Applied sciences

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers

Content

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | 2023 | vol. 44 | No 3 (24th Polish Conference of Chemical and Process Engineering, 13-16 June 2023, Szczecin, Poland. Guest editor: Prof. Rafał Rakoczy and 8th European Process Intensification Conference, 31.05–2.06.2023, Warsaw, Poland.)

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Abstract

The development of efficient carbon dioxide sequestration and utilization technologies is an indispensable aspect of a wide range of measures directed at reducing the negative effects of anthropogenic emissions on the environment. One route is its capture via physical adsorption and further conversion to methane in the Sabatier reaction. The sorption process can be carried out, among others, in fixed-bed adsorptive reactors, in which the packing is made up of adsorbent and catalyst particles. Proper structuring of such a hybrid bed can contribute to increasing the efficiency of both stages of the process. Of importance in this regard is, first of all, the proper management of heat transfer. This study examines the sorption step of the operation of an adsorptive reactor for CO2 sequestration and methanation using a one-dimensional non-isothermal model of a layered fixed bed. Numerical calculations for different configurations and different volume adsorbent to catalyst ratios were carried out to determine how the hybrid structure of the bed and the atypical thermal waves it induces affect the sorption process. The results obtained prove that proper tailoring of the bed can be an excellent tool to control the temperature profiles and thus the performance of the apparatus and possibly its optimization.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Gunia
1
ORCID: ORCID
Julia Ciećko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Bizon
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Currently, there is a tendency for new forms of carrier-drug systems to appear with prolonged and controlled release. However, in order to design medical or pharmaceutical devices, which have to be characterized by high quality and the assumed parameters in real conditions, it is necessary to analyze this process based on in vitro release (IVR) testing methods. For this purpose, extracorporeal studies are carried out, which enable the determination of the release profiles of active substances using a simulated tissue-like environment. Here, we focused on the release tests of poorly water-soluble compounds (salicylic acid and fluocinolone acetonide) from the dual drug delivery system using the flow-through cell method (USP4). Additionally, bio-hybrid hydrogel matrix containing the system of thermosensitive nanocarrier with salicylic acid and fluocinolone acetonide was subjected to the following investigations: physicochemical (swelling ability, gel fraction), morphological (SEM analysis) and structural using FT-IR spectroscopy. On the basis of results, we can conclude that the USP4 method may be suitable, especially for the release tests of poorly water-soluble components introduced into modern forms of drug administration, such as polymeric matrices, hydrogels, nano- and microcarriers as well as hybrid systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Bialik-Wąs
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paulina Sapuła
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

Radiation therapy can be adopted for many cancers, and it can damage healthy tissues and often induces skin lesions (pain/skin irritation/itchiness/dryness/swelling/redness). Many factors influence the adverse effects of radiotherapy, such as radiation dosage, dose frequency and fractioning, the area of skin exposed to radiation and treatment length. In this paper, multiple emulsions with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-NSAID (diclofenac) were developed and evaluated for effective topical treatment of skin lesions following anticancer therapy. Multiple emulsions with different drop sizes were prepared in a Couette- Taylor flow contactor. High encapsulation efficiency (> 90%) of diclofenac and high volume packing fraction of the internal droplets (0.54–0.96) were obtained. In addition, due to the presence of a polymer with adhesive properties - sodium carboxymethylcellulose, high emulsion stability (> 60 days) was achieved. The emulsions displayed properties of shearthinning fluids. The release study of diclofenac from a complex emulsion structure confirmed the possibility of modifying the release rates. The effectiveness of emulsion formulations was evaluated based on the viability tests of the fibroblast cell line irradiated with UV dose (15 J/m2) and then treated with the emulsion with diclofenac. The results showed that the multiple emulsion-based formulations might be appropriate carriers for the topical delivery of NSAID drugs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Markowska-Radomska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Patryk Skowroński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Konrad Kosicki
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Dluska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering,Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
  2. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, AdolfaPawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Ammonia solutions are considered to be effective solvents for carbon dioxide absorption. Despite numerous advantages of these solvents, their high volatility is a significant technical and economic problem. Therefore, in this work, silica particles were used as additives to improve CO 2 absorption and inhibit NH 3 desorption. SiO 2 microparticles and colloidal SiO 2 particles in the concentration range of 0-0.15 wt.% were used in this study. The most favorable mass transport for CO2 absorption was at the concentration of colloidal particles of 0.05 wt.%. Under these conditions, the enhancement in the number of moles of absorbed CO 2 was above 30%. However, in solvents containing 0.01 wt.% SiO2 microparticles, the increase in CO 2 absorption was about 20%. At the same time, the addition of SiO2 particles significantly reduced the escape of ammonia from the solution. The best improvement was obtained when colloidal SiO 2 particles were added, and then NH 3 escape was decreased by about 60%. This unfavorable phenomenon was also inhibited in ammonia solutions containing SiO2 microparticles at a concentration of 0.01 wt.%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Donata Konopacka-Łyskawa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Temesgen Abeto Amibo
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Dominik Dobrzyniewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Łapiński
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Process Engineeringand Chemical Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
  2. School of Chemical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma,P.O. Box-378, Ethiopia
  3. Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Institute ofNanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract

Humic substances (HS) are hydrophobic parts of dissolved organic matter, which are hard to degrade using biological processes. When exposed to disinfection processes, the HS present in wastewater could lead to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are harmful and dangerous to health. Thus, a chemical coagulation process is commonly used for HS removal. This work used a cylindrical galvanic cell (CGC) with an iron anode and a copper cathode, where the dissolution of the anode served as an alternative source of metal ions for HS coagulation. The galvanic cell current for CGC stabilized at around 0.6 mA, and the voltage fluctuated, ca. 0.5 V for all solutions. The peaks observed on cyclic voltammograms could be associated only with oxidation and dissolution of iron; no other process was identified. After the process, the structures and molecular composition of the anode surface suggest the loss of Fe mass and the formation of iron oxides due to corrosion. The initial pH of the tested solution influenced the total Fe concentration in the solution as well as colour and turbidity. The quantitative removal of HS by electrolysis and membrane filtration processes at initial pHi = 6.0 yielded 72% and 90%, respectively, after 6 and 10 min. The mechanism of sorption on the flocs of hydroxides as a primary factor in HA removal was suggested.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Libecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Mikołajczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bogusław Pierożyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Kuczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Departmentof Chemistry, Łódzki Square 4, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
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Abstract

The hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass results in the production of so-called fermentation inhibitors, which reduce the efficiency of biohydrogen production. To increase the efficiency of hydrogen production, inhibitors should be removed from aqueous hydrolysate solutions before the fermentation process. This paper presents a new approach to the detoxification of hydrolysates with the simultaneous formation of in-situ deep eutectic solvents (DES). In the first stage of the study, inhibitors were identified in the real hydrolysate samples using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four monoterpenes were tested for their potential to extract furfural (FF) with simultaneous DES formation. An optimization process of the most important parameters affecting the extraction process and DES formation (Thymol:FF) was conducted using the Central Composite Design (CCD) model. A temperature of 40 °C, pH of 7, mHBD:mHYD ratio of 2:1, and time of 50 min were selected as the optimal conditions. These results indicate the high efficiency of FF removal from hydrolysates (92.1 - 94.6 %) in a onestep process. Meanwhile, the structural properties of the formed DES measured by Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) differed only slightly from those of the DES composed of pure substances (Furfural and Thymol).
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Authors and Affiliations

Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Edyta Słupek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karolina Kucharska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Gębicki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Process Engineeringand Chemical Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

One of the parameters characterizing the quality of the gaseous fuel transported in gas pipeline network to consumers and being the basis for the classification of gaseous fuels is the heat of combustion. The main research hypothesis of this paper is the analysis of the possibility of using MLP 18-yi-1 neural network model to forecast the natural gas heat of combustion with a forecast error smaller than in case it calculates the heat of combustion based on the composition of natural gas predicted using the MLP 18-65-5 (Szoplik and Muchel, 2023). The training of the models was carried out on the basis of 8760 real data, presenting the hourly heat of natural gas combustion at one of the measurement points of this parameter in the pipeline network. The model takes into account the influence of calendar factors (month, day of the month, day of the week and hour of the day) and weather factors (ambient temperature) on the amount of heat of natural gas combustion in a given location of the gas network. Many MLP 18-yi-1 models were trained, differing in the number of neurons in the hidden layer and activation functions of neurons in the hidden and output layers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jolanta Szoplik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paulina Muchel
1

  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technologyand Engineering, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Piastów 42, 71-065Szczecin, Poland
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Abstract

The process of obtaining alginate microspheres (AMs) by emulsification method was optimized by applying statistical analysis software. Ten batches of microspheres were prepared using the fractional plan 3 (K-p). AMs were obtained with two different methods: an ultrasonic homogenization (UH) process and a rotor-stator mechanical homogenization (MH). The amount of a cross-linking agent (CaCl 2), calcium chloride rate addition, and the sonication amplitude (UH) or the speed of rotor rotation (MH) were selected as formulation variables. All the batches were evaluated in terms of stability and size of the alginate microspheres. Approximation profiles were developed. As a result of the conducted research, stable alginate microspheres with sizes ranging from 10 to 30 micrometres were obtained. The obtained results showed that the quality of AMs was mainly affected by the concentration and the rate of calcium chloride addition into the system. Therefore, the role of calcium ions in the mechanisms of shell structuring was discussed. Lactobacillus casei bacteria were encapsulated into the batches found to be optimum. The high encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the bacteria (72-94%) depending on the form) and their viability over time were obtained. The model developed in the study can be effectively utilized to achieve the AMs formulations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Łętocha
1
Alicja Michalczyk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Miastkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta Sikora
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology,Cracow, Poland
  2. Lukasiewicz - Research Network-Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

In the present study, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation was proposed for efficient photocatalytic degradation of aspartame, acesulfame, saccharin, and cyclamate - artificial sweeteners frequently present in wastewaters and surface waters worldwide. TiO 2 nanosheets with exposed {0 0 1} facets were synthesised using the fluorine-free lyophilisation technique as a green concept for the synthesis and used for the photodegradation of selected sweeteners not susceptible to biodegradation. The synergetic effect of photocatalysis with the sulfate radical-based process was for the first time investigated. It was found that the studied artificial sweeteners were practically not susceptible to photolysis within 60 minutes of irradiation. In the presence of 2D titanium (IV) oxide, the artificial sweeteners were degraded entirely in less than 30 min, whereas the addition of peroxymonosulfate resulted in complete degradation after 10 – 15 minutes of the process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Smoliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Fiszka Borzyszkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Kubica
2
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Zielińska-Jurek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
  2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 7 Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk
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Abstract

Environmental contamination is an urgent topic to be solved for sustainable society. Among various pollutants, microorganisms are believed to be the most dangerous and difficult to be completely inactivated. In this research, a new hybrid photoreactor assisted with rotating magnetic field (RMF) has been proposed for the efficient removal of two types of bacteria, i.e., gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis. Three selfsynthesized photocatalysts were used, based on commercial titanium(IV) oxide - P25, homogenized and then modified with copper by photodeposition, as follows: 0.5Cu@HomoP25, 2.0Cu@HomoP25 and 5.0Cu@HomoP25 containg 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 wt% of deposited copper, respectively. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to design the experiments and to deteremine the optimal conditions. The effects of various parameters such as copper concentration [% w/w], time [h] and frequency of RMF [Hz] were studied. Results: Analysis of variance (ANOVA), revealed a good agreement between experimental data and proposed quadratic polynomial model ((R2=0.86 for E. coli and R2=0.69 for S. epidermidis). Experimental results showed that with increasing copper concentration, time and decreasing of frequency of RMF removal efficiency was increased. Accordingly, the water disinfection efficiency of 100% in terms of the independent variables was optimized, including cooper concentration c =5 % and 2.5% w/w, time t = 3 h and 1.3 h and frequency of rotating magnetic field f = 50 Hz and 26.6 for E.coli and S. epidermidis, respectively. This study showed that response surface methodology is a useful tool for optimizing the operating parameters for photocatalytic disinfection process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oliwia Paszkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kunlei Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marian Kordas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Rakoczy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Kowalska
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Markowska-Szczupak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technologyand Engineering, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Piastow 42, 71-065Szczecin, Poland
  2. Hokkaido University, Institute for Catalysis (ICAT), N21, W9, 001-0021 Sapporo, Japan
  3. Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The reaction of ilmenite raw materials with sulfuric acid has been investigated to find out the influence of diffusion processes on the course of this reaction. Three different laboratory methods were used to initiate the reaction: mixing ilmenite with 83–85% sulfuric acid at a temperature of 80 °C, mixing ilmenite with 90% sulfuric acid at temperatures of 20–40 °C and adding water, and mixing ilmenite with water and adding 95% sulfuric acid. Changes of thermal power during the process (thermokinetics) were studied with the use of calorimetry. It was found that diffusion processes play an important role when the reaction is initiated by mixing ilmenite with water followed by the addition of sulfuric acid and are less important when the reaction is initiated by mixing ilmenite with concentrated sulfuric acid followed by the addition of water. To explain the influence of diffusion processes on the reaction, the model calculations based on mass and heat balance equations were involved. Model calculations showed that the diffusion and mass transport processes are so fast that the reaction kinetics is mainly influenced by the reaction on the surface of ilmenite particles. The adopted model of calculations showed a very good agreement with experimental results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Jabłoński
1
Krzysztof Lubkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elwira Wróblewska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
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Abstract

The study examines various approaches oriented towards conceptual and numerical reduction of first-principle models, data-driven methodologies for surrogate (black box) and hybrid (grey box) modeling, and addresses the prospect of using digital twins in chemical and process engineering. In the case of numerical reduction of mechanistic models, special attention is paid to methodologies in which simulation data are used to construct light but robust numerical models while preserving all the physics of the problem, yielding reduced-order datadriven but still white-box models. In addition to reviewing various methodologies and identifying their applications in chemical engineering, including industrial process engineering, as well as fundamental research, the study outlines associated problems and challenges, as well as the risks posed by the era of big data.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Bizon
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology,Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

A significant challenge of modern technology is the design of high-efficiency filters that allow more effective removal of aerosol particles suspended in the air, e.g. micron and submicron oil droplets. Our previous work has proven that aerogel structure deposition on fibre surface is a promising method for post-production improvement of the oil-mist filter performance. In this work, a modification of the previously described method was proposed, consisting in carrying out the process in the flow (semi-batch) regime, i.e. the streams of reagents successively pass through the filter in a self-designed and self-made modification chamber. The effect of the reactant flow rate and the order of reactants (precursor/catalyst or catalyst/precursor solutions) on the mass of deposited aerogel, and thus - also on the filtration efficiency during the removal of oil mist droplets and the pressure drop accompanying the airflow - is presented and described. The possible routes of modification scaling-up are discussed with defined unit operations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Nowak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marta Bonora
2
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Hahaj
1
Jakub M. Gac
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering,Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
  2. GVS Filter Technology, Via Roma 5040069, Zola Predosa (Bologna), Italy
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Abstract

The publication presents experimental verification of a mathematical model of silver nanowire (AgNWs) fabrication in a continuous flow process in a helical tubular reactor. Silver nanowires were synthesised with a polyol process, with ethylene glycol as the reductant of the nanomaterial precursor and solvent of the reactants. The observed average diameters and lengths of AgNWs were 98-226 nm and 5-45 μm, respectively. The experimental conversions of the precursor were 0.71-0.90. A comparison of calculated and measured conversions for the investigated range of residence times and temperatures showed that the observed error was less than 20%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Dzido
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Omer Farooq
2
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Smolska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design,Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Doctoral School, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The work concerned the introduction of simplifications in a one-dimensional mathematical model of a chemical reactor. Fecralloy foam with a pore density of 16 PPC (pores per centimetre) was used as catalyst support. The analysed process was the combustion of methane with a typical concentration found in the ventilation air of hard coal mines. The process was carried out using a palladium catalyst.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Korpyś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marzena Iwaniszyn
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Sindera
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Kołodziej
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Rotkegel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Profic-Paczkowska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Sitarz
3
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Gancarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
  3. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Process intensification is one of the key branches of process engineering. High gravity equipment achieves intensification by substituting gravity with much higher centrifugal force. Rotating Packed Bed is the leading example of high gravity solutions, strongly facilitating gas-liquid mass transfer. However, cylindrical packings come with certain drawbacks, such as dry spots, that can be overcome with new solutions, such as baffle-based packing geometries. However, when baffles are arranged too close to each other, liquid bridges are formed between them, which may lead to decrease in mass transfer efficiency. This work is concerned with improvement of a Zickzack-like internal by the means of visual studies with the use of high-speed camera. According to measured ligament break-up length, two new packings were designed for particular rotational speeds and tested experimentally for effective mass transfer area and wet pressure drop.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dawid Zawadzki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Majdzik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ondřej Hájek
2
ORCID: ORCID
Milan Malý
2
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Blatkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Wolczanska 213, 93-005 Lodz, Poland
  2. Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technicka 2, 616-69 Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract

The results of a study on axial dispersion in commercially available open cell metal (Nickelchromium) and ceramic (Vukopor A) foams with different pore density are presented. Residence time distributions were determined using tracer pulse experiments applying the convolution method to post process the recorded tracer concentration signals. The influence of liquid viscosity (water and 45 wt.% glycerol solution) and bed length (from 0.1 to 0.9 m) on axial dispersion was tested. It was found that fluid velocity, viscosity and foam morphology affected axial dispersion. Moreover, the axial dispersion coefficient for solid foams is lower than that of packed beds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Gancarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Rotkegel
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Hydraulic and transport properties of periodic open cellular structures (POCS) based on cubic cells were investigated numerically. Different cell and strut dimensions, as well as strut shapes, were examined. Numerical results of heat transfer and flow resistance, as well as modeled morphological parameters were verified experimentally. The most beneficial properties were obtained for the POCS with convex triangular, circular and hexagonal struts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marzena Iwaniszyn
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents research on a novel catalytic carrier, called "streamlined structure". The carrier is a short-channel monolith, whose walls are shaped like an airfoil profile (airplane wing). The intention is heat transfer intensification coupled with moderate flow resistance. Streamlined structures with triangular channel cross-section, 3mm, 6mm and 12 mm long, were designed and manufactured using the SLM (Selective Laser Melting) technique for the experimental verification. The structures were modelled using the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software to derive flow resistance, flow patterns and heat transfer coefficients. Compared to classic structures, CFD showed intensified heat transfer, combined with acceptable flow resistance increase. CFD proved the lack of an inlet vortex, which in classical structures seriously reduces the intensity of heat transfer. The CFD has been satisfactorily verified by experiments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Sindera
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Korpyś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marzena Iwaniszyn
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Gancarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mikołaj Suwak
1
Andrzej Kołodziej
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Katowicka 48, 45-061 Opole, Poland
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Abstract

Control of reaction conditions, short residence times and completely inert surfaces are of major importance when studying aging mechanisms by soot formation. The use of ceramics as reactor material in combination with a special reactor design allows control over industrially relevant reaction conditions (T max = 1100 °C, t Residence = 50 ms) and sample shapes while avoiding interfering side reactions. We have successfully tested new ceramic kinetic reactors in two model systems of propane dehydrogenation and reactor coil material. The presented reactor setup allows long-term measurements with industrially relevant material samples under controlled conditions. In both model reactions it was possible to perform studies on regeneration methods by oxidation and to study the effects on the material using different in-situ and ex-situ techniques including 31 P MAS NMR measurements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jörn H. Matthies
1
Daniel Dittmann
2
ORCID: ORCID
Michael Dyballa
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ulrich Nieken
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Stuttgart, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Germany
  2. University of Stuttgart, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Germany
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Abstract

Humic acids (HAs) are components of natural organic matter found in soil and are considered responsible for its fertility. They can be extracted from sources such as peat and lignite on an industrial scale. In order to increase the efficiency and reduce the duration of the alkaline extraction step, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was used in this study. Statistical analysis was implemented to describe the influence of microwave power, temperature, and time on the yield of HA extraction. Experimental points were created on the basis of the matrix, according to the Box-Behnken design. Statistical analysis showed the importance of linear correlations between the process parameters and the response. The last part of the presented study was to create the polynomial model and response surface plots, attached in poster form, which describe the result as a function of parameters of the MAE process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kinga M. Marecka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dominik Nieweś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Braun-Giwerska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marta Huculak-Mączka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Process Engineering and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

In this study continuous pilot plant configuration for helical flow type Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) reactor is decribed, and carotenoid extraction results from carrot- water extraction system are presented. The pilot plant configuration consists of all necessary unit operations from washed raw material to extracted natural ingredient product. According to our best knowledge the published data from the whole processing line of continuous UAE has not been described. One of the subjects in this study has been patented in-house UAE design which enables to prolong extractable solids material residence time under ultrasound field. Process operation was verified with several hour pilot tests. Extraction results have been presented in case of carotenoids from fresh carrots and strawberry extract from frozen strawberries. The extracted carotenoid concentration was improved 40 % comparison to macerated carrot results, and absorbance ratio of strawberry extract increased by factor 5.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tuomas Koiranen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jussi Tamminen
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dmitry Gradov
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Department of Separation Science, Yliopiston katu 34, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
  2. Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Satakunnankatu 23 28130 Pori, Finland

Instructions for authors

All manuscripts submitted for publication in Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers must comprise a description of original research that has neither been published nor submitted for publication elsewhere.

The content, aim and scope of the proposals have to comply with the main topics of the journal, i.e. discuss at least one of the four main areas, namely:
• New Advanced (Nano) Materials
• Environment & Water Processing (including circular economy)
• Biochemical & Biomedical Engineering (including pharmaceuticals)
• Climate & Energy (including energy conversion & storage, electrification, decarbonization)

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers publishes: i) experimental and theoretical research papers, ii) short communications, iii) critical reviews, and iv) perspective articles. Each publication form is peer-reviewed by at least two independent referees.

New Submissions

Manuscripts are submitted for publication via Editorial System. When writing a manuscript, you may choose to submit it as a single Word file to be used in the refereeing process. The manuscript needs to be written in a clear way. The minimum requirements are:
• Please use clear fonts, at least 12 points large, with at least 1.5-line spacing.
• Figures should be placed in relevant places within the manuscript. All figures and tables should be numbered and provided with appropriate caption and legend, if necessary.


Language requirements

• Use Simple Past to talk about your experiment and your results as they were finished before you wrote the paper. Use Simple Past to describe what you did.
Example: Two samples were taken. Temperature increased to 200K at the end of the process.
• Use Simple Present to refer to figures and tables.
Example: Table 2 shows nitrogen concentration changes in the process.
• Use Simple Present to talk about your conclusions. You move here from describing your results to stating what is generally true.
Example: The process is caused by changes of nitrogen concentration.
• Capitalise words like ‘Table 2’, ‘Equation 11’.
• If a sentence is longer than three lines, break down your writing into logically divided parts (paragraphs). Start a new paragraph to discuss a new concept.
• Check noun/verb agreement (singular/plural).
• It is fine to choose either British or American English but you should avoid mixing the two.
• Avoid empty language (it is worth pointing out that, etc.).



Revised Submission

After the first revision, authors will be requested to put their paper in the correct format, using the below guidelines and template for articles.


Manuscript outline

1. Header details
a. Title,
b. Names (first name and further initials) and surnames of authors,
c. Institution(s) (affiliation),
d. Address(es) of authors,
e. ORCID number of all authors.
f. Information about the corresponding author: name and surname, email address.

2. Abstract – should contain a short summary of the proposed paper. In the maximum of 200 words the authors should present the main assumptions, results and conclusions drawn from the presented study.

3. Keywords – up to 5 characteristic keyword items should be provided.

4. Text
a. Introduction. In this part, the rationale for research and formulation of the scientific problem should be included and supported by a concise review of recent literature.
b. Main text. It should contain all important elements of the scientific investigations, such as presentation of experimental setup, mathematical models, results and their discussion. This part may be divided into the following sections: Methods, Results, Discussion.
c. Conclusions. The major conclusions can be put forward in a concise style in a separate chapter. A presentation of conclusions from the reported research work accompanied by a short commentary is also acceptable.
d. Figures: drawings, diagrams and photographs can be in colour and should be located in appropriate places in the manuscript. Their form should be of a vector or raster type with the minimum resolution of 900 dpi. In addition, all figures, including drawings, graphs and photos should be uploaded in a separate file via Editorial System in one of the following formats: bmp, tiff, jpg or eps. For editorial reasons, graphic elements created with MS Word or Excel will not be accepted. They should be saved as image files in the source program. Screen shots will not be accepted. The basic font size of letters used in figures should be at least 10 pts after adjusting graphs to the final size.
e. Tables should be made according to the format shown in the template.
f. All figures and tables should be numbered and provided with an appropriate caption and legend, if necessary. They have to be properly referenced to and commented in the text of the manuscript.

5. List of symbols should be accompanied by their units

6. Acknowledgements may be included before the list of literature references

7. Literature citations
The method of quoting literature source in the manuscript depends on the number of its authors:
single author – their surname and year of publication should be given, e.g. Marquardt (1996) or (Marquardt, 1996),
two authors – the two surnames separated by the conjunction “and” with the publication year should be given, e.g. Charpentier and McKenna (2004) or (Charpentier and McKenna, 2004),
three and more authors – the surname of the first author followed by the abbreviation “et al.” and year of publication should be given, e.g. Bird et al. (1960) or (Bird et al., 1960).

In the case of citing more sources in one bracket, they should be listed in alphabetical order using semicolon for separation, e.g. (Bird et al., 1960; Charpentier and McKenna, 2004; Marquardt, 1996). Should more citations of the same author(s) and year appear in the manuscript then letters “a, b, c, ...” should be successively applied after the publication year.

Bibliographic data of the quoted literature should be arranged at the end of the manuscript in alphabetical order of surnames of the first author. It is obligatory to indicate the DOI number of those literature items, whose numbers have already been assigned. Journal titles should be specified by typing their right abbreviations or, when in doubts, according to the Science and Engineering Journal Abbreviations.

Examples of citation for:

Articles
Charpentier J. C., McKenna T. F., 2004. Managing complex systems: some trends for the future of chemical and process engineering. Chem. Eng. Sci., 59, 1617-1640. DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2004.01.044.
Information from books (we suggest adding the page numbers where the quoted information can be found)
Bird R. B., Stewart W.E., Lightfood E.N., 2002. Transport Phenomena. 2nd edition, Wiley, New York, 415-421.
Chapters in books
Hanjalić K., Jakirlić S., 2002. Second-moment turbulence closure modelling, In: Launder B.E., Sandham N.D. (Eds.), Closure strategies for turbulent and transitional flows. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 47-101.
Conferences
ten Cate A., Bermingham S.K., Derksen J.J., Kramer H.M.J., 2000. Compartmental modeling of an 1100L DTB crystallizer based on Large Eddy flow simulation. 10th European Conference on Mixing. Delft, the Netherlands, 2-5 July 2000, 255-264.



Cover letter


Authors are kindly asked to provide a cover letter which signifies the novelty and most important findings of the manuscript as well as the significance to the field.


Author contributions

During submission, authors will be asked to provide the individual contributions to the paper using the relevant CRediT roles: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Roles/Writing - original draft; Writing - review & editing.


Suggested Reviewers

Authors are kindly requested to include a list of 4 potential reviewers for their manuscript, with complete contact information. Suggested reviewers may not reside in the same country as the corresponding author and remain subject to the Editors' discretion in appointing manuscripts for review.


Payments

Starting from 2014 a principle of publishing articles against payment is introduced, assuming non-profit making editorial office. According to the principle, authors or institutions will have to cover the expenses amounting to 1500 PLN netto (excl. VAT) per published article. The above amount will be used to supplement the limited financial means received from the Polish Academy of Sciences for the editorial and publishing expenses. The method of payment will be indicated in an invoice sent to the authors or institutions after acceptance of their manuscripts to be published.

Publication Ethics Policy

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

Editors of the "Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers" pay attention to maintain ethical standards in scientific publications and undertake any possible measure to counteract neglecting the standards. Papers submitted for publication are evaluated with respect to reliability, conforming to ethical standards and the advancement of science. Principles given below are based on COPE's Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors, which may be found at:
http://publicationethics.org/files/u2/Best_Practice.pdf

Authors’ duties

Authorship
Authorship should be limited to persons, who markedly contributed to the idea, project, realization and interpretation of results. All of them have to be listed as co-authors. Other persons, who affected some important parts of the study should be listed or mentioned as co-workers. Author should be certain that all co-authors were enlisted, saw and accepted final version of the paper and agreed upon its publication.

Disclosure and conflict of interests
Author should disclose all sources of financing of his/her study, the input of scientific institutions, associations and other subjects and all important conflicts of interests that might affect results and interpretation of the study.

Standards in reporting
Authors of papers based on original studies should present precise description of performed work and objective discussion on its importance. Source data should be accurately presented in the paper. The paper should contain detailed information and references that would enable others to use it. False or intentionally not true declarations are not ethical and are not accepted by the editors.

Access to and storage of data
Authors may be asked for providing raw data used in the paper for editorial assessment and should be prepared to store them within the reasonable time period after publication.

Multiple, unnecessary and competitive publications
As a rule author should not publish papers describing the same studies in more than one journal or primary publication. Submission of the same paper to more than one journal at the same time is not ethical and prohibited.

Confirmation of sources
Author should cite papers that affected the creation of submitted manuscript and every time he/she should confirm the use of other authors’ work.

Important errors in published papers
When author finds an important error or inaccuracy in his/her paper, he/she is obliged to inform Editorial Office about this as soon as possible.

Originality and plagiarism
Author may submit only original papers. He/she should be certain that the names of authors referred to in the paper and/or fragments of their texts are properly cited or mentioned.

Ghostwriting
Ghost writing/guest authorship are manifestation of scientific unreliability and all such cases will be revealed including notification of appropriate subjects. Signs of scientific unreliability, especially violation of ethical principles in science will be documented by the Editorial Office.


Duties of the Editorial Office


Editors’ duties
Editors know the rules of journal editing including the procedures applied in case of uncovering non-ethical practices.

Decisions on publication
Editor-in Chief is obliged to apply present legal status as to defamation, violation of author’s rights and plagiarism and bears the responsibility for decisions. He/she may consult thematic editors and/or referees in that matter.

Selection of referees
Editorial Office provides appropriate selection of referees and takes care about appropriate course of peer –reviewing (the review has to be substantive).

Confidentiality
Every member of editorial team is not allowed to disclose information about submitted paper to any person except its author, referees, other advisors and editors.

Discrimination
To counteract discrimination the Editorial Office obeys the legally binding rules.

Disclosure and conflict of interests
Not published papers or their fragments cannot be used in the studies of editorial team or ref-erees without written consent of the author.


Referees' duties

Editorial decisions

Referee supports Editor-in-Chief in taking editorial decisions and may also support author in improving the paper.

Back information
In case a selected referee is not able to review the paper or cannot do it in due time period, he/she should inform secretary of the Editorial Office about this fact.

Objectivity standards
Reviews should be objective. Personal criticism is inappropriate. Referees should clearly ex-press their opinions and support them with proper arguments.

Confidentiality
All reviewed papers should be dealt with as confidential. They should not be discussed or revealed to persons other than the secretary of the Editorial Office.

Anonymity
All reviews should be made anonymously and the Editorial Office does not disclose names of the authors to referees.

Disclosure and conflict of interests
Confidential information or ideas resulting from reviewing procedure should be kept secret and should not be used to gain personal benefits. Referees should not review papers, which might generate conflict of interests resulting from relationships with the author, firm or institution involved in the study.

Confirmation of sources
Referees should indicate publications which are not referred to in the paper. Any statement that the observation, source or argument was described previously should be supported by appropriate citation. Referee should also inform the secretary of the Editorial Office about significant similarity to or partial overlapping of the reviewed paper with any other published paper and about suspected plagiarism.



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