Applied sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences has been published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences since the establishment of PAS in 1952. The journal is peer-reviewed and issued in electronic format. It aims to publish original, high-quality papers from multidisciplinary engineering sciences, with preferred topics including:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
Civil Engineering,
Control, Informatics and Robotics,

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
Material Science and Nanotechnology,
Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:

JCR Impact Factor 2024:	1.1
5 Year Impact Factor 2023:	1.0
CiteScore 2024:	2.7
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023:	0.271
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023:	0.517
Ministry of Education and Science:	100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.

ISSN

ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

B. Sawicki and S. Osowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

P. Ładyżyński, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

P. Kryszkiewicz, Poznan University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

P. Zięba and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Content

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6

1 Contents vol. 73 no. 6 - Special Section

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6

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2 Contents vol. 73 no. 6 - Regular Articles

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6

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3 Development trends in urban systems

Łukasz Sadowski , Agnieszka A. Tubis , Kristina Ciziuniene

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e155049 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155049

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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Sadowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Agnieszka A. Tubis

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kristina Ciziuniene

4 Smart, sustainable, and resilient: The triple imperative of urban transport transformation

Agnieszka A. Tubis , Łukasz Sadowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e155048 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155048

Keywords: literature review challenges developments research trends city

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Abstract

Among the major trends currently reshaping the organization and functioning of modern cities are the concepts of sustainable development, digital transformation, and urban resilience. The rapid advancement of these concepts in recent years is reflected in the growing volume of scientific publications across all three areas. This article aims to analyze these key research trends related to the development of contemporary cities and to identify their impact on urban public transport systems, which constitute a critical element of citizen services. Two complementary literature review methods were applied: a systematic review and a narrative review. The systematic review was designed to identify publications associated with each of the analyzed research trends, while the narrative review provided the basis for evaluating the influence of these developmental concepts on public transport systems in cities. The findings indicate strong interconnections between the notions of smart cities and sustainable cities, while the concept of resilience, as the most recent approach, draws upon selected assumptions of both. All three concepts exert a considerable influence on urban mobility. Sustainable development alters residents’ transport behaviors, smart mobility enhances the implementation and efficiency of transport processes, and well-functioning public transport systems play a crucial role in urban crisis management. Based on the analysis of research trends in public transport and ongoing technological transformations, the study identifies the main challenges and potential directions for the future development of urban public transport.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka A. Tubis

e-mail:

ORCID:

Łukasz Sadowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław, Poland
Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wrocław, Poland

5 Enhancing mobile eye-tracking in extreme urban lighting conditions

Marta Rusnak , Zofia Koszewicz , Franciszek Hackemer , Izabela Garaszczuk , Andrew T. Duchowski , Rafał Karnicki

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e152709 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152709

Keywords: outdoor eye-tracking smart city data quality calibration sunlight

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Abstract

One of the methods for understanding residents’ needs and socially improving urban spaces in terms of transportation, safety, landscape protection and managing tourist traffic load is eye-tracking (ET). Researchers using mobile ET for outdoor studies face significant challenges, particularly due to sunlight affecting data quality. Existing solutions often overlook participant comfort. This article introduces a novel accessory designed for extreme lighting conditions, such as bright days, sunsets and snowy or water-filled environments. The goal is to eliminate disruptions caused by uncontrolled sunlight on participants’ eyes, and to enable studies in urban environments. A custom sun shield, designed for ETs based on spectacle frames, prioritizes both physical and psychological comfort. The lightweight shield is easy to install, minimally restricts the field of view, and does not interfere with eye-tracking components. It is cost-effective and suitable for DIY 3D printing. Control studies and field research confirmed its effectiveness, with feedback from over 100 users improving the final design. The shield enhances eye-tracking research credibility under sunny conditions, supports efficient calibration, and improves participant recruitment and well-being. The quality of data obtained has improved significantly, which is manifested by a comparison of date concerning the manner of pupil detection. Thanks to this solution, it will become possible to conduct research aimed at better understanding the behavior of city users, while ensuring their comfort and safety. It will also be possible to conduct research within the framework of so-called living labs. Importantly, studies show that the approach to designing subsequent mobile ETs based on IR should undergo significant modification.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Rusnak

1 2

Zofia Koszewicz

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Franciszek Hackemer

e-mail:

ORCID:

Izabela Garaszczuk

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Andrew T. Duchowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rafał Karnicki

e-mail:

ORCID:

LET’s GO Laboratory of Eye-tracking Gives Opportunities, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Faculty of Architecture, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
School of Computing, Clemson University, USA

6 Digital maturity in tram systems: Model design and practical application

Agnieszka A. Tubis , Mateusz Rydlewski , Magdalena Skiba

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e155034 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155034

Keywords: smart city digital transformation digital dimensions transport system

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Abstract

The ongoing digital transformation generates demand among companies for tools that will allow them to assess their current stage of advancement in the digital transformation process and support them in developing a further development plan. Digital maturity assessment models meet these needs. The article presents the framework of a new digital maturity assessment model dedicated to tram systems – DMM-TRAM. The model comprises five assessment dimensions covering personnel, information, passenger flow, infrastructure, and operational risk management. These areas are divided into 15 sub-areas, and the system maturity is assessed on a four-point scale, with level 1 representing the basic level and level 4 (leader) representing the excellent level. The developed model was verified on a selected tram system in a selected city in Poland. This allowed us to prove the validity of the defined assessment dimensions and the empirical nature of the requirements formulated for individual assessment levels in each sub-area. The assessment of the selected system indicated diversification of maturity levels in individual areas, as the lowest score obtained was DMAI = 1.67 (Personnel management), and the highest was DMAI = 2.75 (Information management).

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka A. Tubis

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mateusz Rydlewski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Magdalena Skiba

Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław, Poland
Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wrocław, Poland

7 Synthetic urban agglomeration modelling to enable big data applications in transportation systems

Michał Zawodny , Piotr Mackiewicz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e154723 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154723

Keywords: simulation agglomeration Monte Carlo

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Abstract

The paper proposes a new usage of Monte Carlo simulation in the field of transportation. The method allows to overcome problems connected to data availability in big data research, and to render the research independent of biases connected to usage of existing cities and agglomerations. Urban development trends and emerging disruptive technologies, such as autonomous vehicles, can change the urban system. Simulations will be needed to ensure that urban agglomerations develop low-carbon emission transportation systems, by simulating non-existent characteristics of smart cities. In the paper, the Monte Carlo simulation was used to simulate the numbers of residents in each group in the city agglomeration. On the basis of that and the assumptions described in the paper, the OD (origin-destination) matrix of the simulated agglomeration was made. The simulation result is presented with the PTV Visum model and the simulated origin-destination matrix heatmap. However, the model and OD matrix presented are just an example. The method allows to simulate city agglomeration of any size, depending on current research needs.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Zawodny

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Mackiewicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

8 Geographic Information System-based assessment of cyclist safety in urban environments

Kinga Romańczukiewicz , Justyna Górniak-Zimroz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e155028 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155028

Keywords: active bicycle transportation high-risk zones bicycle safety urban analytics sustainable transport

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Abstract

In recent years, cycling has become an important part of urban transport, providing a fast and convenient means of transport in densely populated and congested urban areas. The dynamic growth of cycling brings with it new challenges related to cyclist safety. This article presents a study aimed at identifying high-risk areas for cyclists in a medium-sized city in Central Europe, using spatial data analysis. The proposed methodology combines GIS-based spatial analysis techniques, in particular heat map visualization and Getis-Ord Gi* hotspot detection, with a customized risk classification system that considers environmental and infrastructure variables affecting cyclist safety. A criteria assessment system was used, assigning points to conditions such as lighting, weather, road surface quality, and infrastructure completeness. The locations with the highest risk scores were then examined in relation to areas with the highest traffic intensity to identify high-risk zones where infrastructure deficiencies coincide with increased exposure of cyclists, thus indicating increased vulnerability to hazards. A classification system was developed to assess environmental and infrastructure conditions based on their potential impact on cyclist safety. The results show that high-risk areas are concentrated in central districts, along major thoroughfares with heavy traffic, with incomplete infrastructure, and in densely populated districts in the south, north, and west of the city. The results provide a basis for urban mobility planning, enabling targeted measures to improve cyclist safety. Furthermore, the proposed approach can be transferred to other medium-sized European cities with comparable infrastructure, demographics, and transport dynamics.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kinga Romańczukiewicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Justyna Górniak-Zimroz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology,Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland

9 Pedestrian wind comfort in large cities

Agnieszka Kocoń , Renata Kłaput , Aleksander Pistol , Agata Szeląg

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e154725 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154725

Keywords: urban planning environmental impact on people wind tunnel tests field tests survey studies

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Abstract

Despite the growing awareness of the issue of pedestrian wind comfort in urban areas, there is still little standardization in evaluating it. This paper presents the results of an extensive campaign comprising field measurements, surveys with the local population, and wind tunnel tests aimed at making the first step towards such a goal. The field measurements and surveys are conducted during different seasons (winter, spring, summer) at a particularly windy site in the city center of Warsaw, Poland, in the vicinity of several tall buildings. The total number of respondents who took part in the survey was 3200. The analyzed area is then recreated in a model scale and tested at a wind tunnel facility. The results obtained are processed according to two existing criteria sets and are compared with field studies to provide an insight into some of the main factors contributing to pedestrian wind comfort: wind speed and the nature of the wind, air temperature, and pedestrian activity. The conclusions show that the impact of air temperature and wind gustiness on pedestrian wind comfort seems larger than previously envisaged. Moreover, the research shows that low wind sensation occurs at a low unsteady wind speed of around 3 m/s. The results of the research campaign provide a better understanding of pedestrian wind comfort in the cities and support improved planning and design practices in urban environments.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Kocoń

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Renata Kłaput

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aleksander Pistol

e-mail:

ORCID:

Agata Szeląg

e-mail:

ORCID:

Cracow University of Technology, Krakow, Poland
Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom

10 Metaheuristic optimization for efficient construction management of building projects

Anna Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska , Agata Siemaszko , Maryna Poltavets

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e15030 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155030

Keywords: process optimization machine learning metaheuristic methods sustainable projects effectie management

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Abstract

Effective management of production systems in the construction industry requires a complex solution to organizational and technical problems related to the coordination of heterogeneous optimization criteria performance. The primary impediment to real estate development is the complexity of making informed management decisions. Conflicting interests among various stakeholders can lead to disruptions in production processes and potential crises. The paper aims to explore the potential for adapting methods of metaheuristic optimization at the stage of earthworks to enhance intelligent construction management technologies. This will result in improving decision-making processes, optimizing production workflows, increasing productivity, and achieving strategic objectives. This research is inspired by the mechanisms of biological systems in nature. The innovation of the study described in the article lies in the development of an automated control algorithm based on metaheuristics, which broadens the application of digital information technologies across the stages of design, modeling, implementation of construction projects, and quality management of building operations. The research findings allow us to optimize worker productivity during construction. The high reliability of the models obtained shows that metaheuristics can successfully improve construction processes, and digital transformation can be effectively implemented.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska

e-mail:

ORCID:

Agata Siemaszko

e-mail:

ORCID:

Maryna Poltavets

e-mail:

ORCID:

Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Zaporizhzhia National University, Ukraine

11 Decision tree models for technical due diligence in land development

Marcin Waga , Elżbieta Radziszewska-Zielina , Bartłomiej Sroka

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e155027 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155027

Keywords: technical due dilligence building plot decision trees

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Abstract

In the design of modern urban systems that consider the needs of different resident groups, technical due diligence (TDD) processes play a crucial role. According to current market practice, these processes precede land acquisition and the commencement of construction projects. As part of this process, the feasibility of the planned investment is verified. Already at the preliminary report stage, potential legal, technical, environmental, social, and economic constraints that may prevent the implementation of the project are identified. If no significant barriers are found, a final report is issued. This article presents a methodology for identifying factors that may block the implementation of an investment at the preliminary report stage. It also proposes a supporting model for the investment decision-making process regarding land acquisition, based on decision trees. Based on completed TDD processes, an algorithm was developed that enables the construction of a decision tree, considering various attributes describing the analyzed building plot. The use of decision trees allows for the early identification of key attributes requiring detailed analysis in the initial phase of TDD. This facilitates more efficient preparation of preliminary reports, considering the interests of different resident groups. In the final report stage, decision tree models can serve as a crucial tool to support investors in making decisions regarding the potential land acquisition.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Waga

e-mail:

ORCID:

Elżbieta Radziszewska-Zielina

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bartłomiej Sroka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Doctoral School, Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Poland

12 Bridging stakeholder perspectives to improve residential construction quality in growing urban environments

Joanna Iwko , Anna Dobrowolska , Agata Klaus-Rosińska , Dorota Kuchta , Karol Pochybełko , Dariusz Skorupka , Dominika Dudziak-Gajowiak

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e154726 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154726

Keywords: construction project management quality factors residential construction stakeholders

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Abstract

This study aims to identify the most important quality factors in various phases of residential construction projects, as perceived by internal stakeholders – referred to in construction terminology as participants in the project implementation process – including construction engineers, site managers (construction site supervisors), contracting specialists, and company executives. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to consider the individual perceptions of various residential construction project stakeholders and to explore the differences among them. Quality is understood as the absence of defects identified in the final acceptance process of the residential building, which constitutes the final product of the project. The research was based on questionnaires administered to 56 internal participants of eight residential construction projects. Respondents were asked to rate the importance of each of 33 proposed potential quality factors for attaining quality, as defined above. Most of the proposed factors were seen as significant by all or most project participant groups. However, several important differences among groups were identified. In some cases, they may be due to biases or emotions linked to the group’s direct involvement in a factor and implicit criticism. The implications of the findings, including the identified differences, for the management of individual phases of residential construction projects were outlined. Study limitations were acknowledged, and directions for future research were proposed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Iwko

e-mail:

ORCID:

Anna Dobrowolska

e-mail:

ORCID:

Agata Klaus-Rosińska

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dorota Kuchta

e-mail:

ORCID:

Karol Pochybełko

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dariusz Skorupka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dominika Dudziak-Gajowiak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Project Management, Quality Management & Logistics, Faculty of Management, Wrocław University of Science and Technology,Wrocław, Poland
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Department of Materials Engineering and Construction Processes, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology,Wrocław, Poland
Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Wrocław University ofScience and Technology, Wrocław, Poland

13 Funicular shaping method in the iterative design of reinforced concrete arches with variable cross-section in urban areas

Tomasz Stęplowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e154288 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154288

Keywords: funicular polygon force polygon general method nonlinear analysis urban areas

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Abstract

This article presents the application of the funicular design method in an iterative process for reinforced concrete arches with variable cross-sections in urban environments. The study aimed to develop an optimal arch shape through multi-criteria optimization that minimizes tensile stresses, structural deflections and material volume. The geometry adapts to the internal force flow by aligning the spatial configuration and ensuring structural efficiency. The method builds on Hooke’s observation: “As hangs the flexible line, so, but inverted, will stand the rigid arch”. It is further supported by nonlinear numerical analysis conducted using the finite element method that considers second-order effects, creep, concrete shrinkage and geometric imperfections. The results show that the designed arch requires only structural reinforcement, confirming the method’s effectiveness. Various modes of arch stability loss were also evaluated. Such structures are commonly used in urban environments, serving both functional and aesthetic purposes. In the context of rapidly developing cities, this article emphasizes the role of digital transformation in structural design. It presents how graphic statics can be integrated with advanced computational tools to streamline workflows and enhance the design process.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Stęplowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wybrzeze Stanisława Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

14 Sustainable rehabilitation of urban sewers using in-situ lining techniques

Tomasz Abel

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e155029 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155029

Keywords: pipeline rehabilitation trenchless technologies cured in place pipe CIPP ring stiffness

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Abstract

This article investigates the impact of service-induced imperfections in underground pipelines on the structural performance of pipelines rehabilitated using Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIPP) technology. The novelty of the implemented research program is the expansion of knowledge regarding the safe use of pipelines, which in turn has a direct impact on the reduction of the number of failures of transport infrastructure. These irregularities in pipelines directly contribute to increased energy consumption in sewage treatment operations, higher exhaust emissions due to reduced vehicle speeds that are caused by infrastructure failures, and the elevated operational costs associated with road traffic disruptions. Therefore, maintaining underground pipelines in a proper technical condition is an extremely important issue that directly affects energy consumption. CIPP technology, which is the subject of this paper, can be classified as an eco-friendly urban solution that can reduce this consumption. Thanks to the data collected during the implementation of the laboratory tests described in this paper, it will be possible to precisely determine the effect of the geometric changes in the cross-section and the linear damage of the conduit undergoing renovation on the strength parameters of the combined “pipeline – CIPP lining” structure. The author’s previous observations and experience gained during the design and implementation of repairs using sleeve technologies confirm the need for a thorough individual analysis of damage and changes in a pipeline’s geometry before it undergoes renovation. The results of the conducted original research contribute to the current understanding of the load-bearing capacity of pipes with deformed cross-sections that have been reconstructed using CIPP technology, which in turn has a fundamental impact on the safety of the operation of sewers.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Abel

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland

15 BIM implementation in urban infrastructure design and education

Paweł Hawryszków , Marta Knawa-Hawryszków , Diogo Ribeiro

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e155041 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155041

Keywords: BIM digital technology urban development innovative technical solutions AEC sector

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Abstract

This paper presents the significant impact and progressive trends of using building information modelling (BIM) technology in planning and designing urban areas and their infrastructure in accordance with sustainable development goals. It draws attention of the scientific and educational community to the need for consistent implementation of BIM in education of future architects and engineers. Major capabilities and high potential of this innovative approach are introduced in the paper by showing achievements of inter-disciplinary digital designing as part of the Erasmus+ project. As comprehensive benefits of this international collaboration, the main effects of the adopted training methods and modified university curricula are indicated, including the bachelor and master levels of education. Exemplary results of current research works focused on the integration of 3D scanning technologies into BIM for bridge structures are presented as well.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Hawryszków

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marta Knawa-Hawryszków

e-mail:

ORCID:

Diogo Ribeiro

2 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Poland
iBuilt, School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal
CONSTRUCT iRail, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Portugal

16 A universal algorithm for spur gear optimization based on selective search: Numerical methodology and applications

Piotr Strojny

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e156769 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.156769

Keywords: gear transmission numerical optimization involute finite element method (FEM) stress analysis

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Abstract

This paper presents a universal methodology for the numerical optimization of spur gear parameters based on the selective search method. Unlike heuristic or commercial approaches, the proposed algorithm is deterministic, easy to implement in any numerical environment, and guarantees full coverage of the feasible design space. The developed mathematical model precisely describes the tooth geometry, including the involute flank and the extended root transition curve, and was validated against CAD simulations of the generating cutting process. A novel numerical procedure was introduced to calculate tooth root stresses with sub-micron resolution, achieving excellent agreement with FEM (maximum error below 1.7%) while maintaining negligible computational cost. The main novelty of this study lies in combining simplicity and universality with high numerical accuracy. Compared to existing optimization strategies, the algorithm offers faster convergence, lower error margins, and flexibility to integrate additional constraints and decision variables. Beyond gear design, the proposed approach can be applied to lightweight mechanical structures, sustainable manufacturing, and AI-assisted digital twins. The results demonstrate that the method enables rapid and cost-effective optimization, making it suitable for early design stages where FEM-only optimization would be too expensive and time-consuming.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Strojny

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, al. Powstanców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland

17 Condition Monitoring of Pick-and-Place Robots Using IIoT-Based Data Acquisition Systems

Marcin Korzeniowski , Bartosz Tarkowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 6 | e155042 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155042

Keywords: condition monitoring parallel robot palletization process pick & place process Industrial Internet of Things vibration measurement

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Abstract

Modern industry challenges companies to ensure high reliability of machinery and equipment and continuity of production processes. An important role in this is played by condition monitoring of machines, during which the operating parameters of the equipment are analyzed, assessing its condition and the degree of wear of components. As part of the ongoing research, an IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) - based solution was developed to monitor the condition of the joints of a FANUC M-1iA/1H industrial robot. The project involved the integration of sensors on the axes of the robot performing the pick and place process. A set of condition monitoring tools - CMTK - and sensors enabling diagnostics were used to collect and visualize data. The monitoring system is based on the analysis of such parameters as the speed of vibration of the joints, their temperature, the number of cycles performed by the robot. The data sent to the CMTK unit is processed and visualized in the Grafana environment, making it possible to track the state of the machine in real time. Tests conducted showed the cyclicity of vibrations during the robot's operation. A clear correlation was observed between the speed of the manipulator's movement and the vibration level - the highest values were recorded at 4000 mm/s, especially during the braking phase. Deviations from the established pattern can indicate potential failures. The test results confirm the effectiveness of the applied solution as a diagnostic tool ready for industrial deployment. Despite the initial cost, the implemented solution increases production efficiency by reducing downtime and enabling preventive component replacement.

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