In the paper the model of the disturbing potential based on the lower-degree harmonic spherical polynomials and the local density model of topographic masses has been proposed. Topographic masses are represented by DTM. The model parameters are fixed by the use of quasigeoid heights as well as a dense network of gravity points. Preliminary analyses of the model's robustness of gravimetric data errors have also been included.

In this paper there are presented results of applying the methods of the time series analysis to the problem of recognizing small boats. It has been showed that the acoustic signals of the boats can be classified by means of clustering algorithms.

The paper presents such a method of distribution of observations in a surveying network, which allows to meet requirements concerning the network with the possibly lowest direct costs of survey. As a result, a set of azimuths, sides, angles and GPS chords which can be measured in a given network is obtained; then the selection of a subset, which meets the above criteria may be performed. The OPTY98 computer system, which time of calculation may be accepted by an arbitrary network, has been developed for the proposed algorithm. Required data as well as obtained results are presented using the example of the Refe network.

Four types of self-standards (ideal, ought, undesired, and forbidden selves) were analyzed in the context of self-assessed health of older adults. We focused on the relationships between self-discrepancies (perceived actualization of self-standards) and affect, as well as the content of self-descriptions of standards. Participants (116 Polish older adults) completed: Self Standards’ Measure (SSM), PANAS-X and 7 items from the WHOQOL-BREF. First, we found that self-assessed health moderates the effects of self-discrepancies on affect. The ideal and ought self-discrepancies predicted affect when health was assessed as good. Conversely, the undesired and forbidden self-discrepancies predicted affect when health was assessed as poor. Second, health-related content was more typical for the ideal than for the ought standards. Third, older adults who assessed their health better had fewer health-related standards. The results are discussed with reference to control theory of approach and avoidance.

The paper presents a suggestion of modification of Otrebski' s theorem for some special structures of geodetic networks. The modification leads to forming up the conditional equation system with unknowns. A new parameter as a global criterion of evaluation of the quality of the networks characterized by an inhomogenous observation system, has been introduced as well.

The paper gives a strategy of geographic information modelling, being comprised in the European Standards (as formulated by the CENffC 287) and also subjected to national standardisation. Main goals of the standardisation are formulated, which include proper arrangement of this domain, as well as formation of prerequisites for reasonabel development of GIS in diversified environments. The last one is necessary to provide effective transfer of geographic data between different GIS installations. There are formulated and defined basic concepts of information modelling, such as conceptual schema, application schema, entity - relationship method, as well as of the EXPRESS language, being the main formal means of the presented methodology. The present state of the national standardisation activities is outlined.

The paper is organized into two sections. The first sets the background for data integration, and identifies some of the key issues that need to be considered. The second describes possible solutions of problems connected with the data integration. The steps of integrating data coming from different databases, datasets and data files are described in order to create a seamless geodatabase.

In theory of regular projection of a surface into another surface, the term of the indicator of projection deformations, as a topological substitute of an infinitesimal circle of a unit radius is known. In the case of regular projection of a three-dimensional space into a three-dimensional space, a three-axis ellipsoid is the indicator of projection deformations, being the topological substitute of an infinitesimal unit sphere. This paper presents the attempt to analytically describe the infinitesimal unit sphere in the original space and its topological substitute in the projected space.

Simplification of a shape of a coastline is one of the best-described issues of quantitative generalisation. Schematisation of a coastline shape is a process, which may be relatively easily described by means of an algorithmic formula. However, the majority of algorithms consider only geometric aspects and river and road networks are generalised by means of the same parameters. Many described methods of direct transfer of subjective ways of manual generalisation to computer systems have turned out to be ineffective. Application of fractal analysis is an attempt aiming at objective implementation of a process of automated cartographic generalisation by means of selection of parameters of algorithms of simplification of lines, preceded by analysis of local geometric features of modelled objects. The, so-called mono-fractal dimension of objects, commonly used in cartometric analysis, DJ, specifies the averaged level of filling of available space only. The multi-fractal dimension of analysed objects, as, for example of a coastline, determined by means of a method proposed by the author, specifies the multi-fractal spectrum of dimensions, D(q). The range of obtained values of the parameter DJ( l .05-e- 1.42) allows for assumption that the coastline has multi-fractal properties. In this paper the author proposes development of new descriptive and research tools, which may be used for investigation of local geometric features of objects presented on a map, as well as for simplification of shapes of objects in the process of cartographic generalisation.

This paper presents an analysis of various types of maps and other geographical scenes from users point of view. The division of people according to their perceptional abilities allows to compare the pragmatic properties of cartographical means being in map users' disposal. Visually, tactile, kinesteticly and sonicly percepted scenes as well as multimedia! realisations have been considered to determine differentiation of their usability for recognition of general and particular spatial characteristics of presented map contents as reflection of reality in user's mind. Very composed problems of range of definitions of maps and cartography has been considered (on the base of ICA 's definitions formulated in 1995) with a view to their correctness since the latest rapid impact of new technology on the discipline. According to author's opinion new definition of a map should embrace only types of realisations of broadly treated scenes fulfilling precisely determined list of essential properties connected with cognitive as well as applicable map's functions.

The author presents a concept of a method of remote determination of temperature along a sight line of surveying instruments. It has been assumed that the environment influences a laser beam propagated in space; as a result of this influence the laser beam is distorted and weakened. It has been decided to make advantage of such situation and to read information concerning the medium of light beam propagation from the change of the structure of the laser beam. The paper presents a laboratory method of readouts of atmospheric factors of the air from images of the face of the laser beam. Initial experiences have been promising and confirmed assumptions made by the author.

A new solution of the resection is presented in this paper. Two methods of position determination have been developed. An indicator of possibilities of position determination has been introduced. Cases when the position cannot be determined have been considered and their geometric interpretation has been developed.

Spline functior.s play an important role in many technical applications. The paper presents some potential possibilities of their application in adjustment of railway tracks as a versatile tool of track axis approximation. Methods of determination of cubic interpolating and approximating splines are presented in detail. Splines are easily determined and they have satisfactory co□ verge□ce to the desired curve.

Automatic generation of DEM based on image matching technique is an important part in digital photograrnmetry. DEM has been found widely in practical applications as in the fields of surveying, civil engineering, road design, agriculture, military, etc. For large DEM project, accuracy, efficiency, and economy are the three main factors to be taken into account. Accuracy is the first important factor to be considered. The effect of modeling methods on DEM accuracy have been tested. The characteristics of terrain surface are considered as a difficult and traditional topic in generating of DEM. Terrain surface may be open or covered with different objects. For generation of accurate DEM, objects on terrain surface must be detected and filtered. There are many methods for detecting and filtering objects which have been found on the terrain surface. Some of them are basing on mutual location of measured points along definite profiles (geometric analysis) or on images converted. This article presents formulas for automatically detecting and filtering covered objects on the base of the geometric analysis of measured points mutually located along determined profiles in X and Y-direction.

In this paper the general solution of nonlinear satellite pseudorange equation system has been given. This solution was obtained by the application of the new positional transformation determining relations between the points in three-dimension space. It has been proved that computation of the position does not require knowledge of the light speed, occuring in pseudorange measurements, or determination of approximate coordinates. The general solution allows one to obtain all possible solutions including complex conjugate positions. This work has also stated that there exists some space regions in which it is not possible to determine the positions in the domain of real numbers. This is especially important in navigation of objects moving in the space.

The edge extraction seem to be an important step in matching of aerial images for 3D city and also in analysis and interpretation of satellite imagery for middle scale mapping production. Since twenty years the problem of edge and line extraction is still actual. The degree of full automation for edge and line extraction is in the way to advance. In practice there are several groups of methods using for extraction of edges and lines. The methods based on the differential geometry are often useful to solve this tasks. This paper presents a new algorithm approach to find the coefficients of function fitting to an edge in 2D image that is written by Fouriers expansion. Basing on the gradients of edge pixel that is Gausians line-spread function, the fitting function to edge should be constituted. For improving reliability of linking edge pixels into line it is proposed to apply three thresholds in which one is based on the finding correlation coefficients of grey levels between the neighbouring pixels in the image window.

The paper investigates the relations between Schwartz’s values and beliefs which may reflect skepticism toward science – specifically vaccine rejection, climate change denial and creationism. Recent research on the causes of anti-science indicates that they may be motivational, pertaining to ideologies, worldviews, and one’s moral codes. Therefore, we postulated that value priority hierarchies hierarchies may be predictors of anti-science. Results (N = 509) indicated that Conservation metatype values were positively associated with anti-science, while Self-Transcendence and Openness to change metatypes were connected with support for science. We also found significant differences in value profiles between participants with lower vs. higher anti-scientific beliefs. We discuss the possible motivational underpinnings of these results.

The study of emotion regulation constitutes a major area of research for having a complete picture of human emotional experience, and several lines of evidence claim that poor emotion regulation skills are particularly deleterious in different aspects of life. Previous tDCS studies have suggested the beneficial role of DLPFC stimulation to improve emotion processing and regulation. The present study was therefore conducted to confirm and extend the effects of DLPFC stimulation on emotion regulation by including both positive and negative emotional material. In this between subjects study, participants were randomly assigned to receive active or sham stimulation over the left DLPFC. Participants viewed negative, positive, and neutral pictures while attempting to decrease, increase, or not modulate their emotional reactions. Subjective reactions were assessed via on-line ratings. The main results show that anodal tDCS stimulation over the left DLPFC slightly improves the ability to increase emotion perception for positive emotions. More interestingly, the results demonstrate that tDCS enhances the regulation of both positive and negative emotions when the baseline is considered. This study provides additional data on the use of tDCS as a tool to increase emotion regulation not only for negative affective material, but also for positive ones.

The study aimed to determine the relationship between parents’ family aspirations towards their children with disabilities and selected parental psychosocial resources, such as self-image, self-perception, perceived social support, and styles of coping with stress. The instruments included the Parental Aspirations Questionnaire by Kirenko (2012), The Tennessee Self Concept Scale by Fitts (1965), The Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire by Norbeck (1984), and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations by Endler and Parker (1999). 361 mothers and fathers bringing up children with physical, sensory, and intellectual disabilities participated in the study. The results suggest a positive role of adaptive competences, such as adaptive coping, positive properties of self-image, as well as the negative role of maladaptive competencies such as self-criticism in mothers and fathers. Neither the positive contribution of social support nor the negative role of avoidance-oriented coping in fathers has been confirmed. Parental aspirations are part of adaptation to living with a child with a disability and will be important to support parents in recognizing the child’s potential correctly and strengthening it at all stages of development until adulthood.