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Research on rotary system with tilting-pad journal bearings

Vladas Vekteris Audrius Cereska
Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2008 | vol. 55 | No 1 | 5-12 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2008.131610
Keywords rotor system tilding-pad journal bearings frequency resonance parameters
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of research on self-vibrations of rotary systems with segmental tilting-pad journal bearings having different frequencies of rotor revolution. The problem of research formulated in this work concerns technical characteristics of primary elements of the investigated system and its principle of operation. The obtained results are illustrated with graphs. The paper also contains comparison of results and discussion. General conclusions are given at the end of the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

Vladas Vekteris
Audrius Cereska

Application of neural network to detecting faults of helicopter rotor

Jarosław Stanisławski
Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2005 | vol. 52 | No 2 | 135-155
Keywords helicopter rotor neural network
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Abstract

The paper presents the possibilities of neural network application in recognition of rotor blade faults. Computer calculated data of rotor response due to faults were used for neural network training. The rotor was modeled by elastic axes with distribution of Jumped masses. The rotor defects were simulated by changing aerodynamic, inertial or stiffness properties of one of the blades. Time results were subjected to spectral analysis for the purpose of neural networks training.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Stanisławski

Power characteristics of inline rotor-stators with different head designs

Alex Hannam Trevor Sparks N. Gül Özcan-Taskın
Chemical and Process Engineering | 2021 | vol. 42 | No 2 | 91-104 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2021.137343
Keywords in-line rotor-stators power characteristics rotor-stator design
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Abstract

In-line rotor-stators are widely used for power intensive industrial applications, such as deagglomeration, emulsification. There is limited information on characteristic power numbers for different designs which can be used to calculate the average power input as a means to evaluate process performance. This study made use of 18 different rotor-stators, 17 of which were toothed designs with different geometry, and also a commercially available design, with the objectives of evaluating the applicability of different expressions for characteristic power numbers and establishing the effects of geometric variations on the power input.

The expression P=〖Po〗_1 ρN^3 D^5+〖Po〗_2 ρN^2 D^2 Q is found to account for the experimental data over a wide range of operating conditions.

Rotor diameter was found to have the most prominent effect on the power input: an increase in rotor diameter from 119.6 to 123.34 mm resulted in an increase in the average power draw. The effect of rotor diameter examined with geometrically similar set ups reducing the diameter from 123.34 to 61.44 mm, for which the mixing chamber was also proportionately smaller, showed a decrease in the power input at a given speed and flowrate as well. The effects relating to the percentage of open area of the stator and number of rotor teeth were less obvious. Increasing the open area resulted in an increase in the power input – an effect which could be observed more clearly as the flowrate (1 to 4 l/s) and rotor speed (at 2000 and 3000 rpm) were also increased. Increasing the number of stator teeth increased the power input and this effect was more prominent when operating at the highest rotor speed of 3000 rpm and at low flowrates (1–2 l/s).
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Bibliography

Atiemo-Obeng V.A., Calabrese R.V., 2004. Rotor–stator mixing devices, In: Paul E.L., Atiemo-Obeng V.A., Kresta,S.M. (Eds.), Handbook of industrial mixing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA, 479–505. DOI: 10.1002/0471451452.ch8.

Baldyga J., Kowalski A.J., Cooke M., Jasinska M., 2007. Investigation of micromixing in a rotor-stator mixer. Chem. Process Eng., 28 (4), 867-877.

Carrillo De Hert S., Rodgers T.L., 2017. Continuous, recycle and batch emulsification kinetics using a high-shear mixer. Chem. Eng. Sci., 167, 265–277. DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.04.020.

Cooke M., Rodgers T.L., Kowalski A.J., 2011. Power consumption characteristics of an in-line silverson high shear mixer. AIChE J., 58, 1683-1692. DOI: 10.1002/aic.12703.

Doucet L., Ascanio G., Tanguy P.A., 2005. Hydrodynamics characterisation of rotor-stator mixer with viscous fluids. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 83, 1186-1195. DOI: 10.1205/cherd.04254.

Håkansson, A., Chaudhry, Z., Innings, F., 2016. Model emulsions to study the mechanism of industrial mayonnaise emulsification. Food Bioprod. Process., 98, 189–195. DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.01.011.

Hall S., Cooke M., Pacek A.W., Kowalski A J., Rothman D., 2011. Scaling up of silverson rotor–stator mixers. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 89, 1040-1050. DOI: 10.1002/cjce.20556.

Kamaly S.W., Tarleton A.C., Özcan-Taskın N.G., 2017. Dispersion of clusters of nanoscale silica particles using batch rotor-stators. Adv. Powder Technol., 28, 2357-2365. DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2017.06.017.

Meeuwse M., van der Schaaf J., Kuster B. F. M., Schouten,J. C., 2010. Gas–liquid mass transfer in a rotor–stator spinning disc reactor. Chem. Eng. Sci., 65, 466-471. DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.06.006.

Özcan-Taskın G., Kubicki D., Padron G., 2011. Power and flow characteristics of three rotor-stator heads. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 89, 1005-1017. DOI: 10.1002/cjce.20553.

Özcan-Taskin G., Padron G., Voelkel A., 2009. Effect of particle type on the mechanisms of break up of nanoscale particle clusters. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 87, 468-473. DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2008.12.012.

Özcan-Taskin N.G., Padron G.A., Kubicki D., 2016. Comparative performance of in-line rotor-stators for deagglomeration processes. Chem. Eng. Sci., 156, 186–196. DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.09.023.

Padron G.A., 2005. Effect of surfactants on drop size distribution in a batch, rotor-stator mixer. PhD Thesis, University of Maryland.

Padron G.A., Eagles W.P., Ozcan-Taskin G.N., McLeod G., Xie L., 2008. Effect of particle properties on the breakup of nanoparticle clusters using an in-line rotor-stator. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 29, 4, 580-586. DOI: 10.1080/01932690701729237.

Padron G., 2001. Measurement and comparison of power draw in batch rotor-stator mixers. MSc Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland.

Padron G.A., Özcan-Taskın N.G., 2018. Particle de-agglomeration with an in-line rotor-stator mixer at different solids loadings and viscosities. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 32, 913-921. DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.01.041.

Qin H., Xu Q., Li W., Dang,X., Han Y., Lei K., Zhou L., Zhang J., 2017. Effect of stator geometry on the emulsification and extraction in the inline single-row blade-screen high shear mixer. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 56, 9376-9388. DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01362.

Schönstedt B., Jacob H., Schilde C., Kwade A., 2015. Scale-up of the power draw of inline-rotor–stator mixers with high throughput. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 93, 12-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2014.04.004.

Sparks T., 1996. Fluid mixing in rotor–stators. PhD Thesis, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK.

Utomo A., Baker M., Pacek A., 2009. The effect of stator geometry on the flow pattern and energy dissipation rate in a rotor–stator mixer. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 87, 533–542. DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2008.12.011.

van Kouwen E.R., Winkenwerder W., Brentzel Z., Joyce B., Pagano T., Jovic S., Bargeman G., and van der Schaaf J., 2021. The mixing sensitivity of toluene and ethylbenzene sulfonation using fuming sulfuric acid studied in a rotor-stator spinning disc reactor. Chem. Eng. Process., 160, 108303. DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2021.108303.

Vashisth V., Nigam K.D.P., Kumar V., 2021. Design and development of high shear mixers: Fundamentals, applications and recent progress. Chem. Eng. Sci., 232, 116296. DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116296.

Yang L., Li W., Guo J., Li W., Wang B., Zhang M., Zhang J., 2020. Effects of rotor and stator geometry on dissolution process and power consumption in jet-flow high shear mixers. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 15, 384–398. DOI: 10.1007/s11705-020-1928-7.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alex Hannam
1
Trevor Sparks
2
N. Gül Özcan-Taskın
3
  1. Loughborough University, School of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough LE11 3TT, UK
  2. Independent Consultant
  3. Loughborough University, School of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough LE11 3TT, UK 2

Can mixing be smart?

Magdalena Jasińska
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2017 | Nr 3 (55) 2017 Automation | 48-51
Keywords mixing materials saving energy rotor-stator mixer to
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Abstract

Obtaining a pure product by mixing together raw materials, so as to carry out a chemical reaction at high selectivity, is a difficult part of manufacturing chemical products. How can we test reactors and mixers to ensure the efficient use of energy?

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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Jasińska

Rotor optimization of axial-radial flux type synchronous machine based on magnetic flux leakage

Hongbo Qiu Shubo Zhang
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 3 | 551-566 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.137573
Keywords ARFTPMSM rotor structure three-dimensional model magnetic leakage
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Abstract

The axial-radial flux type permanent magnet synchronous machine (ARFTPMSM) can adjust the main magnetic field by controlling the axial flux, so it can overcome the problem that the flux of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is difficult to adjust. Due to the existence of the axial device in the ARFTPMSM, the finite element method (FEM) is used to establish a three-dimensional model for analysis. By analyzing the magnetic density distribution of the rotor, it is found that there is a serious magnetic leakage phenomenon at both ends of the tangential permanent magnet. The rotor material at the end of the tangent permanent magnet is replaced by non-ferromagnetic material to reduce the magnetic leakage. On this basis, the influence of the width of the non-ferromagnetic material on the performance of the motor is compared. By Fourier decomposition of the back-EMF waveform, the total harmonic distortion (THD) rate of the back-EMF under different axial magnetomotive force (MMF) was calculated. Finally, the eddy current distribution and the eddy current loss of the rotor are analyzed, and the variation law of the eddy current loss is summarized. The conclusion can provide reference for the optimal design of the ARFTPMSM.
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Bibliography

[1] Zhao X., Niu S., Ching T.W., Design and Analysis of a New Brushless Electrically Excited Claw-Pole Generator for Hybrid Electric Vehicle, in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 1–5 (2018).
[2] Sathyan Sabin et al., Influence of Magnetic Forces and Magnetostriction on the Vibration Behavior of an Induction Motor, pp. 825–834 (2019).
[3] Hongbo Qiu, Yong Zhang et al., Performance Analysis and Comparison of PMSM with Concentrated Winding and Distributed Winding [J], Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 303–317 (2020).
[4] Kommuri S.K., Defoort M., Karimi H.R., Veluvolu K.C., A Robust Observer-Based Sensor Fault- Tolerant Control for PMSM in Electric Vehicles, in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 7671–7681 (2016).
[5] Liu X., Chen H., Zhao J., Belahcen A., Research on the Performances and Parameters of Interior PMSM Used for Electric Vehicles, in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 3533–3545 (2016).
[6] Tong W. et al., Feasibility Analysis of 100 kA DC Commutation Scheme to be Applied in the Quench Protection Unit of CFETR, in IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1–9 (2020).
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[8] Weili L., Hongbo Q., Ran Y., Xiaochen Z., Liyi L., Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Field Calculation and Analysis of Axial–Radial Flux-Type High-Temperature Superconducting Synchronous Motor, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 23, no. 1, article sequence number 5200607 (2013).
[9] Zhang Z., Liu Y., Tian B., Wang W., Investigation and Implementation of a New Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machine Drive System, IET Electric Power Application, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 487–494 (2017).
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[11] Kim D.Y., Jang G.H., Nam J.K., Magnetically Induced Vibrations in an IPM Motor Due to Distorted Magnetic Forces Arising From Flux Weakening Control, in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 3929–3932 (2013), DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2013.2238614.
[12] Hua W., Cheng M., Zhang G., A Novel Hybrid Excitation Flux-Switching Motor for Hybrid Vehicles, in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 4728–4731 (2009).
[13] Wang D., Zhang D., Xue D., Peng C.,Wang X., A New Hybrid Excitation Permanent Magnet Machine with an Independent AC Excitation Port, in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 5872–5882 (2019).
[14] Lee J. et al., A Study on Analysis of Synchronous Reluctance Motor Considering Axial Flux Leakage Through End Plate, in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1–4, article sequence number 8201704 (2019).
[15] Ye X., Zheng S., Zhang Y., He Z., Modeling and Optimization of IRTMB for High-Speed Motor Considering Magnetic Flux Leakage Effect, 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Harbin, China, pp. 1–5 (2019).
[16] Qiu H., Yu W., Tang B., Mu Y., Li W., Yang C., Study on the Influence of Different Rotor Structures on the Axial-Radial Flux Type Synchronous Machine, in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 5406–5413 (2018), DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2017.2784339.
[17] Hu W., Zhang X., Lei Y., Du Q., Shi L., Liu G., Analytical Model of Air-Gap Field in Hybrid Excitation and Interior Permanent Magnet Machine for Electric Logistics Vehicles, in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 148237–148249 (2020), DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3015601.
[18] Ma S., Zhang Z., Investigation of field regulation characteristic of a hybrid excitation synchronous machine with axial auxiliary air-gaps, 2012 15th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Sapporo, pp. 1–6 (2012).
[19] Jiang X., Xu D., Gu L., Li Q., Xu B., Li Y., Short-Circuit Fault-Tolerant Operation of Dual-Winding Permanent-Magnet Motor Under the Four-Quadrant Condition, in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 6789–6798 (2019), DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2018.2878131.
[20] Hongbo Q., Ran Y.,Weili L., Nan J., Influence of rectifiers on high speed permanent magnet generator electromagnetic and temperature fields in distributed power generation systems, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 655–662 (2015), DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2014.2366194.
[21] Weili L., Hongbo Q., Ran Y., Xiaochen Z., Liyi L., Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Field Calculation and Analysis of Axial–Radial Flux-Type High-Temperature Superconducting Synchronous Motor, in IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 23, no. 1, article sequence number 5200607 (2013), DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2012.2232923.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hongbo Qiu
1
Shubo Zhang
1
  1. Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, China

Autonomous constant voltage generator

Orken Ordatayev
Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2022 | vol. 25 | No 3 | 35-50
Keywords electric power rotor asynchronous motor stator magnetic flux
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Abstract

The relevance of this research work is due to the fact that farms and other farms are located at a considerable distance from sources of centralized power supply. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce autonomous generators as the main units that ensure the uninterrupted functioning of energy systems. The purpose of this research work is to analyze the features of the functioning of an autonomous constant voltage generator, as well as to determine the basic physical laws that are of fundamental importance in its operation. The basis of the methodological approach in this scientific study is a combination of methods of system analysis with an analytical study of the general principles of operation of such devices, which are of fundamental importance from the point of view of ensuring the proper level of operational reliability. The main results obtained in this research work should be considered the definition of equations for calculating the instantaneous values of the three-phase excitation current, as well as the peak value of the three-phase excitation current of an autonomous constant voltage generator. The results obtained in the course of this scientific research and the conclusions formulated on their basis are of fundamental importance for developers of modern technological systems, including autonomous constant voltage generators, as well as for employees of technological services of modern industrial enterprises, whose professional responsibility includes the practical operation of such devices to solve a complex of technical tasks facing these enterprises.
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Authors and Affiliations

Orken Ordatayev
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Kazakhstan

Design methods for limiting rotor losses in a fractional slot PMSM motor with high power density

Tomasz Wolnik Szczepan Opach Łukasz Cyganik Tomasz Jarek Vojtech Szekeres
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 71 | No 4 | 963-979 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2022.142119
Keywords fractional slot motors high power density motors rotor losses
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Abstract

Fractional slot PMSM motors enable high power density factors to be obtained provided that their electromagnetic circuit, appropriate mechanical structure and cooling system are properly designed, as well as when operating at a high frequency of power supply voltage (400–800 Hz) with high magnetic saturation and high current loads (approx. 12–15 A/mm2). Such operating conditions, especially in the case of fractional slot motors, may be the reason for excessive rotor losses, mainly in the rotor yoke and permanent magnets. One of the conditions for obtaining high values of continuous power of the motor is the reduction of these losses. This paper presents selected design methods for limiting the value of rotor losses with simultaneous consideration of their influence on other motor parameters. The analysiswas carried out for aPMSMmotor with an external rotorweighting approx. 10 kg and a maximum power of 50 kW at a rotational speed of 4 800 rpm.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Wolnik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Szczepan Opach
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Cyganik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Jarek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vojtech Szekeres
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Electrical Drives and Machines KOMEL, Al. Rozdzienskiego 188, 40-203 Katowice, Poland

Rotor dynamics ― four open questions

Jan Kiciński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 6 | e139791 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.139791
Keywords rotor dynamics non-linear models prehistory heuristic modelling
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Abstract

Despite many years of development in the field of rotor dynamics, many issues still need to be resolved. This is due to the fact that turbomachines, even those with low output power, have a very complex design. The author of this article would like to signal these issues in the form of several questions, to which there are no precise answers. The questions are as follows: How can we build a coherent dynamic model of a turbomachine whose some subsystems have non-linear characteristics? How can we consider the so-called prehistory in our analysis, namely, the relation between future dynamic states and previous ones? Is heuristic modelling the future of rotor dynamics? What phenomena may occur when the stability limit of the system is exceeded? The attempt to find answers to these questions constitutes the subject of this article. There are obviously more similar questions, which encourage researchers from all over the world to further their research.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Kiciński
1
  1. Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Fiszera 14, Gdańsk 80-231, Poland

Transient simulation of a squeeze film damped turbocharger rotor under consideration of fluid inertia and cavitation

Thomas Drapatow Oliver Alber Elmar Woschke
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 6 | e139201 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.139201
Keywords rotor dynamics journal bearings squeeze film dampers fluid inertia
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Abstract

Squeeze film dampers (SFDs) are commonly used in turbomachinery in order to introduce external damping, thereby reducing rotor vibrations and acoustic emissions. Since SFDs are of similar geometry as hydrodynamic bearings, the REYNOLDS equation of lubrication can be utilised to predict their dynamic behaviour. However, under certain operating conditions, SFDs can experience significant fluid inertia effects, which are neglected in the usual REYNOLDS analysis. An algorithm for the prediction of these effects on the pressure build up inside a finite-length SFD is therefore presented. For this purpose, the REYNOLDS equation is extended with a first-order perturbation in the fluid velocities to account for the local and convective inertia terms of the NAVIER-STOKES equations. Cavitation is taken into account by means of a mass conserving two-phase model. The resulting equation is then discretized using the finite volume method and solved with an LU factorization. The developed algorithm is capable of calculating the pressure field, and thereby the damping force, inside an SFD for arbitrary operating points in a time-efficient manner. It is therefore suited for integration into transient simulations of turbo machinery without the need for bearing force coefficient maps, which are usually restricted to circular centralized orbits. The capabilities of the method are demonstrated on a transient run-up simulation of a turbocharger rotor with two semi-floating bearings. It can be shown that the consideration of fluid inertia effects introduces a significant shift of the pressure field inside the SFDs, and therefore the resulting damper force vector, at high oil temperatures and high rotational speeds. The effect of fluid inertia on the kinematic behaviour of the whole system on the other hand is rather limited for the examined rotor.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Thomas Drapatow
1
Oliver Alber
2
Elmar Woschke
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Mechanics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
  2. MAN Energy Solutions SE, 86153 Augsburg, Germany

Research on stability and sensitivity of the rotating machines with overhung rotors to lateral vibrations

Tomasz Szolc Robert Konowrocki
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 6 | e137987 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137987
Keywords overhung rotor-shaft lateral vibrations stability and sensitivity analysis system imperfections
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Abstract

The rotating machines with overhung rotors form a broad class of devices used in many types of industry. For this kind of rotor machine in the paper, there is investigated an influence of dynamic and static unbalance of a rotor, parallel and angular misalignments of shafts, and inner anisotropy of rigid couplings on system dynamic responses. The considerations are performed through a hybrid structural model of the machine rotor-shaft system, consisting of continuous beam finite elements and discrete oscillators. Numerical calculations are carried out for parameters characterizing a heavy blower applied in the mining industry. The main goal of the research is to assess the sensitivity of the imperfections mentioned above on excitation severity of rotor-shaft lateral vibrations and motion stability of the machine in question.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Szolc
1
ORCID: ORCID
Robert Konowrocki
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland

Analysis of dynamical behaviour of full-floating disk thrust bearings

Steffen Nitzschke Christian Ziese Elmar Woschke
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 6 | e139001 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.139001
Keywords thrust bearings full-floating hydrodynamics transient rotor dynamics Elrod cavitation algorithm
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Abstract

Full-floating ring bearings are state of the art at high speed turbomachinery shafts like in turbochargers. Their main feature is an additional ring between shaft and housing leading to two fluid films in serial arrangement. Analogously, a thrust bearing with an additional separating disk between journal collar and housing can be designed. The disk is allowed to rotate freely only driven by drag torques, while it is radially supported by a short bearing against the journal. This paper addresses this kind of thrust bearing and its implementation into a transient rotor dynamic simulation by solving the Reynolds PDE online during time integration. Special attention is given to the coupling between the different fluid films of this bearing type. Finally, the differences between a coupled and an uncoupled solution are discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Steffen Nitzschke
1
Christian Ziese
1
Elmar Woschke
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Mechanics, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany

Optimization design of a new hybrid magnetic circuit motor

Mingling Gao Shilong Yan Chenglong Yu Wenjing Hu Huihui Geng Hongbin Yin Mingjun Xu Yufeng Zhang
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2024 | vol. 73 | No 1 | 201-218 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2024.148865
Keywords combination of electromagnetic and permanent magnets hybrid magnetic circuit optimization of rotor structure
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Abstract

The combination of permanent magnets and electrically excited windings creates an air gap magnetic field. The development of a hybrid magnetic circuit motor with an adjustable magnetic field is of great significance. This article introduces a hybrid magnetic circuit motor design that combines salient pole electromagnetic and permanent magnets. A tubular magnetic barrier has been designed to reduce inter-pole leakage and enhance the usage rate of permanent magnets in the hybrid magnetic circuit motor. The optimum eccentricity of the rotor has been accurately designed, resulting in an improved sinusoidal distribution of the air gap magnetic density waveform. An analysis of the static composite magnetic field under various excitation currents has been conducted, showcasing the capability of the hybrid magnetic circuit motor to stably adjust the air gap flux density level and output torque. A prototype has undergone comprehensive trial production and testing, conclusively confirming the machine’s superior output performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mingling Gao
1
Shilong Yan
1
Chenglong Yu
2
Wenjing Hu
1
Huihui Geng
1
Hongbin Yin
1
Mingjun Xu
1
Yufeng Zhang
1
  1. Shandong University of Technology 266 Xincun West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, Shandong Province, China
  2. Zibo Yongtai Motor Co., Ltd Zichuan District, Zibo, Shandong, China

Active vibration damping of an asymmetric rigid rotor supported on 5-lobe journal bearings

Zbigniew Starczewski
Archive of Mechanical Engineering | vol. 48 | No 4 | 359-371
Keywords active damping journal bearings rotor self-excited vibration
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Abstract

The paper concerns efficiency of active magnetic stabilization in damping of selfexcited vibration of an asymmetric rotor supported on 5-lobe journal bearings with 5 oil gaps. The dependencies describing the pressure distribution in the oil film are presented. The components of the hydrodynamic uplift forces in the bearings are described. Equations of motion are derived using a numerical simulation method. It was found that active magnetic stabilization was effective for symmetric and non-symmetric systems. Exemplary trajectories of the journal bearing motion as well as the time histories are presented.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Starczewski

Multi-domain analytical rotor model with buried permanent magnets in V-arrangement for high-speed applications

Maximilian Lauerburg Polkrit Toraktrakul Kay Hameyer
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2023 | vol. 72 | No 3 | 629 –641 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2023.146041
Keywords analytical calculation method arrangement of buried permanent magnets high-speed rotor morphology multi-domain design process
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Abstract

Different buried permanent magnet arrangements in rotors are compared based on electrical machines found in literature regarding high-speed capability. An analytical approach is presented to analytically calculate mechanical stresses in the bilateral and central bridge of V arrangements in order to determine the achievable circumferential velocity of a rotor geometry. The mechanical model is coupled to an analytical model which can determine the flux density in the main air gap under consideration of flux leakage within the rotor. The multi-domain model enables the analytical design of high-speed rotors with buried permanent magnets in V-arrangement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maximilian Lauerburg
1
ORCID: ORCID
Polkrit Toraktrakul
1
Kay Hameyer
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen UniversitySchinkelstr. 4, D-52062 Aachen, Germany

Improving the Accuracy of the Active Power Load Sharing in Paralleled Generators in the Presence of Drive Motors Shaft Speed Instability

Abdullah M. Eial Awwad Mahmoud M. S. Al-Suod Alaa M. Al-Quteimat O.O. Ushkarenko Atia AlHawamleh
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 3 | 371-377 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2021.137822
Keywords active load sharing frequency instability gas-powered diesel engine optical sensor rotor angular position
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Abstract

The paper suggests an improved method of active power distribution among the gas-diesel generators operating in parallel; the method involves the control of torque and the angular positions of their rotors. The use of the suggested approach to the solution of the active power distribution task in the presence of instability of drive motor speed provides the increase of autonomous power system operation efficacy and rising the power unit’s performance. The authors analyzed the causes of generation of low-frequency fluctuations of generator drive engine speed; in autonomous electric power systems, gas diesel generators are increasingly used as such generator drive engines. It is suggested to use the developed method and structure of the optical device for control of rotation period and the measurement of the generator rotor angle position characterized with high accuracy, as the sensor. The authors developed a schematic diagram of active power distribution among the generators operating in parallel, which uses the cross feedback for gas-powered diesel engine shafts momentum and the generator rotor angle position. They obtained experimental results confirming the efficiency of the suggested active power distribution method and its practical implementation.
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Bibliography

[1] Kamala, Srinivasarao, Chauhan, Priyesh, Panda, Sanjib, Wilson, Gary, Liu, Xiong, & Gupta, Amit. (2015). Optimal scheduling of diesel generators in offshore support vessels to minimize fuel consumption. In Proc. of the IECON 2015 - 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. Yokohama, Japan, 4726–4231. https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2015.7392838
[2] J.M. Prousalidis, G.J. Tsekouras, F. Kanellos. (2011). New challenges emerged from the development of more efficient electric energy generation units. In Proc. IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS). Alexandria, Virginia, 374–381. https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTS.2011.5770901
[3] A. Boretti, (2019). Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Single and Dual-Fuel Engines. Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering, 5 (64), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2019.00064
[4] V.M. Ryabenkij, A.O. Ushkarenko, V.I. Voskoboenko, (2008). Issledovanie avtokolebatelnykh proczessov chastoty napryazheniya gazodizel-generatorov. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov NUK, 4, 113–118.
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[6] V.M. Ryabenkij, A.O. Ushkarenko, V.I. Voskoboenko, (2009). Oczenka neravnomernosti raspredeleniya aktivnoj moshhnosti mezhdu generatorami pri parallelnoj rabote. Tekhnichna elektrodinamika, Tem. Vipusk, 3, 76–79.
[7] Adem, Celika, Mehmet, Yilmazb, & Omer Faruk, Yildizc. (2020). Improvement of diesel engine startability under low temperatures by vortex tubes. Energy Reports, 6, 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.11.027
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[11] Irfan, Muhammad, Ermanu, A.H., Suhardi, Diding, Kasan, N., Effendy, Machmud, Pakaya, Ilham, & Faruq, Amrul. (2018). A design of electrical permanent magnet generator for rural area wind power plant. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 9, 269–275. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9n1.pp269-275
[12] Boonyang, Plangklang, Sittichai, Kantawong, & Akeratana, Noppakant. (2013). Study of Generator Mode on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) for Application on Elevator Energy Regenerative Unit (EERU). Energy Procedia, 34, 382–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.766
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Authors and Affiliations

Abdullah M. Eial Awwad
1
Mahmoud M. S. Al-Suod
1
Alaa M. Al-Quteimat
1
O.O. Ushkarenko
2
Atia AlHawamleh
1
  1. Department of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics, Tafila Technical University, Tafila, Jordan
  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding, Mykolaiv, Ukraine

Vibration measurement for crack and rub detection in rotors

Ali Hajnayeb Kourosh Heidari Shirazi Reza Aghaamiri
Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2020 | vol. 27 | No 1 | 65-80 | DOI: 10.24425/mms.2020.131719
Keywords rotor vibrations crack rub fault detection chaos features largest Lyapunov exponent approximate entropy correlation dimension
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Abstract

Shaft-stator rub and cracks on rotors, which have devastating effects on the industrial equipment, cause nonlinear and in some cases chaotic lateral vibrations. On the other hand, vibrations caused by machinery faults can be torsional in cases such as rub. Therefore, a combined analysis of lateral and torsional vibrations and extraction of chaotic features from these vibrations is an effective approach for rotor vibration monitoring. In this study, lateral and torsional vibrations of rotors have been examined for detecting cracks and rub. For this purpose, by preparing a laboratory model, the lateral vibrations of a system with crack and rub have been acquired. After that, a practical method for measuring the torsional vibrations of the system is introduced. By designing and installing this measurement system, practical test data were acquired on the laboratory setup. Then, the method of phase space reconstruction was used to examine the effect of faults on the chaotic behaviour of the system. In order to diagnose the faults based on the chaotic behaviour of the system, largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE), approximate entropy (ApEn) and correlation dimension were calculated for a healthy system and also for a system with rub and a crack. Finally, by applying these parameters, the chaotic feature space is introduced in order to diagnose the intentionally created faults. The results show that in this space, the distinction between the various defects in the system can be clearly identified, which enables to use this method in fault diagnosis of rotating machinery.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ali Hajnayeb
Kourosh Heidari Shirazi
Reza Aghaamiri

Numerical investigation of rotor-bearing systems with fractional derivative material damping models

Gregor Überwimmer Georg Quinz Michael Klanner Katrin Ellermann
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 6 | e148610 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.148610
Keywords Numerical Assembly Technique rotor-bearing system steady-state harmonic vibration unbalance response fractional derivative damping model
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Abstract

The increasing demand for high-speed rotor-bearing systems results in the application of complex materials, which allow for a better control of the vibrational characteristics. This paper presents a model of a rotor including viscoelastic materials and valid up to high spin speeds. Regarding the destabilization of rotor-bearing systems, two main effects have to be investigated, which are strongly related to the associated internal and external damping of the rotor. For this reason, the internal material damping is modeled using fractional time derivatives, which can represent a large class of viscoelastic materials over a wide frequency range. In this paper, the Numerical Assembly Technique (NAT) is extended for the rotating viscoelastic Timoshenko beam with fractional derivative damping. An efficient and accurate simulation of the proposed rotor-bearing model is achieved. Several numerical examples are presented and the influence of internal damping on the rotor-bearing system is investigated and compared to classical damping models.
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Authors and Affiliations

Gregor Überwimmer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Georg Quinz
1
Michael Klanner
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katrin Ellermann
1
  1. Graz University of Technology, Institute of Mechanics, Kopernikusgasse 24/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria

Model-based initial residual unbalance identification for rotating machines in one and two planes using an iterative inverse approach

Satish Bastakoti Tuhin Choudhury Risto Viitala Emil Kurvinen Jussi Sopanen
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 6 | e139790 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.139790
Keywords flexible rotor inverse approach onsite-balancing residual unbalance single and double plane
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Abstract

To achieve acceptable dynamical behavior for large rotating machines operating at subcritical speeds, the balancing quality check at the planned service speed in the installation location is often demanded for machines such as turbo-generators or high-speed machines. While most studies investigate the balancing quality at critical speeds, only a few studies have investigated this aspect using numerical methods at operational speed. This study proposes a novel, model-based method for inversely estimating initial residual unbalance in one and two planes after initial grade balancing for large flexible rotors operating at the service speeds. The method utilizes vibration measurements from two planes in any single direction, combined with a finite element model of the rotor to inversely determine the residual unbalance in one and two planes. This method can be practically used to determine the initial and residual unbalance after the balancing process, and further it can be used for condition-based monitoring of the unbalance state of the rotor.
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Authors and Affiliations

Satish Bastakoti
1
Tuhin Choudhury
1
ORCID: ORCID
Risto Viitala
2
ORCID: ORCID
Emil Kurvinen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jussi Sopanen
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland

Balancing of a linear elastic rotor-bearing system with arbitrarily distributed unbalance using the Numerical Assembly Technique

Georg Quinz Marcel S. Prem Michael Klanner Katrin Ellermann
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 6 | e138237 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.138237
Keywords Numerical Assembly Technique rotor dynamics modal balancing recursive eigenvalue search algorithm
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Abstract

In this paper, a new application of the Numerical Assembly Technique is presented for the balancing of linear elastic rotor-bearing systems with a stepped shaft and arbitrarily distributed mass unbalance. The method improves existing balancing techniques by combining the advantages of modal balancing with the fast calculation of an efficient numerical method. The rotating stepped circular shaft is modelled according to the Rayleigh beam theory. The Numerical Assembly Technique is used to calculate the steady-state harmonic response, eigenvalues and the associated mode shapes of the rotor. The displacements of a simulation are compared to measured displacements of the rotor-bearing system to calculate the generalized unbalance for each eigenvalue. The generalized unbalances are modified according to modal theory to calculate orthogonal correction masses. In this manner, a rotor-bearing system is balanced using a single measurement of the displacement at one position on the rotor for every critical speed. Three numerical examples are used to show the accuracy and the balancing success of the proposed method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Georg Quinz
1
Marcel S. Prem
1
Michael Klanner
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katrin Ellermann
1
  1. Graz University of Technology, Institute of Mechanics, Kopernikusgasse 24/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria

Vibration control of rotors mounted in hydrodynamic bearings lubricated with magnetically sensitive oil by changing their load capacity

Jaroslav Zapoměl Petr Ferfecki
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 6 | e137988 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137988
Keywords magnetically sensitive lubricant controllable hydrodynamic bearings controllable load capacity rigid rotors
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Abstract

Rotors of rotating machines are often mounted in hydrodynamic bearings. Loading alternating between the idling and full load magnitudes leads to the rotor journal eccentricity variation in the bearing gap. To avoid taking undesirable operating regimes, its magnitude must be kept in a certain interval. This is offered by the hydrodynamic bearings lubricated with smart oils, the viscosity of which can be changed by the action of a magnetic field. A new design of a hydrodynamic bearing lubricated with magnetically sensitive composite fluid is presented in this paper. Generated in the electric coil, the magnetic flux passes through the bearing housing and the lubricant layer and then returns to the coil core. The action of the magnetic field on the lubricant affects the apparent fluid viscosity and thus the position of the rotor journal in the bearing gap. The developed mathematical model of the bearing is based on applying the Reynolds equation adapted for the case of lubricants exhibiting the yielding shear stress. The results of the performed simulations confirmed that the change of magnetic induction makes it possible to change the bearing load capacity and thus to keep the rotor journal eccentricity in the required range. The extent of control has its limitations. A high increase in the loading capacity can arrive at the rotor forced vibration’s loss of stability and induce large amplitude oscillation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jaroslav Zapoměl
1 2
Petr Ferfecki
1 3
  1. Department of Applied Mechanics, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
  2. Department of Dynamics and Vibration, Institute of Thermomechanics, Prague, Czech Republic
  3. IT4Innovations National Supercomputing Center, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Controlling bifurcations in high-speed rotors utilizing active gas foil bearings

Anastasios Papadopoulos Ioannis Gavalas Athanasios Chasalevris
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 6 | e146796 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146796
Keywords bifurcation control Hopf bifurcation active gas foil bearings high speed rotors nonlinear control
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Abstract

High-speed rotors on gas foil bearings (GFBs) are applications of increasing interest due to their potential to increase the power-toweight ratio in machines and also formulate oil-free design solutions. The gas lubrication principles render lower (compared to oil) power loss and increase the threshold speed of instability in rotating systems. However, self-excited oscillations may still occur at circumferential speeds similar to those in oil-lubricated journal bearings. These oscillations are usually triggered through Hopf bifurcation of a fixed-point equilibrium (balanced rotor) or secondary Hopf bifurcation of periodic limit cycles (unbalanced rotor). In this work, an active gas foil bearing (AGFB) is presented as a novel configuration including several piezoelectric actuators that shape the foil through feedback control. A finite element model for the thin foil mounted in some piezoelectric actuators (PZTs), is developed. Second, the gas-structure interaction is modelled through the Reynolds equation for compressible flow. A simple physical model of a rotating system consisting of a rigid rotor and two identical gas foil bearings is then defined, and the dynamic system is composed with its unique source of nonlinearity to be the impedance forces from the gas to the rotor and the foil. The third milestone includes a linear feedback control scheme to stabilize (pole placement) the dynamic system, linearized around a speed-dependent equilibrium (balanced rotor). Further to that, linear feedback control is applied in the dynamic system utilizing polynomial feedback functions in order to overcome the problem of instability.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anastasios Papadopoulos
1
Ioannis Gavalas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Athanasios Chasalevris
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Quasi-analytical solutions for the whirling motion of multi-stepped rotors with arbitrarily distributed mass unbalance running in anisotropic linear bearings

Michael Klanner Marcel S. Prem Katrin Ellermann
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 6 | e138999 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.138999
Keywords Numerical Assembly Technique rotor dynamics whirling motion unbalance response quasi-analytical solution
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Abstract

Vibration in rotating machinery leads to a series of undesired effects, e.g. noise, reduced service life or even machine failure. Even though there are many sources of vibrations in a rotating machine, the most common one is mass unbalance. Therefore, a detailed knowledge of the system behavior due to mass unbalance is crucial in the design phase of a rotor-bearing system. The modelling of the rotor and mass unbalance as a lumped system is a widely used approach to calculate the whirling motion of a rotor-bearing system. A more accurate representation of the real system can be found by a continuous model, especially if the mass unbalance is not constant and arbitrarily oriented in space. Therefore, a quasi-analytical method called Numerical Assembly Technique is extended in this paper, which allows for an efficient and accurate simulation of the unbalance response of a rotor-bearing system. The rotor shaft is modelled by the Rayleigh beam theory including rotatory inertia and gyroscopic effects. Rigid discs can be mounted onto the rotor and the bearings are modeled by linear translational/rotational springs/dampers, including cross-coupling effects. The effect of a constant axial force or torque on the system response is also examined in the simulation.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Michael Klanner
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcel S. Prem
1
Katrin Ellermann
1
  1. Graz University of Technology, Institute of Mechanics, Kopernikusgasse 24/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria

Augmented speed control scheme of dual induction motors with mutual flux angle control loop

Dmytro Kondratenko Arkadiusz Lewicki Krzysztof Łuksza
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2023 | vol. 72 | No 4 | 915-930 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2023.147418
Keywords dual-motor drive induction motors (IMs) five-leg voltage source inverter (FLVSI) rotor angle control sensorless control
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Abstract

This paper proposes an augmented speed control scheme of dual induction motors fed by a five-leg voltage source inverter (VSI) with a common/shared-leg. An additional control loop is proposed here and based on the mutual flux angle – the difference between flux angular positions of the IMs. The main purpose of this research is to minimize the energy losses in the common inverter leg by controlling the mutual flux angle, at equal angular speeds of both motors. Simulation and experimental studies were carried out and the effectiveness of the proposed control method was proven. The PLECS software package was used for the simulation tests. The laboratory prototypewas prepared for the experimental validation. All results were provided and discussed in this paper.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dmytro Kondratenko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Arkadiusz Lewicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Łuksza
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland

Integrating a Complete Approach for Optimization and Sustainability in Brake Disc Rotors

Hicham Fihri FASSI Reda OURIHI Fatima Zohra EL HILALI
Management and Production Engineering Review | 2024 | No 1
Keywords 3D printing Additive Manufacturing topology optimization FEA Sustainability Brake DiscRotor
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Abstract

This study employed two primary approaches to determine the optimum structure: the lightweight and sustainable models. The lightweight model considered various factors such as materials, geometry, and dimensions of the brake disc rotor and brake pads. On the other hand, the sustainable model considers the manufacturing process and aims to reduce the carbon footprint. To calculate the optimal lightweight structure, finite element analysis was conducted using two different materials to compare the resulting stresses and determine the most appropriate material. Subsequently, four different models were utilized in finite element analysis to evaluate the displacement and stress and establish the optimum structure. Regarding sustainability, two distinct processes were employed to assess the environmental impact and energy consumption to adopt an eco-friendly approach. This paper investigates the transition from the initial brake disc rotor to a lightweight model, employing finite element analysis, topology optimization, and sustainability considerations. The work is achieved by comparing the cost between conventional and 3D printing processes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hicham Fihri FASSI
Reda OURIHI
Fatima Zohra EL HILALI

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