer learning methods to improve adaptability across varying grid conditions and data scarcity scenarios.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hasan Uzel
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Akdagmadeni Vocational School, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, 66000, Turkey
4 Music genre classification through federated deep harmonic convolution and attention learning
Yuan Tan , Caicai Wang
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | No. 2 | e157568 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157568
Keywords: music genre clasification federated learning harmonic convolution attention mechanism deep learning hyperparameter optimalization
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Abstract

Intelligent music recommendation and retrieval systems need genre categorization, yet class imbalance, overlapping genre features, decentralized data privacy, and restricted deployment efficiency continue to challenge present methods. AAI-HarmoCNN-AttnNet, a privacy-conscious federated deep learning architecture for accurate and scalable music genre categorisation, addresses these concerns. The proposed model captures fine-grained spectrum cues and long-range temporal relationships using harmonic-sensitive convolutional layers and dual-path attention. Federated learning allows dispersed clients to optimize while preserving raw audio data. A hybrid hyperparameter optimization technique combining Egret Swarm Optimization and Golden Jackal Optimization improves convergence stability and generalization. AAIHarmoCNN-AttnNet outperforms thirteen competitive baselines, including CRNN, Bi-GRU with attention, and recent self-supervised methods, with 99.1% classification accuracy, 98.9% precision, 98.8% recall, and 97.4% Genre Diversity Sensitivity (GDS) score, in extensive NCASI benchmark dataset experiments. Federated evaluations show robust convergence under non-IID client distributions, with tightly clustered client-wise accuracy above 99% and decreased inter-client variation. Ablation experiments confirm the complimentary contributions of harmonic convolution and dual-path attention, while ROC analysis shows excellent discrimination with high true-positive rates and low false-positive rates. For real-time deployment, edge device resource profiling has low inference latency, small model size, and balanced power efficiency. This shows that AAI-HarmoCNN-AttnNet is a strong, privacy-preserving, and deployment-ready solution for federated music genre classification in current intelligent audio systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yuan Tan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Caicai Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Academy of Film and Television Arts, Hunan Mass Media Vocational and Technical College, Changsha 410000, China
5 Assessment of the differential evolution method for control of multiple-sources water supply system – case study
Ariel Antonowicz , Rafał Brodziak , Jędrzej Bylka , Przemysław Zakrzewski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157328 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157328
Keywords: water distribution network modeling and optimization differential evolution WNTR EPANET multisource water distribution network
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Abstract

This study demonstrates the use of the differential evolution method for optimizing multi-source water supply systems. The objective was to identify a water-supply scenario that minimizes the total water-supply costs in multiple sources network. The analysis assumed varying water-production costs at each source, with control implemented through the adjustment of valve settings at the network inlets. For the research, open-source tools such as EPANET, the WNTR library, and Python’s scipy.optimize package, were utilized. The analyses were conducted on two water distribution networks. The first was a simplified network with three water sources, designed to validate the simulation environment and perform initial assessments of the optimization algorithms, whereas the second was a complex model representing a real water distribution network. Analyses were conducted for the latter assuming three, four, five, and six sources. For both networks, multiple pricing scenarios were evaluated to explore how different conditions impact the performance of the algorithm. The results show that near-optimal solutions can be achieved with significantly reduced computation times. The differences in objective function values between the brute force and differential evolution (DE) methods were no greater than 0.2%, while the computation time for DE was substantially shorter. These findings highlight DE scalability, efficiency, and potential for real-world applications, promoting cost-effective and accessible optimization in engineering practice.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ariel Antonowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Brodziak
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jędrzej Bylka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Zakrzewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  2. Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Building Installations,Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
6 Enhancing shear-thinning behavior in asphalt binders through organophilic clay modification
Zhen Wu , Qingping Wang , Cheng Li , Yulong Guo , Hakeem Jan , Basit Ali
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157096 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.157096
Keywords: organophilic nano-clay asphalt binder modification shear-thinning behavior viscosity–shear rate relationship rutting resistance
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Abstract

This study investigates the influence of shear rate on the non-Newtonian flow behavior of asphalt binders modified with 1–5% organophilic nano clay by weight. Asphalt binders exhibit shear-thinning characteristics, where viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, enhancing elasticity and reducing temperature sensitivity. Two penetration-grade bitumen samples (60/70 and 80/100) from Attock Refinery Limited (ARL), Pakistan, were modified using the melting method as per ASTM D6606. Rotational viscometer tests (ASTM D4402) were conducted at 135°C, over shear rates from 3.4 to 34 s−1. Viscosity dropped by nearly 60% with increasing shear rate, with the 5% nano clay blend exhibiting the highest viscosity (385.5 cp (mPa·s)) at low shear rates. All concentrations demonstrated improved flow behavior, with 5% yielding the most significant effect. These findings highlight the potential of organophilic nano clay to improve binder rheology, indicating enhanced resistance to rutting and deformation, critical for pavement applications. Further field-scale research is recommended to evaluate long-term performance, mix workability and economic feasibility.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhen Wu
1
Qingping Wang
1 2
Cheng Li
3
Yulong Guo
4
Hakeem Jan
5
Basit Ali
6 7
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Chengdu Industry and Trade College, Chengdu 611731, China
  2. Chengdu Technician College, Chengdu 611731, China
  3. China Merchants ZhiXiang Road Technology (Chongqing) Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400060, China
  4. Guangxi Transportation Investment Group Liuzhou Expressway Operation Co., Ltd., Liuzhou 545000, China
  5. Lincoln University College, Selanger, Malaysia
  6. School of Highway Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, PR China
  7. Public Health Engineering Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
7 Modal analyses of nonuniform axially functionally graded Euler-Bernoulli beams
Esra Zeynep Sensoy , Tarik Baran
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157320 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157320
Keywords: Haar wavelet method functionally graded material functionally graded beam non-uniform axially functionally graded beam free vibration analysis
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Abstract

The dynamic response of functionally graded beams is of immense importance in modern engineering applications where structural elements often exhibit material inhomogeneity and geometric nonuniformity. This study investigates flexural free vibrations of axially functionally graded Euler-Bernoulli beams with nonuniform cross-sections, where both geometric dimensions and material properties vary along the beam axis. The governing equations of motion were discretized and solved using the Haar wavelet method, which provides an efficient numerical scheme. Four classical boundary conditions: clamped-free, pinned-pinned, clamped-pinned, and clamped-clamped were analyzed to demonstrate the versatility of the approach. The accuracy of the method was verified by comparison with benchmark solutions available in the literature. Extended case studies were then performed for tapered and cone-shaped beams with linearly varying depth or width, considering axially functionally graded material. The results demonstrate that variations in axial cross-sectional geometry have a greater impact on natural frequencies and mode shapes than material gradation. This study revisits the Haar wavelet method and extends its application to conditions that were previously unstudied, such as different functionally graded material models in tapered and cone configurations. The validated results are in good agreement with existing literature. Finally, detailed graphs and tables present the results obtained for previously uninvestigated cases.
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Authors and Affiliations

Esra Zeynep Sensoy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tarik Baran
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Civil Engineering Department, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Türkiye
8 Projectile shape optimization using numerical twin with computational fluid dynamics and design of experiment methods
Krzysztof Piasta , Radosław Trębiński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157329 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157329
Keywords: external ballistics numerical twin computational fluid dynamics design of experiments shape optimization trajectory modelling
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Abstract

Projectile shape optimization is crucial for enhancing aerodynamic performance and cost-effectiveness in ammunition development. This paper presents an integrated methodology leveraging the numerical twin concept, combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with design of experiments (DOE) methods to optimize projectile external geometry. The CFD model, serving as the core of the numerical twin, enables accurate prediction of the aerodynamic drag coefficient, validated against experimental data with a deviation of less than 6.5% at Mach 2.73. A structured experimental plan was established to determine the relationship between key geometric parameters and the drag coefficient for Mach numbers ranging from 2 to 2.75. Based on these results, a response function approximating the drag coefficient was formulated and integrated into the trajectory model, showing agreement with PRODAS software (less than 1.26% difference in terminal velocity and range). A second DOE plan was then used to optimize the shape of a prospective projectile for maximum terminal velocity at 300 meters, achieving 753 m/s. The resulting optimization tool provides time-effective estimations of terminal ballistics improvement for slight geometrical modifications. This holistic CFD-DOE approach streamlines and reduces the cost of projectile shape optimization, lessening the need for extensive prototyping and accelerating the design cycle.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Piasta
1
ORCID: ORCID
Radosław Trębiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Jarosław D ˛abrowski Military University of Technology, ul. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
9 Compatibility charts of BRB-VD combined systems for RC frames in ultra-high seismic intensity zones
Shuwei Lan , Yu Liu , Xiang Lan , Kechuang Wu
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157319 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157319
Keywords: combined seismic energy dissipation buckling-restrained braces viscous dampers performance-based seismic design damper compatibility the K-ξa relationship charts
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Abstract

The combined seismic energy dissipation of BRB and VD in ultra-high seismic zones leverages their strengths, producing a hybrid damping system with excellent performance and significant application potential. Although the potential of such combined damping systems in seismic design is widely recognized, the lack of a clear methodology for coordinating their distinct stiffness and damping mechanisms remains a major barrier to their effective implementation. To solve the compatibility issue between the two technologies, we perform a series of computational analyses of reinforced concrete frame structures equipped with BRB-VD combined systems in ultra-high seismic zones. The analysis determines key parameters, including the nominal lateral stiffness ratio K of BRBs and the additional damping ratio ξa provided by VD. As a result, the K-ξa relationship charts illustrating the compatibility between the two dampers under different seismic design groups in ultra-high seismic zones are developed, eliminating the inconvenience caused by multiple iterations based on the response spectrum design method. The accuracy and practicability of the K-ξa relation charts for combined seismic energy dissipation design are further validated through engineering examples, providing a convenient manual calculation tool for structural engineers and offering valuable references for similar high-seismic regions aroundthe world.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shuwei Lan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yu Liu
2
Xiang Lan
1
Kechuang Wu
1
  1. Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Kunming University, No. 2 Puxin Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone,Kunming, Yunnan 650214, China
  2. School of Public Safety and Emergency Management, Kunming University of Science and Technology,No. 68 Wenchang Road, Wuhua Zone, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
10 Hierarchical process model discovery algorithm for CRS systems
Andrzej Stroiński , Dariusz Dwornikowski , Anna Kobusińska , Jerzy Brzeziński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e155043 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155043
Keywords: process mining data discovery process modelling distributed systems CRS systems
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Abstract

An increasing number of distributed systems are currently being developed according to the REST paradigm, supporting a diverse range of services and applications. However, analyzing potential errors and deviations in their operation has become progressively more difficult due to both the scale of processed data and the proliferation of available services. In this context, process mining offers a valuable approach. By analyzing event logs collected from such systems, it is possible to derive process models that represent application behavior in distributed environments. These models support the identification and remediation of errors as well as the optimization of system performance. This article introduces a mechanism for representing process models of communication resource systems (CRS) developed within the REST paradigm using process algebra. In addition, we propose an algorithm for discovering such models, enabling the identification of both local processes executed within individual services and the interactions that occur between them.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Stroiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Dwornikowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Kobusińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy Brzeziński
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
  2. Bitropy, Poland
11 Analysis of the sensor architecture for a level 3 autonomy system in tracked military vehicles
Sebastian Jakubowski , Jakub Wiech
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157321 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157321
Keywords: sensor architecture autonomous tracked vehicle self-propelled mortar
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Abstract

The article presents an analysis of the sensor system architecture designed for third-level autonomy in full-scale tracked platforms intended for military applications. In particular, it focuses on the use of advanced data fusion, enabling the integration of information from heterogeneous sensors, such as LiDARs, cameras, ToF (time-of-flight) sensors, inertial measurement units (IMUs), radars, and vehicle on-board systems. This configuration ensures a high degree of environmental perception accuracy and reliability in decision-making, which is crucial under the dynamic and demanding terrain conditions typical of combat operations. It also enhances situational awareness. Key aspects of designing the sensory system are discussed in detail, including the optimal selection of sensors, their placement on the tracked vehicle, and the implementation of real-time data fusion algorithms. The analysis covers the evaluation of these technologies in terms of environmental mapping accuracy, operational reliability, and adaptability under varying operational conditions. The research results indicate that an appropriate sensor architecture, supported by advanced data processing methods, significantly improves the effectiveness of condition-based autonomous control and the vehicle ability to adapt to the specific requirements of combat missions. The conclusions drawn from the study provide valuable guidance in designing modern military vehicles that utilize state-of-the-art sensing technologies and autonomous algorithms.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Jakubowski
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Jakub Wiech
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Doctoral School, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 12 st., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
  2. Huta Stalowa Wola S.A., gen. Tadeusza Kasprzyckiego 8 st., 37-450 Stalowa Wola, Poland
  3. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 12 st., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
12 Optimal collision-free Cartesian trajectory planning for a free-floating space robot with nonzero linear and angular momentum
Tomasz Rybus
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157323 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157323
Keywords: free-floating manipulator optimal trajectory planning obstacle avoidance space robotics
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Abstract

An unmanned chaser satellite equipped with a robotic manipulator can be employed for active debris removal and in-orbit servicing missions. It is often assumed that the control system of the chaser satellite is switched off during the capture operation performed with the manipulator. However, due to the limited accuracy of the chaser control system, which relies on thrusters for the approach phase, achieving zero relative velocity of the chaser with respect to the target satellite may not be possible. Moreover, in the tangent capture scenario, the chaser satellite is intentionally accelerated to a specific linear velocity before initiating the capture operation. This paper presents an optimal trajectory planning method applicable to a manipulator mounted on a free-floating satellite with nonzero initial velocity and nonzero but constant linear and angular momentum. The trajectory of the manipulator end-effector is parameterized in the Cartesian space using an 8th-order polynomial. The trajectory planning task is formulated as a constrained nonlinear optimization problem and solved using an interior-point algorithm. Constraints include joint position limits and collision avoidance with spherical obstacles. Two objective functions are considered: minimizing the trajectory length and minimizing the attitude changes of the chaser satellite. The proposed approach is validated through numerical simulations conducted using parameters from a prototype of the 7-DoF WMS 1 Lemur space manipulator. Trajectories obtained with the proposed approach are compared to two nonoptimal trajectories: a straight-line trajectory and a collision-free trajectory obtained with the artificial potential field method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Rybus
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Centrum Badan Kosmicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk (CBK PAN), ul. Bartycka 18a, 00-716 Warszawa, Poland
13 Influence of force causing water molecules to flow in computer simulations of water nanoflows
Janusz Bytnar , Bogusław Twaróg , Kamil Szostek , Monika Piróg
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157327 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157327
Keywords: computer simulation molecular dynamics nanoflows
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Abstract

Understanding liquid behavior in nanoscale channels is essential for designing advanced systems involving nanofluids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of external forcing applied to water molecules flowing through a copper nanochannel on the thermodynamic stability of the system, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The motivation stems from the lack of clear guidelines for selecting forcing parameters that ensure physically consistent flow without introducing artificial phase transitions. Simulations were conducted for three molecular water models (OPC, PPC, TIP4P) and three forcing magnitudes. The temperature evolution and molecular velocity distributions were analyzed. The results demonstrate that excessive forcing leads to nonphysical behavior, such as overheating beyond the boiling point, whereas insufficient forcing may cause cooling below the freezing point. Only intermediate forcing values allow for stable, realistic flow behavior within the liquid phase. Additionally, the choice of molecular water model was shown to significantly affect flow dynamics, highlighting the importance of proper parameter selection in MD studies. These findings provide practical guidelines for reliable nanoscale flow simulations and may support the design of transport structures in nanoscale devices.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Bytnar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bogusław Twaróg
2
Kamil Szostek
3
Monika Piróg
1
  1. Faculty of Technical Engineering, State University of Applied Sciences in Jaroslaw, ul. Czarnieckiego 16, Jaroslaw, 37-500, Poland
  2. Institute of Computer Science, University of Rzeszów, ul. Pigonia 1, Rzeszów, 35-959, Poland
  3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Fundamentals, Rzeszów University of Technology, ul. Pola 2, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
14 Experimental study on ammonolysis process of copper(II) nitrate and copper oxide-copper nitride transformations
Robert Szczęsny , Katarzyna Bogdańska , Marek Wiśniewski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157564 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157564
Keywords: copper nitride copper oxide ammonolysis reaction gaseous ammonia infrared spectroscopy
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Abstract

There has been renewed interest in copper nitride (Cu3N). New chemical methods have been developed to synthesize this compound in the last ten years. Although these approaches are based on the precipitation reaction exploiting different nitriding agents, an interesting issue is still the applicability of the gas (NH3) – solid ammonolysis process towards various precursors and the analysis of the course of this reaction. The nitridation processes of the copper(II) nitrate and the subsequent formation of copper oxide-copper nitride were analyzed in this study. The mentioned phase transformations were monitored in situ by infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed for morphology and phase composition analysis. The results indicate that Cu(NO3)2 can serve as an effective direct Cu3N precursor. This ammonolysis reaction proceeded through the formation of copper oxides. Additionally, ammonolysis-oxidation tests between CuO and Cu3N indicate the full reversibility of these processes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Szczęsny
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Bogdańska
1
Marek Wiśniewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
15 Thermo-optical, structural, and morphological characterization of ZnO:PQX composite thin films
Natalia Nosidlak , Katarzyna Wojtasik , Piotr Dulian , Patryk Szymczak , Mateusz Piz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157064 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.157064
Keywords: ellipsometry ZnO thin films organic dye sol-gel
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Abstract

This work presents a detailed study of thin zinc oxide (ZnO) films and ZnO composite films doped with the organic luminescent dye PQX, prepared by the sol-gel method and spin coating. The optical, thermo-optical, structural, and morphological properties of these films were investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The PQX dye showed strong absorption in the blue region of the spectrum with a large Stokes shift, indicating potential for luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) applications. Thermal studies revealed limited stability of PQX in thin films with partial degradation beginning at 100°C and complete decomposition above 300°C, which affected the optical and structural properties of the composite films. Annealing led to an amorphous state transition of the organic component and increased porosity in the ZnO matrix. ZnO:PQX films exhibited increased surface roughness and reduced refractive index compared to pure ZnO. These findings suggest that while PQX enhances certain optical properties, its thermal instability limits the performance of ZnO:PQX composites in LSC devices, highlighting the need for further materials optimization.
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Authors and Affiliations

Natalia Nosidlak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Wojtasik
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Dulian
3
Patryk Szymczak
4
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Piz
5
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Podchorazych 1, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Physics, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology,ul. Podchorazych 1, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
  3. Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
  4. Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  5. Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology,West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
16 The study on the effect of blade guide strip on aerodynamic performance of horizontal axis wind turbine
Guowen Li , Haotian Song , Xinghui Wu , Xinhua Sun
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157322 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157322
Keywords: guide strip wind turbine wind tunnel test lift-drag conversion
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Abstract

This paper mainly studies the influence of sticking hidden movable airflow guide strips to the surface of horizontal axis wind turbine blades on the aerodynamic performance of the blades. The experimental data suggest that the guide strip changes the direction of the airflow. A reverse force will be generated in the opposite direction of the airflow outflow, i.e. the blade guide strip’s resistance and the airflow’s distance on the blade surface will be increased. The lift of the blade will be increased with a low starting wind speed and a significant wind energy utilization effect. The research results show that the guide strip structure can increase the lift coefficient of the blade by 9.1% under the conditions of a small angle of attack. When the wind speed reaches 8 m/s, the power coefficient increases by 14.1% and the starting wind speed decreases by 0.5 m/s. However, negative resistance of the guide strip was increased at high incoming flow speeds. At this time, the guide strip was adapted to level the actuator and placed on the blade’s surface. The experimental results show that when the guide strip is retracted, the output power of the wind turbine is the same as that of the prototype blade. Therefore, the guide strip blades with retraction and extension functions enhance the low-speed performance of the wind turbine while maintaining its high-speed performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Guowen Li
1
Haotian Song
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xinghui Wu
1
Xinhua Sun
1
  1. Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
17 Performance, sizing, and residual load – an analysis of photovoltaic systems for a water treatment facility
Thomas Liberski , Fausto A. Canales , Jakub Jurasz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157567 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157567
Keywords: solar power systems renewable energy sustainable water supply systems energy droughts decentralized electricity supply PV orientation optimization
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Abstract

This study presents an analysis of photovoltaic (PV) systems designed for a water supply utility located in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, focusing on system sizing, configurations, and residual load implications. The analysis has two key objectives: maximizing the capacity factor and self-consumption and then comparing both cases using residual load. Using hourly electricity demand data from eight locations, along with satellite-based solar irradiance and weather inputs, the research identifies optimal tilt and azimuth configurations under both objectives. The findings reveal that capacity factor optimization yields annual capacity factor values ranging from 13.00% to 13.38%, but results in lower self-consumption rates (ranging from 33.39% to 46.59%). In contrast, self-consumption optimization produces higher levels (ranging from 35.11% to 47.39%) but leads to reduced capacity factor performance (ranging from 6.93% to 11.57%). A centralized PV system configuration is also evaluated, achieving a capacity factor of 13.27% and self-consumption of 42.08% in the capacity factor optimized case, and 6.93% capacity factor with 44.84% self-consumption in the self-consumption optimized case. The results highlight a trade-off between maximizing energy yield and improving temporal matching of generation and demand, with each optimization strategy enhancing a different aspect of PV system performance in electricity supply for the critical infrastructure operation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Thomas Liberski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fausto A. Canales
1 2
Jakub Jurasz
1
  1. Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
  2. Civil Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Sede Campus Nueva Granada, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá 250247, Colombia
18 Development of a new phasor measurement algorithm with decaying DC offset removal
Eugeniusz Rosołowski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 2 | e157324 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157324
Keywords: decaying DC component digital filter discrete Fourier transform least error squares method notch filter phasor measurement short circuit variable window filter
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Abstract

Current and voltage phasors remain the basis of most power system protection and automation functions. Most phasor measurement algorithms used for this purpose are derived from the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) method, which is justified by its relatively simple implementation and good harmonic rejection. Growing requirements for faster relay operation and higher accuracy impose new conditions, particularly the need for a shorter measurement window and immunity to a decaying DC (DDC) component. To address these demands, new solutions are emerging, often based on algorithms with an expanding measurement window and on assumed definitions of the proposed measurement model. The method presented in this paper combines the properties of the DFT with a suitably modified least squares (LS) method to meet the expected requirements, ensuring fast estimation of the phasor components of the fundamental-frequency component while remaining insensitive to the presence of the DDC component. The attached results of simulation studies show details of the application and some of the properties of the method proposed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Eugeniusz Rosołowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspia ˙ nskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

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