Life Sciences and Agriculture

Journal of Plant Protection Research

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Journal of Plant Protection Research | 2021 | vol. 61 | No 4

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Abstract

There is an ongoing search for technologies that guarantee soybean productivity. Among them, the application of phytosanitary products stands out, since the sprayer is the most required implement during the agricultural production cycle and each error, in practice, represents a loss in the production process. With this in mind, the objective of this work was to evaluate the volume captured and the characteristics of the application in the different thirds of soybean plants with variations in hydraulic nozzles and spray volumes, as well as the use of electrification of the drops. To this end, a field experiment was conducted during the 2018/2019 summer harvest in an experimental area at the University of Rio Verde. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme (3 × 4), with four repetitions, in which the first factor consisted of three variations of spray nozzles (simple fan, hollow cone and hollow cone with electrification of the drops). The second factor involved four application rates (50, 100, 150 and 200 l · ha–1). The variables evaluated were the number of drops per cm–2, percentage of coverage, volume median diameter (VMD) and the captured volume (μl · cm–2). According to the results, for the upper thirds, an increase in the application rate increased the volume of captured syrup. However, for the lower third, the factors evaluated did not interfere in this characteristic. The hydraulic tips influenced the density of droplets in the three thirds and the coverage only in the lower one. The increasing rates of application, increases the density of drops and percentage of coverage in the different thirds of the plants. The evaluated factors had no effect on the syrup distribution on the median abaxial surface of the leaves.
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Authors and Affiliations

Carlos Eduardo Leite Mello
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eduardo Lima do Carmo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Guilherme Braga Pereira Braz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Gustavo André Simon
1
ORCID: ORCID
João Vitor Alves de Sousa
1
Ana Carolina Pereira dos Reis
1
Marco Túlio Moura Leite
1
Gabriel Elias Soares de Araújo
1

  1. Agronomia, Universidade de Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Brazil
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Authors and Affiliations

Rana Samara
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tawfiq Qubbaj
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ian Scott
3
ORCID: ORCID
Tim Mcdowell
3

  1. Horticulture and Agricultural Extension, Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie, Tulkarm, Palestine
  2. Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
  3. London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada
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Abstract

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, in agriculture, has negative impacts on water, soil and affects the environment and health. In recent decades, researchers have been interested in the natural benefits of natural microorganisms and how they could be a good alternative to the use of chemical fertilizers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of soil inoculation with strains of mycorrhizae and beneficial bacteria on soil properties and productivity of table grapes. Field trials were conducted on a commercial table grape production farm ( Vitis vinifiera cv. Mousca), located in northeastern Morocco. Twelve-yearold plants were used. Control plants were not inoculated (T1). The prototype plants were inoculated with 1.2 × 104 of Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum/100 g (T2), a mixture of 1/2 concentration of Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum and 1/2 concentration of Pseudomonas putida (T3) and 1 × 108 CFU ∙ g–1 of Pseudomonas putida (T4). The inoculations were realized twice; the first inoculation was completed on July 19, 2019 while the second inoculation on February 21, 2020. Soil analyses were carried out, both physicochemical (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, % of dry matter) and microbiological properties (total flora, fungi and actinobacteria). Plant growth (length of the plant, number and diameter of sticks, number of clusters per tree, number of nodes per stick, distance between nodes and bud burst), yield and fruit quality (number of berries per cluster, cluster weight, cluster length and width, pH, Brix degrees, acidity, EC and % dry matter) were measured. Results showed slight trends regarding the effects of treatments on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of the soil, plant growth and fruit quality. The number of clusters was significantly higher in Glomus (T2) Pseudomonas (T4) and Glomus than in control treatments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Salah Ed-dine Samri
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kamal Aberkani
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mourad Said
1
Khadija Haboubi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hassan Ghazal
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Biology and Geology, Plolydisciplinary Faculty of Nador, University Mohammed Fisrt, Selonane, Morocco
  2. Environment, National School of Applied Sciences, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Al Hoceima, Morocco
  3. Bioinformatics, National Center for Scientific and Technical Research, Rabat, Morocco
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Abstract

False jagged-chickweed ( Lepyrodiclis holosteoides (C.A. Mey.) Fenzl ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) is an invasive weed species distributed in many regions of Iran. Scientific knowledge about the biology and ecology of false jagged-chickweed is rare. In a series of laboratory experiments, the effect of chilling treatments, potassium nitrate (KNO3), gibberellic acid (GA3), concentrations, temperature regimes, and sowing depths on seed germination and breaking seed dormancy of false jagged-chickweed was studied. In two field experiments the phenology of false jagged-chickweed and winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum) was also compared. Chilling treatment for 15 days, a KNO3 concentration of 30 μmolar and a GA3 concentration of 144 μmolar increased germination percentage and germination rate. However, chilling treatment for 15 days did not increase germination rate as well as the KNO3 and GA3 treatments. A quadratic polynomial model predicted that the optimum temperature giving the maximum germination percentage was 22°C. Seedlings emerged in a range of sowing depths from 0 to 8 cm, while no seedling emergence occurred at sowing depths greater than 10 cm. Based on a Gaussian model, the optimum sowing depth was predicted to be 3.9 cm. False jagged-chickweed required higher growing degree days (GDD) for seedling emergence than winter wheat, while the flowering stage of false jagged-chickweed occurred earlier than winter wheat. Results achieved in the present study are of interest not only for studying other life cycle aspects of this species but also as basic information for developing management strategies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mehdi Minbashi Moeini
1
Eshagh Keshtkar
2
Hamidreza Sasanfar
1
Mohammad Ali Baghestani
1

  1. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
  2. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract

The entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are characterized as fungi with various functions and numerous mechanisms of action. The ability to establish themselves as beneficial endophytes provides a sound ground for their exploitation in crop production and protection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the entomopathogenic strains of Beauveria bassiana and Mertarhizium anisopliae for their potential to colonize cucumber plants under natural environmental conditions in non-sterile substrate. Seed submersion in conidial suspension resulted in systemic colonization of cucumber plants 28 days post-inoculation. Scanning electron microscope micrographs demonstrated that conidia of both fungal genera have adhered, germinated and directly penetrated seed epidermal cells 24 hr post-submersion. Treated with EPF cucumber seeds resulted seedlings tissues of which contained a significantly higher amount of total phenolic compounds and unchanged amounts of chlorophylls. There was a significant negative effect of endophytic colonization on the Aphis gossypii population size after 5 days of exposure as well as a positive effect on cucumber growth and development 7 weeks post-inoculation. We suggest that reduction of A. gossypii population on mature Cucumis sativus plants is caused via an endophyte-triggered improvement of plant’s physiological parameters such as enhanced plant growth with subsequent increase in plant resistance through augmented production of phenolic compounds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roshan S. Shaalan
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Elvis Gerges
3
Wassim Habib
3
Ludmilla Ibrahim
2

  1. Department of Plant Protection, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
  2. Department of Plant Protection, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
  3. Department of Plant Protection, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Lebanon
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Abstract

Meloidogyne arenaria belongs to root-knot nematodes (RKNs) which constitute a group of highly polyphagous nematodes causing serious damages to many crop varieties. Maize ( Zea mays) is one of its main hosts. During plant response to RKN infection, many mechanisms are involved. Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), which present many functions and enzymatic activities, such as ribonucleases (RNases), antioxidative enzymes, or proteases are involved in these processes. The aim of this study was to describe changes in peroxidase and RNase activities induced in Z. mays during its response to M. arenaria infection. Moreover, proteins potentially responsible for peroxidase activity were indicated. RNase and peroxidase activities were tested on proteins extracted from roots of healthy plants, M. arenaria infected plants, and healthy plants mixed with M. arenaria juveniles, in native polyacrylamide (PAA) gels. Samples were collected from two varieties of maize at four time points. A selected fraction showing peroxidase activity was excised from the gel and analyzed using mass spectrometry (MS) to determine protein factors responsible for enzymatic activity. As a result, the analyzed varieties showed slight differences in their RNase and peroxidase activities. Higher activity was observed in the Tasty Sweet variety than in the Waza variety. There were no significant differences between healthy and infected plants in RNase activities at all time points. This was in contrast to peroxidase activity, which was the highest in M. arenaria-infected plants 15 days after inoculation. On the basis of protein identification in excised gel fractions using MS it can be assumed that mainly peroxidase 12 is responsible for the observed peroxidase activity. Moreover, peroxidase activity may be presented by glutathione-S-transferase as well.
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Authors and Affiliations

Arnika Przybylska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection − National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
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Abstract

Pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (PepYLCTHV) causes leaf curl disease in chili production regions of the tropics and subtropics. Information on PepYLCTHV disease severity and resistance in chili pepper is still limited in Thailand. This study reports PepYLCTHV disease severity through graft inoculation and selection of single resistant plants for use in a chili breeding program. Twenty-one chili genotypes consisting of the local cultivar (5) collected from Thailand, breeding lines (9) developed at Khon Kaen University (KKU), Thailand and improved lines (7) obtained from the World Vegetable Center, Taiwan were used in this study. Forty-five-day-old seedlings of all the genotypes were graft inoculated with PepYLCTHV in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and 10 plants per replication and kept in a plastic net house. Disease symptoms were scored at 20, 27, 34, 41 48, and 55 days after graft/inoculation (DAI). Disease severity was visually recorded using 0−5 scores. Results showed that the disease severity of 21 chili genotypes significantly differed at 48 days after grafting. High resistance and stability were shown by 9853-123 genotypes. Two genotypes, PSP11-7 and PSP11-10-1, showed resistant reaction with disease severity scores of 1.9 and 1.8, respectively. However, among 21 chili genotypes or 630 grafted plants, 302 plants were successfully grafted inoculated plants. Therefore, from the results of this work, highly resistant plants (69 single plants) can be selected, selfed and advanced for breeding.
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Authors and Affiliations

Patcharaporn Suwor
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tawatchai Masirayanan
1
Hathairat Khingkumpungk
1
Wen Shi Tsai
2
Kanjana Saetiew
1
Suchila Techawongstien
3
Sanjeet Kumar
4
Somsak Kramchote
1

  1. Plant Production of Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
  2. Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
  3. Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
  4. Pepper Breeding Section, Plant Geneticist and Breeder (Independent), India
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Abstract

Sugar beet is a major sugar yielding crop in the states of Minnesota (MN) and North Dakota (USA). Sugar beet root samples collected from Moorhead, MN in September 2020 had typical rot symptoms along with whitish mycelia growth and blackish sclerotia on the external surface of the root. Pure, sterile cultures were obtained from infected roots. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was identified based on morphological features and further confirmed molecularly by sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region and matching homology with reported ITS of the fungus. Pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum was confirmed through mycelial inoculation of seeds and roots under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Inoculated seeds showed a range of symptoms that included pre- and post-emergence damping off, wilting, black discoloration of roots, constricted collar regions and stunted seedling growth. Under laboratory conditions, roots were artificially wounded using a cork borer and inoculated by mycelial plug. This resulted in noticeable root decay and growth of whitish, cottony mycelia and sclerotia externally. Transverse sections of the diseased root showed brown to black discoloration and rotting of internal tissue. Root inoculation of 4-week old sugar beet plants was achieved by depositing pathogen colonized barley grains near roots in the greenhouse, resulting in brown to black lesions and necrosis of root tissue when evaluated at 28 days post inoculation. The S. sclerotiorum was re-isolated from inoculated roots showing infection and identical pure isolates of the pathogen were recovered from field samples. These findings could be useful for sugar beet growers in Minnesota, allowing better management of this pathogen under field and storage conditions before its widespread future occurrence.
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Authors and Affiliations

Md. Ziaur Rahman Bhuiyan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dilip K. Lakshman
2
ORCID: ORCID
Luis E. Del Rio Mendoza
1
ORCID: ORCID
Presley Mosher
3
ORCID: ORCID
Mohamed F.R. Khan
1 4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
  2. Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
  3. Plant Diagnostic Lab, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
  4. Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Fargo, USA
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Abstract

Banana is the major fruit crop produced in Ethiopia. Since Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most devastating plant viruses infecting banana, the present study was undertaken to survey and identify CMV strains infecting banana plants in Ethiopia. Dot immune-binding assay (DIBA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed the presence of CMV in all of the symptomatic samples tested. The results of sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate under study was a CMV isolate from the IB subgroup. Multiple sequence alignment revealed a three nucleotide sequence variation that could be used to distinguish CMV subgroups. Selection pressure analysis showed the CMV-RNA1 region undergoing positive selection pressure. Tajima`s test of neutrality revealed a positive value of 0.86468 indicating CMV population contraction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report and molecular characterization of CMV IB subgroup isolate infecting banana plants in Ethiopia.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yohanis Kebede
1
Shahana Majumder
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
  2. Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar, India
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Abstract

Fusarium wilt is one of the most severe diseases of chickpea in the major growing areas of chickpea production in western Iran. To identify Fusarium spp. associated with chickpea plants showing symptoms of yellowing and wilting, 58 chickpea fields were sampled and 106 Fusarium spp. isolates were obtained from six different regions of Kermanshah Province in western Iran during 2018 and 2019 crop seasons. Thirty-six isolates obtained from stem or lower stem tissues were selected for pathogenicity, morphological and molecular identification using polymease chain reaction species-specific primers. Eleven isolates of Fusarium spp. were selected for sequence analyzing the translation elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α), and β-tubulin gene regions. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated DNA sequences of both gene regions of these isolates plus other taxa revealed that 11 Fusarium spp. isolates were clustered into five distinct groups. Based on the results of morphological and molecular identification five Fusarium species were identified. Pathogenicity tests showed that F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and F. redolens isolates had the highest disease incidence on JG–62 and Bivenij cvs. and F. hostae, F. equiseti and F. acuminatum isolates had the lowest disease incidence. No sign of vascular discoloration was observed in longitudinal or transverse sections of chickpea plants affected by F. redolens isolates. Instead, brown to black necrosis was observed on the surface of tap-roots and crowns. No correlation was found between geographical distribution and pathogenicity of isolates. This is the first report of morphological, molecular and pathogenicity characteristics of F. redolens and F. hostae isolated from chickpea stems or lower stems in Iran.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hassan Younesi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mostafa Darvishnia
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eidi Bazgir
1
ORCID: ORCID
Khosrow Chehri
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
  2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Abstract

In Egypt, faba bean plants are severely damaged by charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and root-knot, caused by Meloidogyne incognita. The current study was aimed to control these diseases using silver nanoparticles that were biologically synthesized from Moringa oleifera leaf extract. In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared with trisodium citrate as a reducing agent to produce chemo-AgNPs and, using an environmentally eco-friendly method, an aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves under visible light radiation to produce bio-AgNPs. The obtained colloidal solutions of AgNPs were identified by UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectral analysis and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses. The antifungal and anti-nematode activities of chemo- and bio-AgNPs as well as an aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves were checked in vitro against M. phaseolina and M. incognita. The obtained results showed that bio-AgNPs were more effective than chemo-AgNPs. Under greenhouse conditions, bio-AgNPs showed a significant reduction in the incidence of damping-off and charcoal rot caused by M. phaseolina. This treatment also reduced the number of juveniles in the soil, the number of galls and the number of egg-masses of M. incognita in comparison to plants treated with nematodes. Moreover, the protein profile using SDS-PAGE was performed for determining the effect of the studied treatments on the expression of some genes compared with untreated plants the alteration in gene expression led to the formation of different proteins and the loss of others. The proteins which were formed or lost caused a significant variation in all growth and physiological parameters such as photosynthetic pigments, proline content and antioxidant enzymes of faba bean plants.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yasser Mahmoud A. Mohamed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Samira A. Osman
2
Ibrahim E. Elshahawy
3
Gazeia M. Soliman
4
Aisha M.A. Ahmed
5

  1. Photochemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
  2. Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
  3. Plant Pathology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
  4. Plant Pathology Department, Nematology Unit, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
  5. Botany Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract

The potato cyst nematode (PCN), Globodera pallida, originates from South America and is considered one of the most severe agricultural pests of potato crops and other Solanaceae plants globally. Based on their virulence and ability to reproduce on various potato cultivars, the populations of G. pallida are divided into three pathotypes, Pa1– Pa3. In this study, comparative sequence analyses of the fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II ( mtCOII) gene for eight populations of G. pallida, representing three pathotypes, Pa1, Pa2 and Pa3, indicated genetic diversity between them. However, we did not identify significant mutations distinguishing Pa2 from Pa3. Interestingly, two single nucleotide substitutions, T441C and A468G, were characteristic only for populations assigned to Pa1. On this basis, we developed high resolution melting (HRM) PCR protocol. As a result, the melting curves obtained for samples of Pa1 populations varied from those obtained for populations designed as Pa2 and Pa3, allowing their differentiation. Thus, the HRM protocol developed here enables a rapid, very sensitive and low-cost screening assay for SNPs identification in mtCOII of G. pallida pathotypes. In effect, it might also be a helpful molecular tool in pathotype differentiation. However, further verification of the correlation of the occurrence of single nucleotide mutations in mtCOII in particular pathotypes should be carried out on a much larger number of samples of G. pallida, to determine if these mutations are characteristic only for this pathotype.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Budziszewska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland

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Instructions for Authors

Manuscripts published in JPPR are free of charge. Only colour figures and photos are payed 61.5 € per one colour page JPPR publishes original research papers, short communications, critical reviews, and book reviews covering all areas of modern plant protection. Subjects include phytopathological virology, bacteriology, mycology and applied nematology and entomology as well as topics on protecting crop plants and stocks of crop products against diseases, viruses, weeds, etc. Submitted manuscripts should provide new facts or confirmatory data. All manuscripts should be written in high-quality English. Non-English native authors should seek appropriate help from English-writing professionals before submission. The manuscript should be submitted only via the JPPR Editorial System (http://www.editorialsystem.com/jppr). The authors must also remember to upload a scan of a completed License to Publish (point 4 and a handwritten signature are of particular importance). ALP form is available at the Editorial System. The day the manuscript reaches the editors for the first time is given upon publication as the date ‘received’ and the day the version, corrected by the authors is accepted by the reviewers, is given as the date ‘revised’. All papers are available free of charge at the Journal’s webpage (www.plantprotection.pl). However, colour figures and photos cost 61.5 € per one colour page.

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Review articles are invited by the editors.Unsolicited reviews are also considered. The length is limited to 5000 words with no limitations on figures and tables and a maximum of 150 references. Mini-Review articles should be dedicated to "hot" topics and limited to 3000 words and a maximum two figures, two tables and 20 references.

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