Humanities and Social Sciences

Filozofia i Nauka

Description

Czasopismo Filozofia i Nauka powstało w roku 2013. Do roku 2015 było wydawane przez Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Od roku 2016 jest wydawane wspólnie przez Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk oraz przez Instytut Filozofii Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.

W czasopiśmie jest prezentowana filozoficzna problematyka, która ma związki z nauką, a więc:

— problematyka filozoficzna asymilującą wyniki nauki jako przedmiot swych analiz, źródła informacji lub inspiracje, w tym filozofia przyrody, antropologia filozoficzna, filozofia umysłu;

— epistemologia i metodologia;

— dociekania nad filozofią projektowaną jako nauka;

— rozważania nad relacjami pomiędzy nauką a światem życia, rzeczywistością społeczną i kulturą.

Strona czasopisma: http://filozofiainauka.ifispan.waw.pl/

ISSN

ISSN 2300 - 4711

Publishers

Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii PAN

RADA REDAKCYJNA

Orysya Bila – Uniwersytet Katolicki, Lwów, Ukraina

Peter Bołtuć – University of Illinois, Springfield, USA

Adrián Figueroa – Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Meksyk

Igor K. Lisiejew — Instytut Filozofii Rosyjskiej Akademii Nauk, Moskwa, Rosja

Marek Łagosz — Instytut Filozofii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski

Zbysław Muszyński — Instytut Filozofii, Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej

Sergey Niznikow — Uniwersytet Przyjaźni Narodów Rosji, Moskwa, Rosja

Zdzisława Piątek — Instytut Filozofii, Uniwersytet Jagielloński

Aldona Pobojewska — Instytut Filozofii, Uniwersytet Łódzki

Mikhail Pronin — Instytut Filozofii Rosyjskiej Akademii Nauk, Moskwa, Rosja

Vladimir Przhilenskiy — Moskiewski Narodowy Uniwersyst im. Kutafina, Moskwa, Rosja

Pavlo Sodomora – Narodowy Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Danylo Halytsky’ego, Lwów; Lwowski Uniwersytet Narodowy im. Ivana Franka, Lwów, Ukraina

Peter Sykora — Centrum Bioetyki, UCM University, Trnava, Słowacja

Emilija A. Tajsina — Kazański Uniwersytet Państwowy, Kazań, Rosja

Carlos José B. Tiago de Oliveira — Centro de Filosofia das Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbona, Portugalia

Barbara Tuchańska — Instytut Filozofii, Uniwersytet Łódzki

Paweł Zeidler — Instytut Filozofii, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań

Piotr Bołtuć (redaktor naczelny)

Andrzej Łukasik, zastępca redaktora naczelnego (filozofia przyrody, filozofia fizyki);

Stanisław Czerniak (socjologia wiedzy, filozofia społeczna);

Marek Hetmański (epistemologia, filozofia umysłu); Piotr Konderak (kognitywistyka);

Włodzimierz Ługowski (filozofia przyrody);

Mariola Kuszyk-Bytniewska (filozofia nauk społecznych);

Mariusz Mazurek (filozofia nauki, obsługa strony internetowej);

Adres redakcji: Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk,
pokój 105, ul. Nowy Świat 72, 00-330 Warszawa

Numery telefonów: 603 160 505,

Adres elektroniczny: filozofiainauka@ifispan.waw.pl

Strona internetowa: www.filozofiainauka.ifispan.waw.pl

Volumes
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Content

Filozofia i Nauka | 2025 | tom 13

1 Strona tytułowa i redakcyjna

Filozofia i Nauka | 2025 | tom 13 | 1-2

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2 Spis treści / Contents

Filozofia i Nauka | 2025 | tom 13 | 3

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3 Od redakcji / Editorial

Małgorzata Czarnocka

Filozofia i Nauka | 2025 | tom 13 | 5-8

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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Czarnocka

4 Charles Sanders Peirce and the Place of Chaos in the New World Order

Volodymyr Ratnikov

Filozofia i Nauka | 2025 | tom 13 | 9-26

Keywords: metaphysics determinism randomness chaos cosmology

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Abstract

This article examines the main ideas of the metaphysics of the prominent American logician and philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce. It is shown that a significant part of his "scientific metaphysics" is evolutionary cosmology, characterized, in particular, by the essential role of randomness in the world. Among the innovative ideas of evolutionary cosmology, the idea of the chaotic beginning of the Universe and constructive understanding of randomness stands out. The paper shows that this idea echoes some modern problems of quantum-relativistic cosmology, and first of all, the problems of the still popular "inflationary model," in which the idea of the chaotic beginning of the evolution of the Universe is one of the central ones.

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Authors and Affiliations

Volodymyr Ratnikov

National TechnicalUniversity, Vinnytsia, Ukraine

5 The Phenomenoscopic Analysis of the Intravisible

Giorgio Derossi

Filozofia i Nauka | 2025 | tom 13 | 27-54

Keywords: Phenomenoscopic analysis appearing demonstration mental experiment intravisible observation physico-phenomenal meaning visivation

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Abstract

“Phenomenoscopic analysis” differs from the phenomenological analysis of the vision of the essence of phenomena highlighted, with an appropriate intentional act, as pure object; phenomenoscopic analysis instead regards this vision as organically linked to the phenomenal appearing of the physical meaning inherent in the experimental datum identified and expressed mathematically; therefore, said vision is not pure but rather integrated with “visivation,” i.e. the highlighting of the factor, also phenomenal, which constitutes the necessary condition for its actual appearing. This factor is not immediately visible because it transpires from within the datum perceived on the surface. It is only “intravisible” and therefore must be shown by means of a particular thought experiment: one suitably reintegrated with its inalienable visual-perceptual component and thus qualified—more so than the kind generally employed in philosophical and scientific demonstrations—to make visible the crucial factor otherwise unseen or merely glimpsed. For this reason, said factor is not taken into account in the intuitive and not strictly perceptual visualisation of the physical meaning, which thus remains devoid of that phenomenal visibility which makes the indispensable empirical verification possible (according to Wittgenstein’s words: “The inexpressible certainly exists. It shows itself”). As a proof of the validity of this different methodological and epistemological approach, here we present a phenomenoscopic analysis of the mental experiments—singularly alike in this regard— developed, on the one hand, by zeno of elea in the kinematic paradox of Achilles and, on the other hand, by Einstein in his Special Theory of Relativity demonstrations. The phenomenoscopic analysis of the intravisible, therefore, highlights the fact that the discovery of the essence of phenomenal reality requires not the separation but, on the contrary, the mutual integration of the scientific point of view and the philosophical one, both necessary, while maintaining their respective functions distinct. Indeed, it is first and foremost the mathematical recognition of the real datum that enables logical deduction to pose the ensuing theoretical problem in the correct terms; the demonstration that it is in line with the real data and with the objective solution to the actual problems is up to their “visivation,” which allows one to glimpse their phenomenal essence and the metaphysical meaning inherent in the physical one. Ultimately, it follows that the objectivity of scientific and philosophical knowledge is not founded on unilateral “phenomenological evidence”, which is inevitably subjective (as Jan Łukasiewicz acutely observed and highlighted in contrast to Edmund Husserl), but rather on a homogeneous, integrated synergy between science and philosophy which preserves their distinct but correlated functions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Giorgio Derossi

6 Coincidents

Maciej Raźniak

Filozofia i Nauka | 2025 | tom 13 | 55-80

Keywords: philosophy of physics spacetime point-eventism theory of relativity reism ontology

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Abstract

There are at least two notions of coincidents: a narrower one — proposed by Zdzisław Augustynek and introduced into the ontology of spacetime – and an adequate one, which — despite the lack of its definition — corresponds to point objects in physics. In this article, we (1) reconstruct the definition of narrower coincidents and (2) discuss their specific types. Next, (3) we draw attention to the problem with this understanding of the term “coincident” and make an attempt to extend the notion of coincident so that its legitimacy comes not from metaphysics but from physics. Finally, (4) we consider the status of coincidents — both narrower and adequate ones – in ontologies other than point-eventism.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Raźniak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Szkoła Doktorska Nauk Humanistycznych, UniwersytetWarszawski, ul. Dobra 56/66, pok. 0.108, 00-312 Warszawa

7 The Different Roles of Deduction in Communication

Tomáš Čanal

Filozofia i Nauka | 2025 | tom 13 | 81-95

Keywords: Argumentation communication deduction Michael Dummett explanation knowledge logical necessity persuasion proof validity

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Abstract

This article is concerned with a distinction between two epistemic roles that, according to Michael Dummett, deductively valid arguments could play in communication. This means the distinction between: a) arguments that purport to explain, and b) arguments that purport to persuade. The article is also concerned with a resulting shift in the appropriate approach to these roles of arguments. In this respect, for example, an idea emerges which traditionally any realistic-minded author would have automatically dismissed as unthinkable, but which is now relevant. This is the idea of circular justification of knowledge as something rationally acceptable. The distinction also leads us to the view that we do not need anyone to convince us that the rules of correct deduction are valid. In fact, we are already convinced of the validity of the forms of inference that guide us at the moment we think about the deductively valid arguments. There should consequently be no authentic context in which we need to be persuaded of their validity. The present article attempts to reflect critically on the distinction between the epistemic roles of arguments, and on the resulting shift in the methodology, by making four critical objections to its presentation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomáš Čanal

University of Ss. Cyril and Methodiusin Trnava, Slovakia

8 Limitations of Artificial Intelligence. Why Artificial Intelligence Cannot Replace the Human Mind

Mariusz Mazurek

Filozofia i Nauka | 2025 | tom 13 | 97-111

Keywords: Artificial intelligence intentionality AI limitations human vs. machine thinking

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Abstract

This paper examines the historical and contemporary challenges in the development of artificial intelligence. Replicating the human mind—with its intentionality, self-awareness, and creativity—has been, from its inception, a major challenge in artificial intelligence (AI) research. A fundamental issue remains the inability of AI systems to address “why?” and “for what purpose?” questions, underscoring the distinction between machines and humans in terms of meaning-making and contextual interpretation.

Contemporary technologies, such as neural networks and deep learning, aim to emulate cognitive mechanisms observed in biological systems. Nonetheless, limitations such as the “frame problem” and the inability to simulate intentional states persist as significant barriers in the development of these systems. These challenges have prompted an interdisciplinary approach, integrating engineering, philosophy, psychology, and biology, and have led to the emergence of the concept of “naturalness” in AI design. This concept emphasizes mimicking not only cognitive functions but also the adaptive and goal-directed processes characteristic of the human mind.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Mazurek

Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the PolishAcademy of Sciences, Nowy Świat 72, 00-330 Warsaw

9 On Collective Intelligence in the Process of Idealization form the Perspective of Economics and Management

Sławomir Czetwertyński , Jakub Marcinkowski

Filozofia i Nauka | 2025 | tom 13 | 113-132

Keywords: Idealisation method isolation method Delphi method collective intelligence methodology of economic sciences methodology of management science

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Abstract

The subject matter of this article fits into the debate on cognitive possibilities in social sciences, with particular emphasis on the application of expert methods in isolation methods. Specifically, the focus is on the Delphi and the idealization and concretization methods. The aim of the article is to attempt to answer the research question: Will the use of the Delphi method allow for the formulation of components of an ontological perspective that can be utilized in the process of idealizing phenomena in the field of economics and management? Achieving this objective aims to demonstrate how the mechanism of identifying the principal factor, based on logical and abstract reasoning (reliable inference) inherent in the method of idealization, can be replaced by a mechanism based on the idea of collective intelligence (nonreliable inference).

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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Czetwertyński

Jakub Marcinkowski

Katedra Mikroekonomii i Ekonomii Instytucjonalnej, Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wrocławiu, ul. Komandorska 118/120, Wrocław
Katedra Zarządzania Strategicznego i Logistyki, Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wrocławiu, ul. Komandorska 118/120, Wrocław

10 Shared Agency in Complex Settings

Anna Martin

Filozofia i Nauka | 2025 | tom 13 | 133-152

Keywords: Agency shared agency self-organization differentiation unification interdisciplinary research integration of perspectives

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Abstract

The paper begins by identifying two opposing approaches to (shared) agency— the standard model and the dynamical model. Despite differences between them, both models essentially converge upon the belief that shared agency entails direct mutual influence between agents, in the form of either mutual control or mutual responsiveness, respectively. This assumption becomes problematic when applied to interdisciplinary practices, like interdisciplinary research, which involve role specialization and thus do not lend themselves to an explanation in terms of direct mutual influence. In response to this difficulty, the paper advances a third approach— referred to here as the regulatory model (e.g., Schore, 2000)—which explains shared agency in terms of loose coupling (Gruber, Bödeker, 2005) understood as a pattern of cyclical organization of action in the course of which different positions (perspectives, agendas) are first differentiated during the exploratory phase and then integrated, giving rise to a dialogical from of self-organization.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Martin

Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the PolishAcademy of Sciences

11 Past Alleged Testimonies of Autism from a Historical and Historical-Philosophical Perspective

Bogna Kosmulska

Filozofia i Nauka | 2025 | tom 13 | 153-178

Keywords: History of autism history of philosophy and autism deprivation experiments affective contact non-speaking in autism neurodiversity Herodotus Salimbene de Adam Augustine of Hippo Martin Luther Leo Kanner

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Abstract

There is a number of historical testimonies that can be retrospectively, and therefore with a great deal of uncertainty, considered to be about persons on the autism spectrum. There are also testimonies that can provide some background for the creation of the diagnostic entity of autism in the 40’s of the 20th century. The paper aims to give historical and, especially, philosophical context to selected examples of such testimonies (of Herodotus, Salimbene de Adam da Parma, St. Augustine, and Martin Luther). The original research contribution of the article is, in particular, an attempt to include testimony of the Book I of Augustine’s Confessions (among other works of other authors) to the list of those already described in the secondary literature on autism. The category of affective contact, coined by Leo Kanner, co-creator of the diagnostic unit of autism is also contextualized, as a counterweight to earlier, morally charged historical approaches. The conclusions from these multi-track analyses are of two types: firstly, what general sources of knowledge, given the nature of autism itself (as it was originally defined in child psychiatry), are possible and ethically justified in the study, and, secondly, what, through the eyes of a historian of philosophy, can be learned (and unlearned) in a practical sense today by studying past alleged reports of neurodevelopmental disorders.

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Authors and Affiliations

Bogna Kosmulska

Wydział Filozofii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego

12 A Contribution to The Criticism of Instrumental Rationality — The Problem of The End, of The Means and Their Valuation

Małgorzata Czarnocka

Filozofia i Nauka | 2025 | tom 13 | 179-192

Keywords: Instrumental rationality end of action means of action value

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Abstract

The paper considers the currently widely accepted as standard and unquestionable (among others in the essay Instrumental Rationality in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) concept of instrumental rationality based on the descriptivenormative definition: one should choose/one chooses those means that are effective for a given end. I analyze what problems are generated by postulating in this concept of rationality the end of action as known ex ante, i.e. in the phase of planning the action, and with undetermined values, and postulating means on which no values are imposed except for the effectiveness of the action. I also indicate the differences between the currently paradigmatic concept of instrumental rationality and the more insightful concept of Max Weber regarding the nature of the end, means and their values.

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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Czarnocka

Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii PAN, ul. Nowy Świat 72, 00-330 Warszawa

Instructions for authors

INFORMACJE DLA AUTORÓW

Przygotowanie tekstów

1. Przyjmujemy teksty rozpraw i studiów do 1,5 arkusza wydawniczego (60 000 znaków ze spacjami), polemik i głosów w dyskusjach – do 0,5 arkusza (20 000 znaków ze spacjami), recenzji – do 0,4 arkusza (około 16 000 znaków ze spacjami). W uzasadnionych przypadkach dopuszczamy wyjątki. Należy je uzgodnić wcześniej z zespołem redakcyjnym.

2. Prosimy autorów o przysyłanie tekstów w edytorze Word 1997–2003, z przypisami dolnymi, a nie końcowymi.

2a. Do każdego tekstu powinno zostać dołączone streszczenie w jęz. polskim (zamieszczone na początku tekstu) oraz w jęz. angielskim (na końcu tekstu), oraz słowa kluczowe w jęz. angielskim, informacja o afiliacji autora (umieszczona pod imieniem i nazwiskiem autora).

2b. Pożądane jest dzielenie tekstu na zatytułowane rozdziały.

3. Cytowanie pozycji literatury powinno zostać przygotowane według poniższego schematu:

Monografie:

Max Scheler, Problemy socjologii wiedzy, przeł. Stanisław Czerniak et al., PWN, Warszawa 1990, s. 32.

Artykuły w czasopismach:

Nelson Goodman, What Should Not Be Said about Representation?, Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 1987–8, v. 46, s. 419–425.

Rozprawy w monografiach zbiorowych:

E. Mayr, Die Darwinsche Revolution und die Wider‐ stände gegen die Selektionstheorie, w: J. Herbig, R. Hohlfeld (red.), Die zweite Schöpfung. Geist und Ungeist in der Biologie des 20. Jahrhunderds, Hanser, München 1990, s. 44–70.

Odsyłacze do literatury należy umieszczać na jeden ze dwóch sposobów:

A) w przypisach dolnych;

B) w zamieszonej na końcu tekstu Bibliografii. W takim przypadku odsyłacze do literatury powinny być umieszczone w tekście według następującego schematu: nazwisko autora, rok wydania, strony, na przykład: (Giere, 1988, s. 25).

Wybrany przez Autora sposób A) lub B) powinien być stosowany konsekwentnie w całym tekście.

C) Bibliografia winna być uporządkowana alfabetycznie, według nazwisk autorów.

4. Elementy tekstu, które Autor pragnie wyróżnić, należy pisać rozstrzelonym drukiem.

5. Tytuły i podtytuły – wypośrodkowane, półgrubą czcionką.

6. Notki (przypisy) – dolne, a nie końcowe.

7. Autorzy proszeni są przygotowanie tekstu do celów peer‐blind review, czyli o niezamieszczanie w tekście informacji pozwalających zidentyfikować autora. Dane autora na pierwszej stronie tekstu zostaną usunięte przez redakcję przed przekazaniem jej recenzentom.

8. Autorzy są ponadto proszeni o ujawnienie wszystkich osób biorących udział w powstawaniu publikacji oraz ewentualnych źródeł powstawania publikacji. To rozwiązanie zastosowane przez redakcję ma zabezpieczać publikacje przed zjawiskiem ghost‐writing.

9. Autorzy są też proszeni o złożenie deklaracji (także elektronicznie, w formie skanu z podpisem), że tekst przysyłany do druku nie jest przedrukiem tekstu wcześniej publikowanego.

10. Materiały należy przysłać pocztą elektroniczną na adres:

filozofiainauka@ifispan.waw.pl

11. Ewentualne diagramy, ryciny i inne formy graficzne znajdujące się w tekstach powinny być czarno‐białe.

12. Wzory matematyczne powinny być zapisane w formie Word. W razie trudności możliwe są indywidualne negocjacje z redakcją.

Proces recenzowania

Teksty nadsyłane do czasopisma są recenzowane zgodnie ze standardami peer‐blind review. Szablon recenzji oraz lista recenzentów każdego wydanego tomu czasopisma jest podana na stronie internetowej czasopisma. Lista recenzentów nie jest stała. Redakcja powołuje recenzentów w zależności od tematyki przysyłanych tekstów. Daje to gwarancję oceniania tekstów przez faktycznych specjalistów problematyki rozważanej w nadsyłanych tekstach.

Peer-review Procedure

Proces recenzowania

Teksty nadsyłane do czasopisma są recenzowane zgodnie ze standardami peer‐blind review. Szablon recenzji oraz lista recenzentów każdego wydanego tomu czasopisma jest podana na stronie internetowej czasopisma. Lista recenzentów nie jest stała. Redakcja powołuje recenzentów w zależności od tematyki przysyłanych tekstów. Daje to gwarancję oceniania tekstów przez faktycznych specjalistów problematyki rozważanej w nadsyłanych tekstach.