Applied sciences

Metrology and Measurement Systems

Content

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2023 | vol. 30 | No 2

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Abstract

In this work, a real-time label-free microwave sensing mechanism for glucose concentration monitoring using a planar biosensor configured with an inset fed microstrip patch antenna has been demonstrated. A microstrip patch antenna with the resonating frequency of 1.45 GHz has been designed and is fabricated on the Flame Retardant (FR-4) substrate. Due to the intense electromagnetic field at the edges of the patch antenna, edge length has been used as the detecting area where the sample under test (SUT) interacts with the electromagnetic field. The Poly-Dimethyl-Siloxane (PDMS) with the trench in the centre has been employed as the sample holder. Here, the SUT is the glucose dissolved in DI (de-ionized) water with the concentration range of 0.2 to 0.6 g/mL. The dielectric constant dependency on the glucose concentration has been used as the distinguishing factor which results in a shift in the S-parameter. The experimentally measured RF parameters were observed closely which showed the shift in S11 magnitude from –40 to –15 dB and resonant frequency from 1.27 to 1.3 GHz w.r.t the SUT solution of 0.2 to 0.6 g/mL with linear regression coefficient of 0.881, and 0.983 respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Priya Rai
1
Poonam Agarwal
2

  1. Institute of Science and Technology, Chandrakona Town, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal-721301, India
  2. Microsystems Lab, School of Computer and Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
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Abstract

The properties of a mechanical resonator provide a valuable ability to measure liquid density and viscosity. The viscosity of liquids is of interest to researchers in both industry and medicine. In this paper, a viscosity sensor for liquids is proposed, which is designed based on an electromechanical resonator. In the proposed sensor, a capacitor is used as an electrostatic actuator. The capacitor is also used to monitor the frequency changes of the proposed resonator. The range of displacement of the resonator and capacitor in response to different fluids under test varies according to their viscosity. The design of the proposed sensor and its electrostatic and mechanical simulations are reported in this paper. Also, the effect of viscosity of several different liquids on its performance has been analyzed and presented experimentally using a prototype.
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Authors and Affiliations

Amin Eidi
1

  1. Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
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Abstract

The current solutions for pose estimation problems using coplanar feature points (PnP problems) can be divided into non-iterative and iterative solutions. The accuracy, stability, and efficiency of iterative methods are unsatisfactory. Therefore, non-iterative methods have become more popular. However, the non-iterative methods only consider the correspondence of the feature points with their 2D projections. They ignore the constraints formed between feature points. This results in lower pose estimation accuracy and stability. In this work, we proposed an accurate and stable pose estimation method considering the line constraints between every two feature points. Our method has two steps. In the first step, we solved the pose non-iteratively, considering the correspondence of the 3D feature points with their 2D projections and the line constraints formed by every two feature points. In the second step, the pose was refined by minimizing the re-projection errors with one iteration, further improving accuracy and stability. Simulation and actual experiment results show that our method’s accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency are better than the other existing pose estimation methods. In the -45° to +45° measuring range, the maximum angle measurement error is no more than 0.039°, and the average angle measurement error is no more than 0.016°. In the 0 mm to 30 mm measuring range, the maximum displacement measurement error is no more than 0.049 mm, and the average displacement measurement error is no more than 0.012 mm. Compared to other current pose estimation methods, our method is the most efficient based on guaranteeing measurement accuracy and stability. Keywords:
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhang Zimiao
1
Zhang Hao
1
Zhang Fumin
2
Zhang Shihai
1

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin, China
  2. State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Abstract

This document provides a simplified solution to the problem of calculation of laser hazard distances defined in the Advisory Circular 70-1B by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration regarding atmospheric attenuation (assuming its constant value) and measurement uncertainties. The calculation approaches and examples presented in this document do not specify the procedure that should be followed in the case of atmospheric attenuation, nor do they take into account the uncertainties associated with the measured parameters. The analysis presented in the article complements to some extent AC 70-1B and can be used by those who need such a simplified solution regarding illumination of landing or taking off aircrafts. The article presents a sample analysis for a typical laser pointer, where the necessary parameters of the laser beam along with the appropriate uncertainties were determined in accordance with the methods accredited by the Polish Centre for Accreditation while the appropriate laser hazard distances were calculated taking into account different atmospheric attenuation coefficients.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Młyńczak
1

  1. Military University of Technology, Institute of Optoelectronics, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

In the paper results of single- and double-pulse LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) measurements in collinear geometry are described. The experiments were performed using a unique self-made Nd:YAG laser operating in the Q-switching regime, where the laser transmission losses are switched. Such a laser allowed for an easy and quick change of the operating mode (one and two pulses), free shaping of the energy ratio of the two pulses (division of the energy of a single pulse into two parts) and a smooth change of the delay time between pulses in the range from 200 ns to 10 μs. To our knowledge, such a laser was used in LIBS measurements for the first time. LIBS experiments revealed strong self-absorption depending on energy ratios carried out in the first and second laser pulse in the double-pulse mode. This was confirmed also by statistical factorial analysis of LIBS spectra. Plasma temperature and LIBS signal enhancement were measured both for energy proportions between the first and the second laser pulse and for the first-to-second-pulse delay.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Skrzeczanowski
1
Marek Skórczakowski
1
Waldemar Żendzian
1

  1. Military University of Technology, Institute of Optoelectronics, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw 46, Poland
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Abstract

A new solar tracking sensor based on image recognition is proposed and designed to solve the problem of low accuracy of photoelectric tracking in photovoltaic power generation. The sensor can directly output its angular deviation from the sun, and its mechanical structure and working principle are analysed in detail. We use a high-precision camera to collect the image of the two slots on the projector surface and use the Hough transform to identify the image of the light seam. After obtaining the linear equation for the two slots, the coordinate of the intersection point is found, and the calculation of the solar altitude and azimuth can be realized. We have improved the Hough transform scheme by using the skeleton image of the slots instead of the edge image. The improvement of the scheme has been proved to effectively improve the detection accuracy. A calibration test board is used to test the sensor and experimental results show that the scheme can achieve the measurement of azimuth and altitude with the accuracy of be 0.05°, which can meet the detection accuracy requirements of the solar tracking in photovoltaic power generation and many other photoelectric tracking implementations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jianjun Lan
1

  1. Fujian Vocational & Technical College of Water Conservancy & Electric Power, School of Electric Power Engineering, Yongan 366000, China
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Abstract

Trueness and precision of a method for determining the water content (%) of food and chemical products based on infrared radiation with a wavelength in the range (2.70÷7.21 μm) was evaluated. The most accurate measurements for food products were obtained when the heat source was a radiant heater with a radiation wavelength of 7.21 μm, a trueness deviation of 0.01%. When heated with radiation with wavelengths (from 3.32 μm to 7.21 μm), the trueness of the measurement ranged (0.03% ÷0.13%) for chemical products. The shortest analysis time for food products was found when the analysis was carried out using an IR source with a wavelength of 7.21 μm, while for chemical products, a heat source with a wavelength of 2.70÷7.21 μm was optimal. According to the results of the analysis, the use of IR radiation with a wavelength range of 3.32÷7.21 μm is an alternative for accurate measurements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Janas
1
Małgorzata Kowalska
2

  1. Centre for Metrology Research and Certification, Radwag Wagi Elektroniczne, Poland
  2. Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Commodity Science, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Poland
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Abstract

Sleep apnea syndrome is a common sleep disorder. Detection of apnea and differentiation of its type: obstructive (OSA), central (CSA) or mixed is important in the context of treatment methods, however, it typically requires a great deal of technical and human resources. The aim of this research was to propose a quasi-optimal procedure for processing single-channel electroencephalograms (EEG) from overnight recordings, maximizing the accuracy of automatic apnea or hypopnea detection, as well as distinguishing between the OSA and CSA types. The proposed methodology consisted in processing the EEG signals divided into epochs, with the selection of the best methods at the stages of preprocessing, extraction and selection of features, and classification. Normal breathing was unmistakably distinguished from apnea by the k-nearest neighbors (kNN) and an artificial neural network (ANN), and with 99.98% accuracy by the support vector machine (SVM). The average accuracy of multinomial classification was: 82.29%, 83.26%, and 82.25% for the kNN, SVM and ANN, respectively. The sensitivity and precision of OSA and CSA detection ranged from 55 to 66%, and the misclassification cases concerned only the apnea type.
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Authors and Affiliations

Monika A. Prucnal
1
Adam G. Polak
1

  1. Department of Electronic and Photonic Metrology, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

Online quantitative analysis of reaction gases or exhaust in industrial production is of great significance to improve the production capacity and process.Anovel method is developed for the online quantitative analysis of reaction gases or exhaust using quantitative mathematical models combined with the linear regression algorithm of machine learning. After accurately estimating the component gases and their contents in the reaction gases or exhaust, a ratio matrix is constructed to separate the relevant overlapping peaks. The ratio and calibration standard gases are detected, filtered, normalized, and linearly regressed with an online process mass spectrometer to correct the ratio matrices and obtain the relative sensitivity matrices. A quantitative mathematical model can be established to obtain the content of each component of the reaction gases or exhaust in real time. The maximum quantification error and relative standard deviation of the method are within 0.3% and 1%, after online quantification of the representative yeast fermenter tail gas.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fu-Qiang Wei
1
Ze-Jian Huang
2
You Jian
3
Xin-Hua Dai
3
Xiang Fang
3
Shang-Zhong Jin
1

  1. China Jiliang University, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018 China
  2. National Institute of Metrology, Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrum for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, Beijing 100029, China
  3. National Institute of Metrology, Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrum for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, Beijing 100029,
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Abstract


ZnS-based mechanoluminescent film has been widely used in the fields of stress visualization and stress sensing, due to its high brightness and repeatable stable luminescent characteristics. To evaluate the flexibleelastic deformation performance of ZnS-based mechanoluminescent film, both visual inspection and digital image correlation (DIC) are, respectively, employed for measuring the ZnS-based mechanoluminescent film. ZnS:Cu 2+ mechanoluminescent powders are first mixed with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix to produce ZnS:Cu 2+–PDMS mechanoluminescent film. Then, two measurement experiments are, respectively, conducted to investigate the mechanical response and the flexible-elastic deformation performance of the prepared ZnS:Cu2+–PDMS mechanoluminescent film. On one hand, the mechanical response performance of the ZnS:Cu 2+–PDMS mechanoluminescent film is validated by visual monitoring of composite concrete fracture processes. On the other hand, the prepared ZnS:Cu 2+–PDMS mechanoluminescent film is also measured by DIC to obtain its full-field deformations and strains information. The flexible-elastic deformation performance of the ZnS:Cu 2+–PDMS mechanoluminescent film is well demonstrated by the DIC measured results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Guo-Qing Gu
1 2
Gui-Zhong Xu
1 2
Feng Shen
3
Peng Zhou
4
Hou-Chao Sun
1
Jia-Xing Weng
5

  1. Yancheng Institute of Technology, School of Civil Engineering, Yancheng, 224051, China
  2. Coastal City Low Carbon Construction Engineering Technology Research Center, Yancheng 224056, China
  3. Jiangsu Fiber Composite Company Ltd., Jianhu, Yancheng 224700, China
  4. Yancheng Institute of Supervision & Inspection on Product Quality, Yancheng 224056, China
  5. Jiangsu Water Source Company Ltd. of the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, Nanjing 210000, China
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Abstract

Hydrogen storage for the purposes of the automotive industry in a form other than under high pressure or cryo conditions has been under careful investigation by researchers over past decades. One of the arising methods is the usage of powdered/granulated beds that contain metal hydrides and/or carbon materials to take advantage of the “spillover” phenomenon. Handling and characterization of such material can be troublesome, which is why the experimental setup needs careful investigation. The apparatus for the analysis of hydrogen sorption/desorption characteristics has been successfully designed and described based on the constructed unit within the scope of this article. The full functionality of that setup covered fuelling the bed as well as the examination of sorption/desorption potential. Moreover, the proposed experimental device can clarify many uncertainties about further development and optimization of hydrogen storage materials.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Leyko
1
Krzysztof Surmiński
1
Damian Batory
1
Krzysztof Jastrzębski
2
Łukasz Kaczmarek
3
Witold Kaczorowski
3
Piotr Kula
4

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Department of Vehicles and Fundamentals of Machine Design, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
  2. Lodz University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Functional Materials, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
  3. Lodz University of Technology, Department of Advanced Materials and Composites, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
  4. Lodz University of Technology, Department of Surface Engineering and Heat Treatment, 90-924 Lodz, Poland

Instructions for authors



Sample article with Author guidelines



Author guidelines



Types of contributions

Metrology and Measurement Systems welcomes submissions of the following article types:

• invited special issue or review papers presenting the current stage of the knowledge within scope of the journal (about 20 edited pages, approximately 3000 characters each),
• research papers reporting high-quality original scientific or technological advancements (max. 12 pages),
• papers based on extended and updated contributions presented at scientific conferences (max. 12 pages),
• short notes, i.e. book reviews, conference reports, short news (max. 2 pages).


Manuscript preparation

General The text of a manuscript should be written in clear and concise English. The camera-ready format – with attached separate files containing illustrations, tables and photographs – is required. A cover letter with clear explanation of scientific novelty of the paper is strongly recommended. Papers based on extended and updated contributions presented at scientific conferences, or strongly related to previous authors’ works, must be accompanied with a cover letter file, which should explain in details changes made in the manuscript in comparison with the original conference paper and highlight the novelty in reference to other authors’ works.
The main text of a manuscript should be printed on an A4 page (with margins of 2.5 cm) using Times New Roman style with a font size of 12 pt; the paragraphs should start with the indentation of 5 mm, and titles should be written in bold. That text can be divided into sections (numbered 1, 2, …), first-order subsections (numbered 1.1., 1.2., …, written in italics), and – if needed – second-order subsections (numbered 1.1.1., 1.1.2., …, written same as first-order subsections). The only acceptable manuscript formats are in Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx).

The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors. The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors.


Figures
Figures (illustrations, photographs) and tables, provided in the camera-ready form suitable for reproduction (which may include reduction), should be additionally submitted (one per page), larger than the final size. While preparing figures we encourage to start with defining expected size and minimum font size that fit to all graphics in the manuscript – using the same style in all of your graphics visually improves the article. Final figure formats must be in one of the following: (vectors) .eps, .pdf, .ai or .cdr, and (bitmaps) .bmp, .gif, .tif or .jpg.
As far as plots, block diagrams, schematics etc. are concerned, we suggest to use one of vector formats to improve quality and scalability. Figures in vector formats must be saved using RGB colours and with fully white background (0% K). Hidden layers are unacceptable. Minimum line thickness printed in a single colour is 0.25 pt (0.09 mm), and 1 pt (0.36 mm) when using more colours. Typically we suggest 0.2-0.5 mm but in particular cases the range 0.1–1.0 mm will be accepted. Lines in plots should be distinguished not only by using different colours but also using different line types and markers, if needed.


Equation
All equations must be numbered consecutively throughout the text. Each equation should be preceded and followed by a 6-point spacing. Punctuate equations when they are part of a sentence. Equation numbers should be enclosed in parentheses. Equations should be prepared with the use of MathType or Microsoft Equation editors. The type size in the equation is the same as for the text. To make your equations more compact, you may use the appropriate mathematical symbols or expressions. The symbols used in an equation have to be defined before that equation or immediately after it. Use italics for variables (e.g. i, x, n), physical quantity symbol (e.g. voltage U, temperature T), letter pointers and general function symbols. Do not use italics for constants, indexes, minimum, maximum and trigonometric functions, mathematical operators, differentials, etc. To refer to the equation use “(1)”, not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, except at the beginning of a sentence where “Equation (1)” should be used. We recommend to use International System of Units SI i.e. metre-kilogram-second system of units. As a decimal separator dot should be used in the entire manuscript (text, figures, tables).


References
The paper has to be clearly positioned in the context of relevant literature in the field of measurements and instrumentation. Note that lack of references from the main field of Metrology and Measurement Systems interest may suggest that the content of manuscript does not exactly correspond to the scope of metrological journals. It may reduce possibility that a proposed paper will be read by audience society. In such a case our Editorial Board may suggest to send the manuscript to a more appropriate journal. Also note that the use of possibly up-to-date references may indicate importance of your work. Table below gives examples of some relevant and renewable journals related to widely understood metrology.


Journal

Publisher

ISSN

Metrologia

IOP Publishing

0026-1394

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

IEEE

0018-9456

Measurement

Elsevier

0263-2241

Measurement Science and Technology

IOP Publishing

0957-0233

Metrology and Measurement Systems

PAS

0860-8229

Review of Scientific Instruments

IOP Publishing

0034-6748

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

IEEE

1557-9948

IET Science, Measurement & Technology

IET

1751-8822

Journal of Instrumentation

SISSA, IOP Publishing

1748-0221

Measurement Science Review

Walter de Gruyter

1335-8871

IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine

IEEE

1094-6969

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences

PAS

2300-1917

Opto-Electronics Review

PAS

1896-3757

IEEE Sensors Journal

IEEE

1558-1748

Sensors

MDPI

1424-8220




References should be inserted in the text in square brackets, i.e. [1]; their list, numbered in citation order, should appear at the end of the manuscript. The format of the references should follow the APA 7th edition formatting style, i.e.: for an journal paper – surname(s) and initial(s) of author(s), year in brackets, title of the paper, full journal name, volume, issue (in brackets) and page numbers. Put all author names unless there are more than 20. Otherwise, after the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author’s name (do not place an ampersand before it).


Submission process
Manuscript should be submitted via the Internet Editorial System (IES) – an online submission and peer review system. In order to submit the manuscript via the IES, the authors (first-time users) must create an author account to obtain a user ID and password required to enter the system. The submission of the manuscript in a single file, i.e. “Article File” containing the complete manuscript (with all figures of high quality and tables embedded in the text), is preferred. All figures have to be uploaded in separate files. The generated PDF file has to be approved. The PDF file has lower quality of the embedded figures to limit its size only.
The submission of a manuscript means that its content has not been published previously, it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that – if accepted – it will not be published elsewhere. The Author hereby grants the Polish Academy of Sciences (the Journal Owner) the license for commercial use of the article according to the Open Access License ( CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which has to be signed before publication. The copyright form is available in the IES.
The Authors are urged to suggest 4 to 5 reviewers in their application (with names, affiliations and addresses) with whom the Editorial Board could co-operate while processing the paper. Proposed reviewers should be experts deeply involved in issues related to the subject matter of the paper and they are intended to come from different universities or research centres.
Each submitted manuscript is subject to a single-blind peer-review procedure, and the publication decision is based on the reviewers’ comments. If necessary, the authors may be invited to revise their manuscripts. On acceptance, manuscripts are subject to editorial amendment to exactly fit the journal style.
An essential criterion for the evaluation of submitted manuscripts is their potential impact on the research field, measured by the number of repeated quotations. Such papers are preferred at the evaluation and publication stages.
Proofs will be sent to the corresponding author by e-mail and should be returned within 48 hours from receipt. The publication in the journal is free of charge. A sample copy of the journal will be sent to the corresponding author free of charge. For colour pages the authors will be charged at the rate of 160 PLN or 80 EUR per page. The payment to the bank account of the main distributor (given in “Subscription Information”) must be completed before the date indicated by the Editorial Office.


Other information
It is possible to include supplementary files related to the article content, such as e.g. developed databases. These files can be then used by other researchers to compare their algorithms using the same input data. For more details about supplementary files please contact the Editorial Board: metrology@wat.edu.pl. The biographical statements, at the very end of the article, are not obligatory, however, they are kindly recommended. Each statement should include the author’s full name and brief personal history focused on areas of research and scientific achievements. The biographical statement may not exceed 100 words and should be written using Times New Roman style with a font size of 8 pt.
The publication of your article is a great achievement but then it needs to be further promoted to make it more visible to the research community. Responsibility for this task lies with the Authors and our Editorial Board. We guarantee free access to the article in the Journals PAN of the Polish Academy of Science, including articles in Early Access form (published just after acceptance decision), indexing in popular and renewable databases (e.g. Thomson Scientific Master Journal List, Elsevier’s Scopus, Google Scholar). Furthermore, selected articles are highlighted on the journal website and are reprinted for promotion at conferences and other events. The Authors can share the final form of the article on various social networks and research-sharing platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, SciProfiles. They are also encouraged to update personal and institutional webpages by adding the title and a link of the article. Feel free also to share your work with your colleagues using any other methods that do not conflict with the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.
For more detailed description about how to write a paper for the Metrology and Measurement Systems journal please look at the Author guidelines for manuscript preparation. We strongly recommend using this file as a template for manuscript preparation.


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