Applied sciences

Archives of Civil Engineering

Content

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 4

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Abstract

This study focuses on problems related to the application of ballastless track on railway bridges. The different kinds of this track are presented, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Special attention is given to the generated vibration and noise by moving trains and their influence on the behaviour of the bridge structure. Methods of dumping are presented too. Transfer of longitudinal forces in the lateral and longitudinal directions is given. The interaction between the continuous welded rail and the bridge structure is written. Longitudinal resistance of the fastening system for ballastless track is also given. The use of a sealing layer between the track and the bridge deck is considered. Problems relating to the uplift of the girder ends are given. Cracks in the concrete elements of ballastless track on the bridge structure are considered. Some of the solutions to the problems mentioned above are given in general design rules produced by different organizations, and some are or will be given in current or prepared standards.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cezary Kraśkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Mossakowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Henryk Zobel
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Slab-column connection is one of the most critical points in reinforced concrete structures. Punching shear capacity of this connection must be properly determined in both the persistent design situation and the accidental design situation of fire. European and American codes give simplified (tabulated) requirements for minimal slab thickness and minimal column cross-section width in accordance with the required fire resistance. In many cases, a more accurate prediction of fire resistance might be needed. It can be achieved when the ultimate limit states of a structure are checked in the case of fire conditions. This paper shows the comparison between European and American code requirements for punching shear capacity as the base for further calculations of flat RC slabs subjected to fire. The second part is going to present European and American requirements for determining the effects of loads relevant to the consideration of an accidental design situation of fire and comparing these effects with the punching shear capacity of the slab-column connection, which decreases with fire duration.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Chudzik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Hulimka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Wit Derkowski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16,00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Akademicka 5, 44-100,Gliwice, Poland
  3. Linnaeus University, Department for Building Technology, Sweden
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Abstract

Suburbanization and urban sprawl, alongside the concept of creating compact cities, highlight the need to repurpose undeveloped, degraded spaces, such as post-industrial and warehouse areas. Revitalizing these spaces involves addressing the land’s physical condition and improving the social and economic well-being of local communities. In many European cities, the late 20th century saw industrial activity dominate. However, after 1989, political changes in Poland led to the relocation of industry from central districts to make room for modern residential and service developments. An example is Warsaw’s Żerań, previously centred around industrial hubs. A key challenge in redeveloping such areas is addressing land contamination, reclaiming degraded post-industrial zones, and eventually revitalizing the space to introduce new functions. Contamination often leaves these areas unused for years, but proper remediation can breathe new life into them. Furthermore, public spaces such as parks and squares in Żerań are often underused, but proper design following cleanup can foster social connections and contribute to a well-functioning urban environment. Revitalizing degraded urban areas ensures rational use of available space, aligning it with desired functions. Identifying and addressing these areas can transform neglected industrial zones into thriving residential and service centres, attracting new residents and investors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Izdebski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kuzak
2
ORCID: ORCID
Alina Maciejewska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, plac Politechniki 1, 00-661, Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, plac Politechniki 1, 00-661, Warsaw, Poland,
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Abstract

The paper gives guidance on the use of the EC2-1-2 model of degradation of the mechanical properties of prestressing steel at high temperature useful for estimating the loss of prestressing force in members exposed to fire. Adequate estimation of this force is crucial when calculating the fire resistance of prestressed members. If only the reduction in steel strength determined on the basis of the EC2-1-2 model is considered for the analysis, it may cause a significant underestimation of the prestress loss under fire conditions. In order to adequately estimate this force, it is necessary to sum up the strain of the prestressing tendons resulting from the degradation of their mechanical properties under the influence of high temperature and the free thermal elongation of the steel. The paper points out the existence of analogies between the elongation of prestressing steel heated under fire conditions and concrete creep under ordinary conditions. The guidelines for estimating thermal stress relaxation in tendons and determining the reduction in the secant modulus of prestressing steel under fire conditions are also provided.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Julia Wróblewska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16,00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16,00-637 Warsaw, Poland,
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Abstract

In order to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the safety of pedestrians in Poland, a time-series model of the monthly number of killed and seriously injured (KSI) pedestrians was formulated. According to the calibrated model, the monthly KSI number was dependent on the average traffic volume index, which was a measure of exposure, presence of COVID-19 restrictions, and seasonality factors. KSI was significantly higher during autumn and winter months due mostly to longer periods of darkness during the day. COVID-19 restrictions caused a drop in this number by 22.9%. In addition, during the lockdown periods, there was a 28.6% drop in average reference traffic volumes, which translates into an additional decrease in pedestrian casualties by 41.4%. The overall impact of COVID-19 restrictions could amount to as much as 54.8%. Although during the COVID-19 restriction periods, the overall number of accidents decreased, there was a marked increase in the mortality rate. A new safety indicator, called “Monthly Average Daily Deaths,” is proposed at unsignalized pedestrian crossings, which can express the overall safety trend as well as seasonal variations of the safety situation. The overall trend is a decrease in the number of killed pedestrians by around 11% per year on average. The authors anticipate that the conclusions presented in the article will make it possible to distinguish the impact of various factors (such as the pandemic, changes in regulations, etc.) in future analyses related to improving road safety.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Dąbkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Dybicz
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Olszewski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw,Poland
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Abstract

In the context of the most accurate measurement of the displacements of engineering objects, a preliminary correlation was made between GNSS measurements and changes in ground humidity. GNSS measurements were made in the center of Wrocław on four benchmarks at important existing investments. The influence of the geological structure of the investment area was analyzed, which corresponded to changes in humidity and the displacements of benchmarks. It turned out that there is a preliminary correlation between benchmarks located in geologically unstable areas and the humidity of these areas. It results not only from statistical analyses, which was presented in the previous article. The correlation of displacement values with respect to the change in moisture content of cohesive soils such as clays has been shown. This can improve the accuracy of measurements of displacements of engineering structures located on cohesive and organic soils. Then, changes in the temperature of the soil medium also occur. This relationship requires more detailed investigation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Zygmunt
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining, and Geology, ul. NaGrobli 15, 50-421 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

To address the issue of heat release during the construction of concrete dams, this study employs the approach of embedding water pipes for temperature control. Taking a large-volume concrete gravity dam in China as an example, considering environmental and river water temperatures, inputting concrete thermodynamic parameters, and taking various factors such as pipe layout, calculation parameters, pipe radius, material, spacing, and water temperature into account, the study utilizes finite element software for simulation modeling. It systematically discusses the relationship between cooling effects, costs, and engineering safety. The research results indicate that, under the condition of a rectangular section layout, with a pipe radius of 0.01 m and a spacing of 1.5 × 1.5 m, the comprehensive effect is optimal. The influence of different pipe materials on temperature reduction is minimal. When changing pipe materials, only material costs and their impact on structural safety and durability need consideration. Additionally, excessively low water temperatures during water passage can lead to internal concrete cracking, requiring attention during construction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yuelu Zhu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yingxing Chen
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The School of Hydraulic Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, Jiangxi, China
  2. The School of Hydraulic Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, Jiangxi,China,
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Abstract

This study evaluates and compares the results of two distinct stiffness measurement methods – Direct Cyclic Compression test (DCC) and Indirect Tensile test (IT-CY) – applied to warm mix asphalts (WMA) reinforced with basalt fibres intended for the construction of durable and high performance pavements, specifically surface and road base layers. The asphalt mixtures analyzed comprised surface course asphalt concrete and high modulus asphalt concrete. The production process employed reduced temperatures during both manufacturing and paving, facilitated by the use of a bio-derived fluxing additive and the foaming of the bituminous binder. These mixtures incorporated polymer modified bituminous binders and dispersed fibre reinforcement. Their performance was compared against that of traditional hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. The findings revealed that the direct compression modulus provided a more effective differentiation of mixtures based on the impact of fibre reinforcement. Conversely, the indirect tensile stiffness test highlighted greater variability due to differences in production techniques (HMA vs. WMA) and compaction temperatures. These differences were attributed to variations in the volumetric properties of the samples, influenced by the compaction process. Regarding performance, fibre reinforcement enhanced the complex stiffness modulus across all mixtures. However, the adoption of the WMA technique significantly reduced this parameter. Laboratory test results were further compared with data obtained from samples collected from an experimental road section.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Iwański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Radziszewski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Chomicz-Kowalska
3
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Liphardt
4
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Maciejewski
3
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Pokorski
4
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Marek Iwański
3
ORCID: ORCID
Jan B. Król
5
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Ramiączek
3
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Sarnowski
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland,
  3. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Eng. and Arch., Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
  4. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  5. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw
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Abstract

To analyse the solar temperature field and deformation of ultra-high hollow thin-walled piers, based on the 192 m thin-walled hollow piers of Lugou River Bridge in Chongqing, China, the two most unfavourable temperature fields of high temperature in summer and low temperature in winter are selected. The variation rule of wall temperature and displacement of piers under the action of solar radiation is studied using finite element software ANSYS, and the influence of cross-sectional changes of piers on the displacement of pier tops is analysed in detail. The results indicate that the finite element solution in this paper is in good agreement with the literature solution, which verifies the reliability of the finite element analysis in this paper. The temperature change of the east and west pier walls is the most significant in the high temperature environment in summer, and the temperature change of the south pier wall is more obvious in the low temperature environment in winter. The deformation of the pier in winter is significantly greater than that in summer under the action of sunlight. When the volume of the pier remains unchanged, the displacement of the octagonal section pier is close to that of the rectangular section pier. Due to the increase in cross-sectional stiffness, the round-end pier can effectively reduce the displacement of the pier body caused by sunlight.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiangyu Hou
1
ORCID: ORCID
Haibing Wu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Shiliang Zhang
3
ORCID: ORCID
Da Ma
4
ORCID: ORCID
Chaojie Miao
5
ORCID: ORCID
Jun Hu
6
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Chongqing Yuxiang Double Track Expressway Co., Ltd., Chongqing, 408599, China
  2. Yuxiang Project, China State Construction Railway Investment and EngineeringGroup Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102628, China
  3. Engineering Management Department, China State Construction Railway Investment and Engineering GroupCo., Ltd., Beijing, 102628, China
  4. Engineering Management Department, Chongqing Yuxiang Double Track Expressway Co., Ltd., Chongqing,408599, China
  5. Technical Contracts Department, Chongqing Yuxiang Double Track Expressway Co., Ltd., Chongqing, 408599, China
  6. School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
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Abstract

This article presents the process of rebuilding the bridge on Monte Cassino Avenue in Koszalin, Poland. The deterioration of the pre-cast concrete beams resulted in a decrease in the load-bearing capacity. On this basis, the decision was made to demolish and build a new structure, taking into account existing foundations and strengthening them with additional pre-cast concrete piles. However, during demolition works, the northern structure of the bridge collapsed uncontrollably. After a reanalysis of the technology and taking into account additional safety requirements, the demolition works were renewed. Due to collapse and its possible negative impact on existing piles, design changes related to the location of the pier axes were introduced. The load tests conducted on the rebuilt bridge allowed the finite element (FE) model to be verified by determining and comparing the response of the structure to static and dynamic load. The verified model, as an element of a digital twin, can be used in facility management throughout the life cycle of the structure, minimising the risk of failures of strategic elements of critical infrastructure in the future.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Łaziński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stefan Pradelok
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Jasiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jolanta Borucka-Lipska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,al. Piastów 50a, 70-311, Szczecin, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents attempt to explain the phenomenon of the stability loss of prismatic columns, made of metal, loaded beyond the yield limit. The explanation is presented on the base of Euler’s theory, tangent modulus theory, reduced modulus theory, Shanley’s column paradox and inelastic column theory. Explanation refers to results of experiments performed by many scientists, including F.R. Shanley, and related to Huber–Mises–Hencky (HMH) hypothesis of material effort. The use of HMH material effort hypothesis to analyse buckling column within inelastic range enables to explain the mechanism of buckling (including strain development) observed by F.R. Shanley and points out that the column paradox does not exist. The change of the uniform state of strain and stress to the non-uniform state which does not lead toloss of total stability by column is referred to as the loss of internal stability. The concept is presented on the base of idealised stress-strain diagram (bilinear elasto-plastic model).
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław Szymański
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, 84 Ludwika Narbutta Street, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Structures of halls with curved roofs are gaining popularity in modern industrial architecture due to their unique aesthetic and functional advantages. This study presents a comparative analysis of the efficiency of steel hall structures featuring frame systems and curved roofs composed of hyperbolic paraboloid (HP) modules. Utilizing Rhinoceros 3D software along with its generative modeling and structural analysis plug-ins, a script was developed to parametrically define the structural models and preliminarily determine geometries within a specified range of variable parameters. These parameters included column heights, total frame heights, frame widths, frame spacing, and the spacing of the roof bar grid. Parametric modeling enabled the generation of numerous variants of single-nave hall structures with five frame systems. All halls were designed with a rectangular plan measuring 12 × 24 meters and a maximum height of 8 meters. Subsequently, structural analysis was conducted using Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional software, focusing on optimization in terms of mass and dimensioning. The analysis considered the feasibility of using sheet metal roofing as well as flat panels, which required adjustments of the roof bar grid topology. Variants were selected based on their efficiency and functionality. The procedure for shaping steel halls with curved roofs using genetic algorithms proved to be highly beneficial in the design process. The results of the analysis provide valuable guidelines for designing halls with HP module roofs. While the amount of structural material is a key factor in determining efficiency, technological aspects also play a significant role. Given the structural similarities, it is assumed that these aspects are consistent across all structures, making mass a useful parameter for comparison. Future research will expand to include other factors influencing structural efficiency.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jolanta Dzwierzynska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Patrycja Lechwar
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszow, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents the current state of knowledge, design guidelines and principles for shaping glass load-bearing walls, which are increasingly used as structural elements in modern pavilions and public buildings. The properties of glass as a structural material are analysed, including its bending and compressive strength as well as its behaviour in a post-breakage state. Particular attention is given to glass strengthening technologies – tempering and laminating, and their impact on user safety. The article discusses the principles of designing load-bearing systems, methods of panel support, and issues related to structural stability. An analysis of fifteen pavilions from around the world that utilize glass load-bearing walls is conducted, highlighting the diversity of geometric solutions, types of glass and methods for transferring loads from the roof and wind to the supporting structure. The article also describes the draft of Eurocode 10 for the design of glass structures, which introduces consequence classes and limit state scenarios (including post-breakage phase), allowing for a comprehensive approach to the safety of load-bearing glass walls.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Jóźwik
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Kozłowski
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Koszykowa 55, 00-659 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

An experimental study of tapered built-up cold-formed channel sections was conducted by the authors and described in this paper. The test plan involved testing specimens of varying geometries in bending, compression or eccentric compression cases. The investigation concerned the influence of parameters such as the slenderness of section parts, the difference in section height, and the spacing of intermediate plates on the resistance of the members and possible buckling failure modes. Although most of the analysed sections were classified as Class 4, i.e., susceptible to local and distortional instabilities, global forms were mainly observed. The maximum experimental load values were then used to verify the accuracy in determining the overall resistance of the considered members using the General Method with some “engineering” simplifications. The comparison shows that General Method with implemented assumptions provide a safe estimate of the resistance in the vast majority of cases and in this form can be used to calculate this type of members.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Górski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Sieńkowska-Szpetnar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Budziński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

The construction sector’s environmental footprint, accounting for 40% of global CO2 emissions and 30% of waste generation, necessitates rigorous evaluation of sustainable alternatives to demolition. This study quantitatively assesses the environmental advantages of industrial site revitalization versus demolition and new construction, focusing exclusively on material conservation and emission reduction. While existing research often combines environmental with socioeconomic metrics, this analysis isolates ecological impacts through a case study of Radex Park Marywilska in Warsaw, Poland – a representative post-industrial site in a coal-dependent economy. Using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology for 2005–2010 data, we analyze material flows (22% concrete, 3% steel, 15% brick by volume) and calculate avoided emissions using region-specific factors (e.g., 1.8 t CO2/t steel). The results demonstrate that revitalization preserved 72,315 tons of materials and reduced CO2 emissions by 48,217 tons – resulting in significant environmental savings compared to demolition scenarios, and exceeding Central European benchmarks. These savings stem primarily from bypassed demolition waste (30–50% reduction) and avoided new material production, aligning with EU circular economy targets. Key findings include: (1) steel reuse delivers 61% of total emission savings, revealing material-specific leverage points for decarbonization; (2) Poland’s carbon-intensive industrial baseline amplifies the relative benefits of adaptive reuse; and (3) standardized “avoided cost” metrics can bridge policy gaps in sustainable urban planning. The study provides a replicable framework for environmental cost accounting in post-industrial contexts, emphasizing the need for regionally tailored LCA models. We conclude that revitalization is not merely an alternative but an ecological imperative for decarbonizing urban development. Policymakers should prioritize adaptive reuse in climate action plans, leveraging its dual benefits of emission reduction and resource conservation. Future research should expand this methodology to assess the scalability of observed benefits across diverse geographic and industrial contexts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Sobieraj
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcos Fernandez Marin
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dominik Metelski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Universitat de Valencia, Department of Computer Science, Av. Universitat, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
  3. University of Granada, Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences, Campus Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Abstract

Contemporary cities are facing the challenge of integrating public spaces, transport systems, and commercial functions, which is reflected in the revitalization processes of historic buildings. In the transformation of urban spaces, it is essential to preserve cultural heritage while respecting the historical value of architectural monuments and adapting them to contemporary needs and the principles of sustainable development. These include improving energy efficiency, employing renewable energy sources, and implementing circular economy practices. This article presents selected issues related to the comprehensive redevelopment and revitalization of the Warszawa Wileńska Railway Station – a historic facility originally constructed in 1862 as the Petersburg Station. The project, carried out under challenging conditions involving continuous passenger traffic, dense urban development, and proximity to historic tenement buildings, required the development of non-standard design, logistical, and fire safety procedures. Moreover, the construction process necessitated close cooperation with Polish State Railways (PKP) and numerous other institutions. This investment serves as an example of an innovative approach to the revitalization and integration of railway infrastructure with a multifunctional and commercially oriented shopping complex, becoming a symbol of modern revitalization efforts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariola Książek-Nowak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jose Teixeira
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Escola de Engenharia da Universidade do Minho, Portugal
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Abstract

Degraded post-railway areas are a significant spatial and environmental problem in the centers of large cities, limiting their development and aesthetics. These areas often contain historical pollutants that can pose a threat to human health and the natural environment. Revitalization of such areas contributes to the rational management of urban space and limits the sprawl of development into suburban areas. Transforming unused areas into modern service spaces, such as the Arkadia Shopping Center, promotes the socio-economic activation of a given district. The Arkadia project shows that properly conducted reclamation allows for the safe and effective use of degraded land. Additionally, such investments increase the value of nearby properties and improve the quality of life of residents thanks to new service, commercial and recreational functions. The transformation of post-railway areas responds to the contemporary challenges of sustainable urban development and environmental protection. Good revitalization practices, as in the case of Arkadia, can serve as a model for other cities struggling with similar spatial problems. The project is an example of an effective combination of engineering, planning and environmental activities. Analyzing the transformation process of this area allows for a deeper understanding of the benefits, challenges and conditions necessary for the success of similar revitalization projects.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fabiana Raco
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksander Nicał
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Architecture of the University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto, 35 – 44121 Ferrara, Italy
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Based on a self-anchored suspension bridge with a long span and complex structure, this paper makes a detailed analysis of its stress characteristics before damage and damage characteristics after damage through finite element analysis and bridge load test. Aiming at the main vulnerable components of the main girder, a variety of identification methods based on the existing dynamic damage identification methods are selected for comparative analysis of damage identification, and finally an effective method suitable for bridge girder damage monitoring is determined according to the identification effect of each method. Different damages of main girder, bridge tower and suspender are simulated respectively, and then the static and dynamic damage characteristics of the structure under the same conditions before and after the damage are analyzed with the results of nondestructive analysis of the bridge as reference. The results show that the internal force and deformation caused by the same static and dynamic load and the inherent dynamic characteristics of the structure will change correspondingly when different damages occur to the structure, but the change is small for the moderate damage of 20%. After the suspenders fail completely, the deformation and internal force of the bridge will increase greatly, and the cable force of the adjacent suspenders will increase by 50%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xilong Zheng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yunfeng Hu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Baitao Sun
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration, No.29 Xuefu Road, Harbin, China
  2. Engineering Department, Ningbo Traffic Engineering Construction Group Co., LTD, No. 3388 Canghai Road,Ningbo, China
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Abstract

The article is based on data about 349 orders for road construction in Poland. The unit prices (per one kilometer of roads) are compared, arising from the following two types of orders: design-bid-build (DBB) and design & build (D&B). As the exact list of construction works, as well as, the precise number of works is unknown before the contract is signed, the contractor’s risk is higher. The probability of underpricing the offer in the case of D&B orders is higher than that of DBB orders. It is assumed that the contractors, to avoid the potential loss (if the offer is underpriced), raise the value of their offers more than in the case of DBB types of orders. This increase in offer price is usually named risk premium. The averaged unit prices of the roads of the same kind ordered as DBB are compared to D&B orders. To find the risk premium, to the values of DBB orders, the prices of the designs are added. This made the scope of the DBB and D&B orders the same i.e. able to compare. It is discovered that the average unit prices for DBB orders are higher than for D&B orders for four groups of orders, so the risk premium can’t be calculated there. For the other two groups of orders, the risk premium is 19% and 49% of the total value of the DBB order i.e. value of the design plus the value of construction works ordered.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hubert Anysz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Oktabiński
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The classical theory of beams admits two types of connections between structural elements: perfectly rigid and perfectly flexible. However, the engineering reality calls for a more general approach to joint modelling. A non-ideal connection type is called semi-rigid. Its moment-rotation characteristic links the bending moment developed at the joint with the non-zero rotation increment between both sides of the connection. In the paper, the moment-rotation characteristic is assumed to be linearly elastic-perfectly plastic, and not sensitive to the sign of the rotation increment. Posed in the framework of Euler-Bernoulli’s theory of beams, the main objective of the paper is to formulate slope-deflection equations for a beam with semi-rigid joints. Two themes are considered. The first regards the equations derived under the assumption of small transverse displacements; the results are not new, but they offer a different viewpoint. The variational form of the equilibrium problem involves minimization of stress energy functional with constraints following from the yield condition imposed on the values of moments in semi-rigid joints. Such an approach furnishes a theoretical foundation for robust numerical analysis of large-scale frames in the full spectrum of joint deformation: linearly elastic and perfectly plastic. The second theme of study concerns the beam subjected to a large compressive force. The results obtained on the grounds of Bleich’s linear theory of stability include slope-deflection equations and the implicit definition of the critical value of compressive force. In both themes of interest, the outcomes of the paper essentially extend the findings documented in the literature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Dzierżanowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The intense development of urban infrastructure and the construction of deep excavations mean, that diaphragm walls are becoming one of the typical structural elements of this type of facilities, the stability of which is ensured by a system of steel struts. The paper focuses on the assessment of the value of the force in the steel tubular strut caused by the temperature difference and values of parameters necessary for proper analysis of diaphragm wall displacements. Using statistical methods to analyse more than 100,000 data from various measurements, the values of the m coefficient describing force increase in the strut at a temperature change of 1◦C were determined. The analyses allowed to determine values of the m coefficients recommended in the design of strutted diaphragm walls. These values can be used in design practice and allow to determine an additional force in the steel tubular strut due to the temperature difference.
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Authors and Affiliations

Urszula Tomczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Siemińska-Lewandowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nicolas Utter
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Armii Ludowej Str. 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Soletanche Bachy, Rueil-Malmaison, France
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Abstract

In this paper, four feasible closing schemes are proposed, three of which are optimization schemes, and the deformation and internal force of the main beam are taken as the control elements, and the closing conditions, cumulative vertical displacement, lower and lower edge stress on the cross-section and horizontal displacement of the support are compared and analysed under different closure sequence schemes. It is found that the displacement and stress differences are large in different closure sequence schemes, different structural system conversion timings, and it is necessary to carry out optimization studies and comprehensively compare and select reasonable schemes. The construction control of the closure stage is studied, and the results of bridge construction control are compared, which shows that the optimization technology and construction control technology of the closure sequence can be used in this paper, which can solve the key problems in the construction control of the closure of long-link continuous beam bridges, and can provide reference and basis for the construction control of the same type of bridge.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xilong Zheng
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Harbin University, School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, No.109 Zhongxing Da Dao, Harbin, China
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Abstract

Material compatibility is a complex issue that is challenging to analyse, especially when it comes to historic structures undergoing revitalisation. The use of a solution that is incompatible with the existing structure may not only affect its durability, but also directly lead to the destruction of the historic material. One of the important aspects of compatibility assessment is historical and aesthetic compatibility, which is responsible for accurately conveying historical truth to future generations. In the case of earth-based reconstruction mortars, this compatibility primarily involves the analysis and proper selection of the colour and texture of the reconstruction solution, which, in addition to ensuring authenticity, will be resistant to changes under the influence of long-term environmental factors, i.e., radiation, weathering, and leaching. The selected solution should accurately reflect historical truth while ensuring that other requirements for reconstruction mortars, i.e., strength and durability, are met. The method of verifying the historical and aesthetic compatibility of earth-based mortars is presented on the example of ancient stone structures in the Black Sea Basin. The selected solution was subjected to a test application, which ultimately verified its suitability for use in the original structure. Key recommendations were formulated to ensure historical and aesthetic compatibility for earth-based mortars for reconstruction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Sobczyńska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Terlikowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Amii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The rapid expansion of the construction industry worldwide has led to a significant increase in resource use, hence depleting the existing reserves. Utilizing recycled aggregates might potentially reduce the use of natural raw materials in the production of concrete and mortar. This would further aid in reducing the quantity of waste thrown into the environment due to demolition procedures. This study investigated the feasibility of recycling recycled fine aggregate from construction and demolition waste. Limestone powder was utilized as a filler, together with waste from three different kinds of construction and demolition waste (concrete, clay bricks, and ceramics). Cement mortar mixtures of 1:3:0.5 and 1:4:0.5 were used to design 32 different mortar mixes (cement: fine aggregate: filler). Except for the control mixes, the following replacement ratios were tested: 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% for construction and demolition waste as a partial replacement for natural fine aggregate. Cubes, prisms, and cylinders were all used to measure the physical and mechanical properties of the mortar. In this study, the physical properties (workability, dry density) were analyzed. In addition to investigating the mechanical properties (compressive, flexural, and splitting strength), The experimental results showed that the optimal percentage of natural fine aggregate replacing recycled aggregate from construction and demolition waste was 20%. Additionally, the research demonstrated that, due to its cementitious properties, recycled fine aggregate from concrete waste significantly outperformed the reference mixes in terms of all physical and mechanical properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jasim Mohammed Abed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hiba A. Abdul Kareem Al-Uzbaky
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muthanna Abbu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Northern Technical University, Engineering Technical College, Department of Buildingand Construction Technique Engineering, Iraq
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Abstract

Early damage detection and reinforcement of civil engineering structures are crucial. To ensure timely maintenance in the later stage, the civil structure is subjected to modal parameter identification. In vibration signal recognition, traditional stochastic subspace vibration signal recognition has modal omissions. Previous studies have shown that using singular value decomposition can suppress signals with lower energy. Therefore, zero-phase filtering technology is used to improve the random subspace identification method. Singular value decomposition is used for structural parameter analysis and noise suppression. The zero-phase filtering technology is combined to solve the low-energy signal loss. Therefore, an improved stochastic subspace identification method for civil engineering structural parameter identification is proposed. This study validates the proposed method through experiments, analyzes the corresponding design parameters and experimental data results, and verifies the advantages and feasibility of this method. According to the research results, there were multiple peaks within 0–10 Hz under environmental effects, with 3.15 Hz and 4.84 Hz corresponding to the first two modes of the system. Under the action of vehicle load, two peaks were displayed around 3.15 Hz and 4.84 Hz, with two clearly stable axes. The system order was determined to be N = 4 through the stability diagram. Under relevant amplitude conditions, the estimated damping ratio of the two test points in the second mode was always equal to 0.55%. It can effectively analyze the natural frequency and damping ratio in civil engineering structures, laying the foundation for damage detection in civil engineering structures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kai Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhenwu Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, 343009, China
  2. School of Art and Architecture, Guangzhou Sontan Polytechnic College, Guangzhou, 511370, China
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Abstract

Accurate detection and characterization of organic soils play a crucial role in ensuring the stability and safety of infrastructure projects, particularly linear constructions such as highways, railways, and pipelines. Due to their high compressibility and variable properties, organic soils pose significant challenges for geotechnical design and foundation engineering. While borehole investigations provide localized data points, they often fail to capture the continuous spatial variability of these soils, leading to potential uncertainties and construction risks. This study demonstrates the advantages of integrating geophysical techniques, with a focus on Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), to achieve detailed mapping of organic soil layers. Through several case studies from Poland’s major infrastructure developments, the paper illustrates how geoelectrical methods complement traditional borehole data to enhance soil profiling accuracy. The combined approach enables early identification of problematic zones, optimizing investigation efforts, and reducing unexpected complications during construction. Challenges related to similar resistivity signatures of organic soils and adjacent deposits are addressed by careful interpretation and supplementary methods when necessary. The findings confirm that geophysical surveys are cost-effective, non-invasive tools that significantly improve the reliability of geotechnical models, particularly for extensive linear projects where comprehensive direct testing is impractical. This integrated methodology supports better foundation design choices and mitigates risks associated with weak, organic soil layers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Pacanowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Lejzerowicz
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marta Sokołowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Maślakowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw
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Abstract

In recent years, the construction of large-scale engineering structures has involved numerous links in the construction process, including design, construction, supervision, material supply, and so forth. The coordination and cooperation between these links are of paramount importance. The presence of several linkages during the building process raises the possibility of communication breakdowns and information transfer delays, which can negatively affect the project’s overall progress and quality. To overcome these obstacles, the study constructed a safety management model for the construction of large engineering structures by introducing digital twin technology. This model was then optimized and improved by using an inverse neural network algorithm based on particle swarm optimization. The outcomes of the improved model were subjected to testing, and the findings demonstrated that the model trained by the research exhibited an exceptionally high degree of accuracy in the test, with a prediction accuracy of 98.2%. Especially in the stress prediction of the cable, by comparing the predicted value of the research model with the actual value, it was found that the prediction accuracy was as high as 99.1%. In addition, the model also showed excellent performance in the eigenvalue system, and the EV value of the model was as high as 0.978. The model was also able to accurately identify the critical components under specific working conditions. From the above results, it can be observed that the research model has reached the expected standard in terms of performance and reliability, and has strong application value in the prediction of structural safety management of large-scale projects.
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Authors and Affiliations

Li Gao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shan Chen
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Computer and Software Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, 223003, China
  2. Software Engineering Department, Shijiazhuang Information Engineering Vocational College, Shijiazhuang,050000, China
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Abstract

This paper analyses the stress state in the walls of a closed steel profile caused by freezing water filling the interior of the profile. The study focuses on a specific case of two damaged girders, where the failure was attributed to freezing water trapped inside the upper chords of the girders. The analysis revealed that the resulting stresses exceeded the steel’s strength, leading to deformation and rupture of the upper chord profiles. The article describes the damage observed in the girders, including outward deformation of the walls and cracks along the bending edge. The presence of water and corrosion products inside the profiles was confirmed through inspections. Finite element calculations were performed to assess the pressure effects, showing that the tensile stresses in the corner of the profile exceeded the yield and tensile strength of the steel. The article concludes that damage caused by freezing water expansion is unpredictable and emphasises the importance of weld quality control in steel structures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Górecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Snela
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Błazik-Borowa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Halicka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 40 Nadbystrzycka Street,20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

In used reinforced concrete grain silos, failures occur (e.g., increased cracking of reinforced concrete walls). These failures may be caused by overloading of the chamber structure due to a sudden drop in ambient temperature throughout the day. These daily drops in ambient temperature cause thermal stresses in the silo shell. Additional thermal stresses in the silo are caused by the interaction of the wall and the bulk material stored within the silo. This results in additional tensile stresses in the cross-sections of the silo chamber wall, combined with bending. This paper presents the results of in situ studies of early winter temperature field distributions in a grain elevator at the Podlaskie Grain Plant in Białystok. A specialized prototype SensoNet telemetry system was used for the on-site tests, enabling continuous monitoring of operating silo batteries and recording physical quantities such as deformation and temperature. The measured variable temperature fields on the surface of the silo chambers were used to determine nonlinear temperature distributions across the thickness of the reinforced concrete walls in the grain silo battery using the finite difference method. Numerical calculations of four interlocking grain silos subjected to static (Janssen pressure of bulk material) and thermal loads were performed using the finite element method. Analysis of the numerical calculation results (FEM) demonstrates the unfavorable effects of thermal and static load coupling in the form of increases in latitudinal tensile stresses and bending moments in the reinforced concrete walls of the grain silo batteries.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jolanta Anna Prusiel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Marynowicz
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. ialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, ul.Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
  2. Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, ul. Katowicka 48,45-061 Opole, Poland
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Abstract

Continuous assembled box girder bridges are increasingly used in bridge engineering due to their high degree of assembly, short construction period, and high smoothness and comfort of traveling. To grasp the transverse force performance of this type of bridge structure, this paper, based on the industry standard drawings, adopts the method of finite element numerical analysis to systematically study the effects of different miter angles, number of diaphragm girders, span diameters, and width-to-span ratios on the transverse distribution coefficients of the loads and conducts the field test on the real bridge. The results show that the lateral distribution of main girder loads decreases with the increase of miter angle, the increase of the number of diaphragm beams, and the increase of span diameter, and increases with the increase of width-to-span ratio; the field static load tests were carried out on the three bridges, and the measured lateral distribution patterns of the bridge loads match well with the theoretical analysis of the finite element theory. The transverse distribution coefficients of the main girders obtained from the field test are reasonable, indicating that the force distribution of the transverse connection between the main girders is reasonable. The analysis of the transverse force of the assembled small box girder bridge can initially determine whether the bridge integrity is good or not, and provide technical data support for the subsequent operation and maintenance of the bridge.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dongyan Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dandan Gu
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. College of Computer and Control Engineering, Northeastern Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
  2. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeastern Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Abstract

A correct description of the subsoil is necessary for optimal foundation design and has a practical economic dimension for many geotechnical design problems. Soil strength assessment requires selecting appropriate, standardised tests and validated interpretation methods, based on local research results. However, the correctness of the inference in terms of foundation solutions requires the characterisation of subsoil parameters broken down into units that occur regionally. The article compares the results of shear strength of litho-genetically diverse soils (among others, organic and macroporous, dusty – loess soils) obtained during laboratory and field tests on test plots from the area of Poland. The selected subsoils represent sediments of various lithology, genesis and degree of preconsolidation. The studies included both in situ tests (FVT, CPTU and DMT) and validation laboratory tests. The obtained results made it possible to verify correlation coefficients and formulas, known from the literature, for determining the ����/���� parameter obtained by using different methods on a regional basis, as a foundation for determining reliable geotechnical design parameters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Godlewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Nepelski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Bartłomiej Gąska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Witowski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Building Research Institute, 21 Ksawerow St., 02-656 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Department of Construction Materials Engineering and Geoengineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38d, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  3. Building Research Institute, 21 Ksawerow St., 02-656Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents results of the research on the influence of selected technological parameters on dynamic replacement columns formation. The analysis concerned: the depth of the initial crater ������ , the volume of its filling ������ , and the grain size of the backf used. It was carried out on a testing stand that allowed the observation and documentation of the particle driving process. The soft soil layer was simulated with a hydrogel, while the bearing layer was made of medium sand. The columns were formed in the initial craters, with a depth of 0.4, 0.6 or 0.8 of the thickness of the soft layer, and backfilled up to 50, 75 or 100% of the volume. The investigation of the optimal crater and backfill volume was carried out using medium gravel (2–16 mm). The influence of the grain size of the backfill material was studied at the optimal ������ and ������ – medium sand (0.063–2 mm) and medium gravel (2–32 mm) were used at this stage. The displacements of backfill material grains and the shapes of the columns were analysed using GOM and Cad software. The optimal solution was to construct the columns in the shallow crater (������ /���� = 0.4) and to backfill it with gravel 2–16 mm up to 50% of the volume – under these conditions, end-bearing columns were formed with the diameter increasing with depth. In order to improve the shape of the column, in the final phase of the DR process, ������ shall be increased up to 100%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Kwiecień
1
ORCID: ORCID
Siergey Ihnatov
2
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Kowalska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. KG Construction Sp. z o.o., ul. Gornicza 33, 43-173 Laziska Gorne, Poland
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Abstract

This paper is part 2 of a numerical investigation of steel-timber composite beams with cold-formed omega girders and laminated veneer lumber slabs. After conducting a preliminary analysis of the composite beam cross-section in part 1 of the paper, a modification to the cross-section and a reinforcing method were proposed in part 2. In order to increase the load-bearing capacity of the beam, modifications, such as placing a metal sheet inside of the girder or placing a channel outside of the girder, were proposed. These modifications can be made at the production stage of the steel girders. The modification in form of a channel placed outside the omega girder provided the highest increase in the load-bearing capacity. However, the mass of the modified beam with the channel was 29.6% greater than the mass of the reference beam, and the modifying the girder using channels poses a particular challenge. For this reason, the modifications in the form of a flat sheet can be used instead of the channel. The sheet metal may be located inside the omega section to increase the aesthetics of the beam. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the carbon fibre reinforced polymer tape was analysed as a method of beam reinforcement at the building operation stage. The use of the tape resulted in increased load-bearing capacity. However, the increase in the load-bearing capacity of the beam may be limited because of the yielding of the support zone.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Chybiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Derlatka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Szewczyk
3
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Lacki
2
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Abramowicz
3
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Polus
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Institute of Building Engineering, Piotrowo 5 Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  2. Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Dabrowskiego 69 Street, Czestochowa, Poland
  3. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Al. Piastów 17, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
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Abstract

Geotechnical design is a complex, interdisciplinary field involving soil science, mechanics, and rheology. This article presents a comprehensive solution for geotechnical design using digital data from various programs, focusing on Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and Serviceability Limit State (SLS) analysis for a storage hall foundation in challenging geotechnical conditions in eastern Germany. The study utilizes the groundwater conditions and layer layout from the Leapfrog software to create a spatial computational model of the subsoil using Plaxis 3D FEM based on nearly 400 virtual boreholes. Data on hall geometry and load combinations were stored in digital IFC format and tabular data in Excel files respectively. The analysis involved both analytical and FEM 3D/2D methods. In the analytical method, all digital information was collected into one Excel file database for further calculations. Once the consistent digital project database was collected, the same data was implemented into the Plaxis 3D program for FEM numerical calculations. The hall’s foundation solution used footings supported by drilled piles. Soil layer parameters were calibrated based on static pile tests during design calculations. Due to part of the hall being located in a high embankment area (about 5 meters high), consolidation analysis of cohesive soils in the area was considered. The impact of consolidation was factored into negative skin friction in the ULS pile design process. Pile geometry was tailored to existing soil conditions and weak bearing soil thickness. The final foundation geometry and pile lengths were designed to meet SLS conditions set by the structural designer and to address uneven building settlement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Kacprzak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seweryn Bodus
1
ORCID: ORCID
Błażej Świerc
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zofia Zabora
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wiktoria Wojno
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Grzywocz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Urszula Hanasz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Arcadis Sp. z o.o., Al. Jerozolimskie 142B, 02-305 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Gypsies soils are frequently found in semiarid and arid environments where rainfall does not sufficiently let the gypsum to leach from the soil cover. The efficiency of dams that impound water is reduced by a number of factors, including the breakdown of gypsum salts that lead to caverns, an increase in soil material permeability, an increase in flow rate caused by expanding fissures, and an excessive settlement rate. This work aims to understand the behavior of earth dams containing gypsum salts in their structure and the effect of isolation on their permeability and the amount of salts in the water flowing from them. To determine the amount of seepage through the dam body and the location of the phreatic line, a model was developed using actual samples from one of the backfill dams. Then, in addition to gypsum salts, we constructed an additional model for the same samples. We identified the phreatic line’s position, velocity, change in flow and total dissolved solid. Then, using Geo Studio software, we simulated the two models. The results showed that the flow increased with the addition of gypsum salts and the formation of the phreatic line began after a period of time estimated at 16 hours in the first model and appeared in the second model after 12 hours, which is the sample containing gypsum salts. However, the insulator prevented leakage through the dam body by 89% in the third model.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anwar Tarawneh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Alaa Hawamdeh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Suzan Salha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Noof Al-Hunaiti
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muna Alslehat
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rasheed Alhawamdeh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adnan Barham
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Al-zaytoonah University of Jordan, Faculty of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Amman, Jordan
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Abstract

Repetitive construction projects involve the sequential execution of the same type of construction process at different locations (units). Work crews responsible for a particular type of process complete their work in one unit and then move on to the next. In practice, it is not possible to divide the built facility into identical units. In such a case, reducing the execution time of the project leads to interruptions in the workflow of the crews. Better results can be achieved by changing the order in which the units are processed by the crews. The use of the flow-shop system, well known in production scheduling, makes it possible to reduce the execution time of this type of projects, but makes the schedules vulnerable to random disturbances: the resulting delays can propagate throughout the schedule and generate idle time for crews completing their processes on time. Therefore, rescheduling may become inevitable to meet the deadlines. This paper presents a linear programming mathematical model for reactive scheduling that takes into account the possibility of allocating additional crews and allows for the possibility of changing the sequence of units. It makes it possible to meet the target date for completion of the project and to reduce the downtime of the working crews. The proposed approach to respond to schedule disruptions is illustrated by an example. Potential tools for solving the model were also pointed out, which can form the basis for creating a decision support system in the execution phase of repetitive projects.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Jaśkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nabi Ibadov
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sławomir Biruk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Volkan Arslan
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nadbystrzycka str.40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, 67100 – Incivez – Zonguldak, Turkey
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Abstract

The selection of the target market (i.e., country) is a key decision that affects the contractor’s development prospects and determines success or failure in the competitive international construction environment. Despite its importance, the problem of market selection has been the subject of limited research and few tools have been proposed to help reduce the risk of making the wrong choice. Availability of several compromising/conflicting criteria, the difficulty in articulating and capturing them, and the ambiguities that may arise in their interpretation make the market selection for a construction enterprise a complicated task. This paper addresses this research gap and presents a tool based on a modified Fuzzy Group Analytic Hierarchy Process, which employs a type-2 fuzzy envelope of extended hesitant linguistic term set (EHFLTS) to aggregate the decision-maker’s judgments. Using extended hesitant linguistic terms, the comparative linguistic expressions (CLEs) generated using context-free grammar (CFG) enable the decision-maker(s) to express their preferences in a way that resembles a natural language. They also help to capture the hesitation in prioritizing the available options. The process of computing with word (CWW) with CLEs is implemented through EHFLTS envelopes. To illustrate the method’s principles of operation, a hypothetical case of selecting the best market for the construction enterprise is introduced.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Tomczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Czarnigowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Gul Polat
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40,20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Istanbul Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
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Abstract

Redistribution of internal forces in existing bridge structures occurs very often in practice, especially when they are functionally modernized (e.g. by widening the deck), as well as as a result of changing the static system of the structure. The most telling and relatively common example of the latter situation is the elimination of hinges (e.g. hinges in Gerber systems or hinges in the middle of the span of concrete bridges erected using the cantilever concreting method) and thus creating a continuous hingeless system. As a result of this change, internal forces are redistributed, and insufficiently thorough consideration of it can lead to serious, negative consequences. The article analyzes a real bridge structure located in Opole. The structure accepted for testing has a complicated structural system and has Gerber hinges. The lower flanges of the girders have a variable width along the entire length of the spans – therefore almost every span cross-section of the structure differs from each other. The bridge structure was modelled in the numerical programme SOFiSTiK, which managed to reproduce the diversity of the main girders (variable cross-sections). Work on the model was divided into several stages. The first one was a comparison of internal forces for the state before 2015, obtained from loads according to the standard from the time of construction of the structure and Eurocode. The second stage was a change of the static scheme (widening the usable width of the roadway) and a comparison of internal forces and as above. The third part included the elimination of hinges. Based on the analyses performed, three cases were compared and conclusions were drawn. Looking at the results from loads according to the old standard (and the bridge construction process), we see no increase in the value of forces in variant A and B. The increase occurs only when the hinge is eliminated. Analyzing the results from PN-EN loads, we see that they cause an increase in the value of forces, which is related to a different load setting. Modern utility loads, according to Eurocode, generate greater internal forces, an increase of 70–100%. As can be seen in the example of a real object from Opole, even a small interference in the bridge construction system can have a significant impact on changing the arrangement of forces.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Jurasz-Drozdowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Radomski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Katowicka 48,45-758 Opole, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16,00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of a study investigating the influence of non-clinker constituents in cement on the risk of deleterious alkali-silica reaction (ASR). The cements selected for this study were CEM II types containing commonly used non-clinker constituents, such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and silica fly ash. Additionally, a binder was prepared by mixing CEM I cement with metahalloysite in a 3:1 ratio. As a reference, CEM I cements without non-clinker constituents were used. Expansion tests were conducted on mortars using standard reactive aggregate (borosilicate glass cullet) according to ASTM C 441. The results, evaluated against the criteria outlined in ASTM C 1157, demonstrated that the binders with non-clinker constituents met the “Option-R” requirement. The expansion of, mortars made with cements containing non-clinker constituents was significantly reduced compared to mortars made with pure Portland cement. The most significant effectiveness in this regard was achieved with the metahalloysite cement. The obtained expansion results correlated well with the microstructural changes in the mortars, which can be linked to the occurrence of ASR. The microstructure of the mortars was examined using scanning electron microscopy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zdzisława Owsiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Czapik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Zapała-Sławeta
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Leks
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Al.Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce
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Abstract

Temporary support structures (UMKW) for power lines are used in emergency situations. Such system-based solutions require dedicated software that enables rapid design (model creation, calculations, and documentation generation). Achieving this goal involves adopting a data structure that minimizes the amount of input required from the designer while maximizing automation in each phase of the design process. This is made possible through the creation of a database of predefined and parameterized profiles for support structures. Design acceleration is enhanced by an advisory system that suggests and supervises the configuration of conductor suspension layouts, structure geometry (while maintaining electrical clearance requirements, both internal and external), structure height, etc. The declaration of load cases and their values is also fully automated. Based on data regarding conductors and insulators (retrieved from databases) and the line location within Poland territory (climatic zones), an analysis of conductors (cables) is performed, and all load cases required by standards, including variations leading to bending and torsion of support structures, are determined. The article presents two software variants differing in concept. The first variant involves a preliminary selection of structure imported from a database of pre-analyzed typical cases (UMKW-Base), while the second performs complete calculations (UMKW). The UMKW software system employs a dual data input module, enabling rapid design while achieving greater software versatility. Declaring the physical model of the structure and its automatic conversion to an analytical model allows structural calculations to be performed as well as preparation of design documentation without duplicate data entry.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Wandzik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Kowalczyk
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Arinet Sp. z o.o., Toszecka 102, 44-117 Gliwice, Poland

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