Applied sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences has been published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences since the establishment of PAS in 1952. The journal is peer-reviewed and issued in electronic format. It aims to publish original, high-quality papers from multidisciplinary engineering sciences, with preferred topics including:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
Civil Engineering,
Control, Informatics and Robotics,

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
Material Science and Nanotechnology,
Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:

JCR Impact Factor 2024:	1.1
5 Year Impact Factor 2023:	1.0
CiteScore 2024:	2.7
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023:	0.271
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023:	0.517
Ministry of Education and Science:	100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.

ISSN

ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

B. Sawicki and S. Osowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

P. Ładyżyński, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

P. Kryszkiewicz, Poznan University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

P. Zięba and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 3

1 New solution bounds for unified algebraic Lyapunov equation and robust stability in delta operator system

Yan Xu , Jianzhou Liu

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 3 | e157569 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157569

Keywords: unified algebraic Lyapunov matrix equation matrix solution bounds delta operator system robust stability

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Abstract

In this paper, we utilize matrix transformations and inequalities to derive a novel upper bound and two lower bounds to solve the unified algebraic Lyapunov matrix equation (UALE). We then review existing bounds for the UALE and compare them with our new bounds, highlighting that our upper bound is the least restrictive among current results. The restrictions of our newly established lower bound are either weaker than the existing lower bounds or consistent with them. Our upper and lower bounds demonstrate increased accuracy over existing results through some numerical examples. As an application to linear systems, we illustrate how our upper bound can be employed to analyze the robust stability of the unified system based on the delta operator. Finally, we validate the effectiveness and superiority of our results through a series of numerical examples.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yan Xu

Jianzhou Liu

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mathematics and Computational Science & Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Information Processing of Ministry of Education,Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, PR China

2 The fast convergence controller design for a class of Markov jump delay systems with partially known transition rates

Bo Li , Junjie Zhao , Xuejing Ren

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 3 | e157572 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157572

Keywords: fast convergence control input saturation time delay partially unknown transition rates

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Abstract

Fast convergence is one of the core pursuit goals of modern high-performance control systems. This article investigates the fast convergence control problem of Markov jump systems. In order to ensure the feasibility of the fast convergence controller design method, the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional is constructed based on Lyapunov stability theory in the derivation process of the algorithm. Based on a time-varying proportional function, a distributed control algorithm is designed and the fast convergence controller design method is proposed for the considered systems. The variation of controller gain with time is discussed in sections, and the boundary of controller output is given to make the designed controller more practical for real-world engineering applications. Finally, two simulation examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

Bo Li

e-mail:

ORCID:

Junjie Zhao

Xuejing Ren

School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, 1801 Zhongwu Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
School of Science, Changzhou Institute of Technology, 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China

3 Design of experiments analysis of a gas-delayed blowback system of operation

Dawid Goździk , Mateusz Morawski , Ryszard Woźniak , Mirosław Zahor , Radosław Trębiński

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 3 | e157571 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157571

Keywords: internal ballistic design of experiment response surface firearm numerical simulations

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Abstract

The paper presents results of an investigation into a gas-delayed blowback operation firearm system. A recently developed experimental stand was used to this end. In this article, the results are subjected to statistical analysis using design of experiments methods, including response surface methodology (RSM). This analysis facilitates the determination of the significance and nature of parameters such as distance of the gas port from the breech end of the barrel, diameter of the gas port, mass of the recoiling assembly, diameter of the gas piston rod and length of the gas chamber that influence the operation of such systems. The results of the research can be used to validate a mathematical model of a weapon operating on this principle and serve as the starting point for the optimization process of this type of design.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dawid Goździk

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mateusz Morawski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ryszard Woźniak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mirosław Zahor

e-mail:

ORCID:

Radosław Trębiński

e-mail:

ORCID:

Military University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics, Armament and Aerospace, ul. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland

4 Detection of vehicle mass using dynamic response to sinusoidal steering excitation

Tomasz Pusty , Marcin Mieteń , Włodzimierz Kupicz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 3 | e158299 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.158299

Keywords: vehicle mass estimation sinusoidal steering wheel excitation dynamic response differentation

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Abstract

This study proposes a method for estimating vehicle load using sinusoidal steering excitation and analysis of dynamic responses: lateral velocity (LV), roll velocity (RV) and yaw velocity (YV). The approach enables reliable discrimination between unloaded (W1) and loaded (W2) vehicle states under real driving conditions. Lateral velocity increases with vehicle speed and exhibits higher magnitudes for the loaded state, particularly within the 0.5–1.5 Hz range. Phase responses for W2 show stronger negative shifts and earlier transitions, indicating increased dynamic delay, which makes LV a useful supplementary indicator, especially at medium speeds. Roll velocity (RV) is identified as the most sensitive and repeatable response, and serves as the primary diagnostic variable. The largest differences between loading states occur within the 0.9–1.3 Hz range, where W2 responses exhibit higher amplitudes and a shift toward lower frequencies, directly reflecting increased vehicle mass. Above 2 Hz, system damping increases and load-related differences diminish. Yaw velocity (YV) shows amplitudes 1–3 dB higher for W2 within the 0.6–1.6 Hz range, together with phase shifts, but its sensitivity is lower than that of RV, classifying it as a supplementary indicator. Unlike methods based on complex identification algorithms or high-frequency measurements, this study adopts a simplified linear single-degree-of-freedom (1-DoF) oscillator model. Defined road-test conditions, including speeds of 45–56 km/h and excitation near 1.0 Hz, ensure dominance of a single dynamic mode. The method is computationally efficient and cost-effective, although its linear formulation may limit accuracy under strongly nonlinear dynamics or varying road conditions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Pusty

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Mieteń

Włodzimierz Kupicz

The Military Institute of Armoured and Automotive Technology, 05-070 Sulejówek k. Warszawy, Poland

5 The influence of the preparation methods and doping on the piezoelectric properties induced by the electric field for potassium bismuth titanate K_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃

Piotr Rakus , Jarosław Jędryka , Piotr Czaja , Katarzyna Osińska

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 3 | e157566 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157566

Keywords: potassium bismuth titanate (KBT) piezoelectric coefficient ceramic microstructure electric field polarization lead-free piezoelectrics

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Abstract

In this article, the influence of processing conditions, dopant type and poling temperature on the microstructure and piezoelectric
behavior of lead-free K_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ (KBT) ceramics is presented. Base KBT samples and those doped with Sr, Ca and Mn were synthesized via a solid-state reaction route, and examined with respect to their structural characteristics and electromechanical response. Particular emphasis was placed on elevated-temperature poling and its interaction with grain morphology and defect chemistry. SEM observations were used to identify dopant-dependent microstructural variations, while measurements of the d₃₃ coefficient provided insight into how these factors influence efficiency of the poling process. The study demonstrates the importance of jointly optimizing synthesis parameters, dopant selection and poling conditions when tailoring the functional properties of KBT-based piezoelectric ceramics.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Rakus

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jarosław Jędryka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Czaja

e-mail:

ORCID:

Katarzyna Osińska

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 17, PL-42-201, Cz˛estochowa, Poland
Institute of Technology, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Poland
Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland

6 The role of YRNA-derived small RNAs in atherosclerosis development and progression – modeled and analyzed using Petri nets

Adam Trzebiatowski , Agnieszka Rybarczyk

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 3 | e158300 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.158300

Keywords: small RNAs atherosclerosis systems biology Petri nets t-invariants

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Abstract

Non-coding RNAs regulate diverse aspects of development, homeostasis, and disease. Among them, YRNA–derived small RNAs (s-RNYs) have attracted clinical interest as potential biomarkers due to their high abundance across human tissues, body fluids, and tumors. Despite major advances in understanding atherogenesis, the overall picture remains incomplete, limiting therapeutic progress. To address this gap, we built a systems model of atherogenesis using classical Petri nets, integrating recent insights of s-RNY functions in monocytes and macrophages alongside oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and key atherogenic pathways. Using t-invariant analysis, in silico knockouts, and dynamic simulations, we found that dual-target strategies, such as suppression of oxidative stress combined with inhibition of either (1) toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), (2) s-RNYs, or (3) the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), attenuate lesion progression. These findings support multipathway combination therapy as a promising direction to more effective treatment of atherosclerosis.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Trzebiatowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Agnieszka Rybarczyk

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland

7 A hierarchical RRT-DWA planner for autonomous parking in dynamic environments

Hao Chen , Jiateng Yang , Xiangmei Ye , Weiwu Chen , Wenfeng Guo , Yuruo Wang , Gan Shen

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 3 | e158296 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.158296

Keywords: automatic parking improved RRT hierarchical path-planning Rreeds-Shepp curve hybrid algorithm

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Abstract

Aiming to tackle the problems of low adaptability to dynamic environments and low planning efficiency of traditional automaticp arking path-planning algorithms, this paper proposes a hierarchical path-planning framework that integrates the improved rapidly-exploring random tree (RRT) algorithm and the dynamic window approach (DWA). Firstly, at the global planning level, a Gaussian-uniform mixeddistribution sampling strategy is adopted to optimize the growth direction of the random tree, and a dynamic step-size mechanism is incorporated to improve the algorithm expansion efficiency. Secondly, the artificial potential field (APF) method is introduced to optimize the RRT-generated path nodes, ensuring the geometric safety clearance for the vehicle chassis. Subsequently, at the local planning level, these optimized nodes serve as waypoints to guide the DWA. Dynamic obstacle-avoidance weight is introduced into the evaluation function of DWA, and this RRT-DWA collaborative framework effectively solves the problems of dynamic obstacle-avoidance and local stagnation. Finally, for the terminal parking maneuver, the Reeds-Shepp (RS) curve is used to smoothly adjust the vehicle pose to match the parking end-point. Finally, a joint simulation is carried out in Carsim/Simulink through the pure-pursuit control algorithm. The simulation experiments show that the maximum tracking error of the planned global path in parallel, perpendicular, and diagonal parking scenarios is within 0.35 m, and the distance from dynamic obstacles is greater than 2 m, which confirms that the planned path is rational.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hao Chen

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jiateng Yang

Xiangmei Ye

Weiwu Chen

Wenfeng Guo

Yuruo Wang

Gan Shen

Department of Artificial Intelligence, Zhejiang Business Technology Institute, Ningbo, 315000, China
School of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
School of Vehicle and Mobility, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100000, China
Pan-Asia Technical Automotive Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201805, China
School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230000, China

8 Instructional test bench for marine purpose diesel piston engines

Valentin Petrescu , Claudia Savescu , Rares Contiu , Sorin Tomescu , Cristian Nechifor , Alexandru Serban , Robert Isac

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2026 | 74 | 3 | e158298 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.158298

Keywords: diesel piston engine educational test bench four-stroke combustion marine propulsion automation control

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Abstract

The paper presents the development of an instructional test bench designed to support the training of marine cadets in the operation and maintenance of tugboat propulsion systems powered by diesel engines. The test bench, developed by the authors and implemented at the Naval Academy “Mircea cel Bătrân” in Constant,a, Romania, is intended to enhance practical understanding of propulsion system components and operating principles. The installation enables instruction on the construction and operation of four-stroke internal combustion engines, as well as on the correct monitoring of key parameters associated with a marine diesel engine, reversing gearbox, and hydraulic brake. Successive loading of the engine can be performed, allowing the analysis of engine behavior and power development under controlled operating conditions. The test bench comprises a diesel engine, reversing gearbox, axial shaft, and a downsized hydraulic brake coupled through a multiplier gearbox for emulating the propeller load. A custom-designed automation and control system is implemented, providing local and remote command consoles together with a replicating display for parameter monitoring. Auxiliary systems include compressed air supply, fuel storage and delivery, exhaust gas evacuation, cooling, and lubrication systems for both the engine and the brake.

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Authors and Affiliations

Valentin Petrescu

e-mail:

ORCID:

Claudia Savescu

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rares Contiu

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sorin Tomescu

e-mail:

ORCID:

Cristian Nechifor

e-mail:

ORCID:

Alexandru Serban

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Robert Isac

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Romanian Research and Development Institute for Gas Turbines COMOTI, 061126 Bucharest, Romania
National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Romania

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Guide for Authors

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Fees for open access publications in Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences:

2000 PLN (approx. 500 EUR) - up to 8 pages of the journal format and mandatory over-length charges of 250 PLN (approx. 60 EUR) per page (see the above link with instructions for Authors for details)

Guide for Reviewers

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Call for Papers

https://www.editorialsystem.com/bpasts/journal/call_for_papers/

Guide for Guest Editors

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Additional info

NEW PUBLICATION FEES
Articles submitted by December 31st, 2024: existing fee: 1500 PLN (and mandatory over-length charges of 230 PLN per page)
Articles submitted from January 1st, 2025: new fee: 2000 PLN (approx. 500 EUR- depending on the exchange rate) - a flat fee per paper up to 8 pages of the journal format (each additional page will be charged an additional 250 PLN).