At the turn of the 20th century, the January Uprising of 1863 was one of the focal points of Polish collective memory, shared by the Polish communities abroad. Their press marked the subsequent anniversaries of the Uprising with due solemnity, highlighting its importance for the history of the nation and seeking to engage its readers in a common show of respect. Editors of the Polish-language newspapers in the USA followed the same line, using the commemoration as a means to consolidate the unity of the Polish-American community.
' Savoir-vivre with a past', or an Etiquette Guide of the Age of Transformation according to Agnieszka Osiecka, was published in the illustrated weekly Przekrój in 1993–1994. This article analyzes the column's content in the context of contemporary social and cultural change, focusing on issues from a broad field of dos and don’ts that acquired unexpected visibility during the early years of the Transformation, and tries to find out what was Osiecka's treatment of individual cases says of her own views.
This article is an comprehensive media-analysis of 'Życie i Kultura' [Life and Culture], a sup-plement published in 1951–1956 with the weekend edition of Głos Szczeciński, the newspaper of the Polish United Workers' Party in Szczecin, aimed at delineating its idea of regionalism, i.e. the character of regional identity that the paper was trying to construct for a population made up entirely of migrants. The article contains a list of journalists connected with Szczecin and the region; an account of serial articles featuring regional themes; an analysis of various aspects of regionalism in reportage; and a review of materials of regional interest that found their way into print.
This article analyses the representation of the Spanish Civil War addressed to the readers of the Polish local press in Siedlce, then in the Voivodship of Lublin. In the period 1936–1939 Siedlce could boast of having three newspapers — the weekly Głos Podlaski published by the Diocesan Curia Siedlce, and two trimensuals, Ziemia Siedlecka and Życie Podlasia, both affiliated with the ruling Sanacja. Each of them showed an unflagging interest in the Spanish war, treated as a violent clash of the opposed forces of left-wing Republicanism and nationalism.
This article is a tribute to the work of Stanisław Jarocki, Polish painter and activist who, after settling down in Wilno in 1898, over the following fifteen years wrote multiple articles about the religious heritage of that city and the historical Samogitia (Žemaitija) for the highly respected Warsaw weekly Tygodnik Ilustrowany. His texts with original illustrations are discussed in the historical and artistic contexts of the turn of the 20th century.
Katedra Językoznawstwa Ogólnego, Migowego i Bałtystyki, Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytet Warszawski, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, PL 00-927 Warszawa
Based on the analysis of a number of studies, it was found that to assess the state of the environment (including surface waters and soils) it is advisable to use indicators of microbiological pollution, which in general integrally reflect the state of the ecosystem. To assess the dynamics of changes in the pollution of the studied areas, a comparison of monitoring data with the corresponding level of pollution in protected areas (Vyzhnytsia National Nature Park) was used. Research methods included soil and surface water sampling, inoculation on appropriate nutrient selective media, counting of colony forming units (CFU) and other microbiological indicators. To assess the biological activity of soils, urease activity was determined by a method generally accepted in biochemistry. It is established that within the protected areas, despite some existing annual fluctuations, the relative stability of the studied indicators of the hydrosphere is preserved. Studies have shown that soils of anthropogenically altered landscapes are characterised by a high content of sanitary-indicative bacteria. As our research shows, according to the colony forming units (CFU), total microbial count, and titer of Escherichia coli, the soils selected in the protected area of the Vyzhnytsia National Nature Park correspond to the “pure” level. The soils of the territories out of the National Nature Park are characterised by high biological capacity, as evidenced by the level of activity of the enzyme urease and the ratio of the main forms of nitrogen compounds.
Bukovinian State Medical University, Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
Bukovinian State Medical University, Department of Physiology, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
Lviv Polytechnic National University, Viacheslav Chornovil Institute of Sustainable Development, Department of Ecology and Sustainable Environmental Management, S. Bandera St, 12, 79013, Lviv, Ukraine
Poltava V.G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University, Department of Production and Information Technologies and Life Safety, Poltava, Ukraine
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a biological humic preparation – “HUMIN PLUS”, made from natural raw materials – environmentally friendly lake sapropel on the biological development of agricultural crops. The study consisted in obtaining information and assessing the effect of a biological product on the dynamics of seedlings development, planting density, as well as crop productivity. To assess the preparation, as well as to identify the effect on the stages of plant ontogenesis, the physicochemical parameters were studied, including the content of humates, and trace elements in the sapropel extract. To interpret the effect of the growth regulator on the seed germination energy, an adaptive-neural inference system was used. To establish the nature of the action of preparation on the development biology of plant, in the conditions of Kazakhstan, a series of experiments were carried out at different stages of ontogenesis of agricultural crops. It was found that the action of the “HUMIN PLUS” preparation significantly increases the content of essential and nonessential amino acids. The findings have established that the sapropel extract “HUMIN PLUS” affects the biological activity of plants, accelerating the seed germination and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops in Kazakhstan.
Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Department of Technology and Safety of Food Products, 050010, 8 Abai Ave., Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
The results of the study of the macrophytes of the rivers Turia, Vyzhivka and Tsyr, the right-bank tributaries of the upper reaches of the Pripet River, are presented. The species composition of aquatic and coastal aquatic vascular plants was investigated during the vegetation seasons of 2018 and 2019 at 9 observation points located along the rivers from the source to the mouth. The most numerous species composition, 57 species, was found in the Turia River, 36 in the Vyzhivka River, and 28 species were identified in the Tsyr River. The macrophyte index for rivers (Pol.: makrofitowy indeks rzeczny – MIR) was determined from the results, and the ecological state of the rivers was assessed according to the methodology of the macrophyte assessment of rivers (Pol.: makrofitowa metoda oceny rzek – MMOR). The investigation showed that water quality in the Turia River on sites No. 1, 3 and 4 belongs to class III, satisfactory category. The surface water quality on site No. 2 of the Turia River belongs to class II, a good category. The water quality in the Vyzhivka River on all test sites belongs to class II, a good category, which testifies to favourable ecological conditions for the development of higher aquatic plants along the whole course. The water quality in the Tsyr River on test site No. 8 (Kamin-Kashyrskyi, upper course) corresponds to class II, good category. On test site No. 9 (middle course), the quality of surface waters of the Tsyr River worsens to the class III, satisfactory category.
Lviv Polytechnic National University, Viacheslav Chornovil Institute of Sustainable Development, Department of Ecology and Sustainable Environmental Management, S. Bandera St, 12, 79013, Lviv, Ukraine
Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, Faculty of Chemistry, Ecology and Pharmacy, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Lutsk, Ukraine
The aim of the research was to show which theoretical statistical distribution best reflects and describes the variability of pollutant concentrations in treated sewage, discharged from small sewage treatment plants, characterised by a value below 2000 PE. The statistical analysis additionally takes into account the influence of the number of measuring sequence data on the shape and level of the distribution fit. The data for the research were obtained from three small sewage treatment plants, operating in the Lesser Poland, 10, 11 and 14 km from Kraków. Due to their size, these facilities are included in the group of treatment plants below 2000 PE. The research was conducted for 10 years. In the statistical analysis, 20-, 40-, 60- and 80-element data series were used, including the values of biochemical oxygen demand ( BOD5), chemical oxygen demand ( CODCr) and total suspended solids ( TSS), determined in samples of treated wastewater. Two commonly used tests, Kolmogorov–Smirnov λ and Pearson’s X 2 test were used to assess the fit of the theoretical statistical distribution to the empirical data distribution. Statistical analysis showed that the studied communities were characterised by an asymmetric, right-oblique distribution. Most often, the empirical distribution of the analysed measurement sequences was consistent with the Fisher–Tippett distribution. On the basis of the X 2 test, this distribution was described by a total of 31 out of 36 analysed groups at the significance level of a = 0.05. Other distributions that often describe the analysed empirical data are: Gamma, log-normal, Chi-square, and Weibull. The common feature of these distributions is usually asymmetry, right oblique. The skewness value ranges from 0.15 to 1.69.
This study discriminates different lithological units of the Dokan Area, Kurdistan Region, NE-Iraq, using rapid-eye satellite data by image enhancement techniques, namely the false colour composite (FCC), optimum index factor (OIF), minimum noise fraction (MNF), principal component analysis (PCA) and band ratio (BR). Results of analyses show that the FCC (R: 5; G: 4: B: 1); MNF (R: 2, G: 3, B: 5); PCA (R: 5, G: 2, B: 1), and band ratio (R: 5/4, G: 2/1, B: 5/3) are the best to different geological formations. The results are confirmed in the field support with the geological maps available for the area. Geological formations appeared as a result of the collision process between the Arabian plate and the Iranian plate. In general, the study area is mountainous, which is usually represented by anticline folds with the main NW – SE trend in the study area, with very a rugged relief mainly due to the continuous collision between the Arabian plate and Iranian plate. The digital image processing of satellite data has demonstrated the sensor’s capability and efficiency of the image processing methods in identifying and mapping geological units in the study area.
The article presents the experimental results of the calibration of the typical check structure with sluice gates installed in a trapezoidal irrigation channel. Hydraulic experiments on sluice gate discharge capacity were performed on a model made in a 1:2 scale. It has been explained how the method of measuring the downstream water depth below the sluice gate in the check structures installed in a trapezoidal irrigation channels affects the measured depth values. On the basis of hydraulic measurements, regression relationships were developed for the discharge coefficients for submerged outflow through the sluice gate in two types of sluice gates installed in irrigation channels. The formulas allow to calculate the volumetric flow rate below the submerged sluice gate after determining the water depth upstream and below the sluice gate and the gate opening height. The differences in volumetric flow rates calculated from regression relationships and measured values do not exceed 10%, which confirms their practical suitability for calculating the discharge through a sluice gate mounted in a trapezoidal channel. The values of the discharge coefficients determined in the channels with rectangular cross-sections are not useful for the discharge coefficients of sluice gates check structures installed in trapezoidal channels. Nomograms and relationships for discharge coefficients of the analysed sluice gate were developed.
Using doubled haploid technologies inbreeding can significantly reduce the time to obtain homozygous parental lines required for the production of F1-hybrid of vegetable crops. This study aims to investigate the influence of factors on the efficiency of carrot embryogenesis in isolated microspore culture to optimise the elements of protocol for producing doubled haploids. Microspores were isolated from inflorescences of 21 genotypes and incubated in NLN13 medium supplemented with 0.1 mg·dm –3 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acids, 0.1 mg·dm –3 1-naphthyl acetic acids, 130 g·dm –3 sucrose, and 400 mg·dm –3 casein hydrolysate and its modifications. Embryoids and their groups were formed after 2–6 months, in some cases after 12 months of cultivation. Depending on the variant, the embryogenesis efficiency averaged from 0 to 4.9 embryoids or groups of embryoids per Petri dish (10 cm 3). Embryoids within the group were formed from different microspores. No significant effects of inflorescence position on the plant (branching order), sucrose, and casein hydrolysate concentration in the medium were observed. Significant advantages (p ≥ 0.05) for some genotypes were shown: 1) microspore suspension density 4·104 cells·cm –3 (5.0 embryoids per Petri dish were formed at a microspore suspension density of 4·104 cells·cm –3, 0.0 embryoids per Petri dish at a density of 8·104 cells·cm –3); 2) cultivating microspores of tetrad and early mononuclear stage (4.9 ±3.1 embryoids per Petri dish were obtained by culturing tetrads and early mononuclear microspores, while 0.6 ±0.7 embryoids per Petri dish were obtained by culturing of later developmental stages); 3) high-temperature treatment duration of five days (4.9 ±2.1 embryoids per Petri dish were obtained after five days of high-temperature treatment, 2.7 ±2.6 embryoids per Petri dish formed after two days of high-temperature treatment; 9.8 ±4.7, 10.1 ±6.1, 0.0 ±0.0 embryoids per Petri dish formed after two, five and eight days of high-temperature treatment respectively); 4) adding colchicine 0.5 mg·dm –3 to the nutrient medium for two days of high-temperature treatment, followed by medium replacement (3.3 ±2.6 embryoids per Petri dish were obtained by using a nutrient medium with colchicine, while 1.7 ±1.5 embryoids per Petri dish were obtained by culturing in the reference variant).
Russian State Agrarian University, Department of Botany, Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, Timiryazevskaya street, 49127550, Moscow, Russian Federation
Russian State Agrarian University, Breeding Station after N.N. Timofeev, Moscow, Russian Federation
The article presents developed method and general principles of creating ladder diagrams, which are commonly used for systems with programmable logic controllers (PLC). Ladder diagrams are created for sequential control systems of technological processes, which are described by a connection pattern, time diagrams of the executive elements` operation. The executive elements are double-acting pneumatic or hydraulic actuators controlled by bistable electrovalves. A method of designing sequential systems enabling the creation of a ladder electro-pneumatic system is presented. The ladder diagram consists of two parts. One is responsible for controlling the valve coils, the other for the implementation of the memory block. The signals that control the transition to the next state are the signals described on the boundaries of the graph division. The synthesis of control systems and their verification was carried out using the computer aided program FluidSim by Festo.
The paper presents a novel heuristic procedure (further called the AH Method) to investigate function shape in the direct vicinity of the found optimum solution. The survey is conducted using only the space sampling collected during the optimization process with an evolutionary algorithm. For this purpose the finite model of point-set is considered. The statistical analysis of the sampling quality based upon the coverage of the points in question over the entire attraction region is exploited. The tolerance boundaries of the parameters are determined for the user-specified increase of the objective function value above the found minimum. The presented test-case data prove that the proposed approach is comparable to other optimum neighborhood examination algorithms. Also, the AH Method requires noticeably shorter computational time than its counterparts. This is achieved by a repeated, second use of points from optimization without additional objective function calls, as well as significant repository size reduction during preprocessing.
This paper proposes the design and simulation of 2×2 circular patch antenna array working at 28 GHz by using four inset feed micro strip circular patch antennas to achieve beam forming with directivity around 13dB which is required to overcome part of high path loss challenge for high data rate mm-5G mobile station application. Four element 2x2 array consists of two 1x2 circular patch antenna arrays based on power divider and quarter wavelength transition lines as a matching circuit. The designed antenna array is simulated on RT/duroid 5880 dielectric substrate with properties of 0.5mm thickness, dielectric constant ε r =2.2, and tangent loss of 0.0009 by using Computer System Technology (CST) software. The performances in terms of return loss, 3D–radiation pattern is evaluated at 28 GHz frequency band. The design also includes the possibility of inserting four identical 2x2 antenna arrays at four edges of mobile station substrate to achieve broad space coverage by steering the beams of the mobile station arrays.
A comparative analysis of a compact planar Square patch Microstrip Multiband antenna on three different substrates is proposed. The proposed design has a C-shaped slot etched on the square radiating part and the antenna is energized using microstrip feed line. RT Duroid (ε r= 2.2), Taconic (ε r= 3.2) and FR4 (ε r= 4.4) substrates are used for simulation analysis. The flow of current is modified by the C-shaped slot making the antenna to resonate at 3/4 and 6 bands for RT Duroid/Taconic and FR4 substrates respectively suitable for 5G sub GHz applications. The antenna has a compact dimension of 32 × 32 × 1.6 mm3 and exhibits a return loss, S11 of less than -10dB for all the resonating frequencies for all three substrates. The analysis has been done by considering the S11 (Return loss <-10 dB), Directivity, Antenna Gain, VSWR and surface current distribution. Table II provides the comparison of parameters for different substrate material.
This work aims to improve the total power dissipation, leakage currents and stability without disturbing the logic state of SRAM cell with concept called sub-threshold operation. Though, sub-threshold SRAM proves to be advantageous but fails with basic 6T SRAM cell during readability and writability. In this paper we have investigated a non-volatile 6T2M (6 Transistors & 2 Memristors) sub-threshold SRAM cell working at lower supply voltage of VDD=0.3V, where Memristor is used to store the information even at power failures and restores previous data with successful read and write operation overcomes the challenge faced. This paper also proposes a new configuration of non-volatile 6T2M (6 Transistors & 2 Memristors) subthreshold SRAM cell resulting in improved behaviour in terms of power, stability and leakage current where read and write power has improved by 40% and 90% respectively when compared to 6T2M (conventional) SRAM cell. The proposed 6T2M SRAM cell offers good stability of RSNM=65mV and WSNM=93mV which is much improved at low voltage when compared to conventional basic 6T SRAM cell, and improved leakage current of 4.92nA is achieved as compared.
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is assortment of sensor nodes proficient in environmental information sensing, refining it and transmitting it to base station in sovereign manner. The minute sensors communicate themselves to sense and monitor the environment. The main challenges are limited power, short communication range, low bandwidth and limited processing. The power source of these sensor nodes are the main hurdle in design of energy efficient network. The main objective of the proposed clustering and data transmission algorithm is to augment network performance by using swarm intelligence approach. This technique is based on K-mean based clustering, data rate optimization using firefly optimization algorithm and Ant colony optimization based data forwarding. The KFOA is divided in three parts: (1) Clustering of sensor nodes using K-mean technique and (2) data rate optimization for controlling congestion and (3) using shortest path for data transmission based on Ant colony optimization (ACO) technique. The performance is analyzed based on two scenarios as with rate optimization and without rate optimization. The first scenario consists of two operations as kmean clustering and ACO based routing. The second scenario consists of three operations as mentioned in KFOA. The performance is evaluated in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, energy dissipation and residual energy analysis. The simulation results show improvement in performance by using with rate optimization technique.
The blustery growth of high data rate applications leads to more energy consumption in wireless networks to satisfy service quality. Therefore, energy-efficient communications have been paid more attention to limited energy resources and environmentally friendly transmission functioning. Countless publications are present in this domain which focuses on intensifying network energy efficiency for uplink-downlink transmission. It is done either by using linear precoding schemes, by amending the number of antennas per BS, by power control problem formulation, antenna selection schemes, level of hardware impairments, and by considering cell-free (CF) Massive-MIMO. After reviewing these techniques, still there are many barriers to implement them practically. The strategies mentioned in this review show the performance of EE under the schemes as raised above. The chief contribution of this work is the comparative study of how Massive MIMO EE performs under the background of different methods and architectures and the solutions to few problem formulations that affect the EE of network systems. This study will help choose the best criteria to improve EE of Massive MIMO while formulating a newer edition of testing standards. This survey provides the base for interested readers in energy efficient Massive MIMO.
The design of a low complexity multiplier-less narrow transition band filter bank for the channelizer of multistandard software-defined radio (SDR) is investigated in this paper. To accomplish this, the modal filter and complementary filter in the upper and lower branches of the conventional Frequency Response Masking (FRM) architecture are replaced with two power-complementary and linear phase filter banks. Secondly, a new masking strategy is proposed to fully exploit the potential of the numerous spectra replicas produced by the interpolation of the modal filter, which was previously ignored in the existing FRM design. In this scheme, the two masking filters are appropriately modulated and alternately masked over the spectra replicas from 0 to 2π, to generate even and odd channels. This Alternate Masking Scheme (AMS) increases the potency of the Modified FRM (ModFRM) architecture for the design of computationally efficient narrow transition band uniform filter bank (termed as ModFRM-FB). Finally, by combining the adjoining ModFRM-FB channels, Non-Uniform ModFRMFB (NUModFRM-FB) for extracting different communication standards in the SDR channelizer is created. To reduce the total power consumption of the architecture, the coefficients of the proposed system are made multiplier-less using Matching Pursuits Generalized Bit-Planes (MPGBP) algorithm. In this method, filter coefficients are successively approximated using a dictionary of vectors to give a sum-of-power-of-two (SOPOT) representation. In comparison to all other general optimization techniques, such as genetic algorithms, the suggested design method stands out for its ease of implementation, requiring no sophisticated optimization or exhaustive search schemes. Another notable feature of the suggested approach is that, in comparison to existing methods, the design time for approximation has been greatly reduced. To further bring down the complexity, adders are reused in recurrent SOPOT terms using the Common Subexpression Elimination (CSE) technique without compromising the filter performance.
en
pl
