Applied sciences

Archives of Thermodynamics

Content

Archives of Thermodynamics | 2024 | vol. 45 | No 1

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Abstract

Carbon capture and sequestration from a stationary source comprises four distinct engineering processes: separation of CO2 from the other flue gases, compression, transportation, and injection into the chosen storage site. An analysis of the thermodynamic and transport properties of CO2 shows that dissolving this gas in seawater at depths more than 600 m is, most likely, an optimal long-term storage method; and that for transportation, the CO2 must be in the denser supercritical state at pressures higher than 7.377 MPa. The separation, compression, transportation, and injection processes require significant energy expenditures, which are determined in this paper using realistic equipment efficiencies, for the cases of two currently in operation coal power plants in Texas. The computations show that the total energy requirements for carbon removal and sequestration are substantial, close to one-third of the energy currently generated by the two power plants. The cost analysis shows that two parameters – the unit cost of the pipeline and the discount factor of the corporation – have a very significant effect on the annualized cost of the CCS process. Doubling the unit cost of the pipeline increases the total annualized cost of the entire CCS project by 36% and increasing the discount rate from 5% to 15% increases this annualized cost by 32%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Efstathios E. Michaelidesa
1

  1. Department of Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
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Abstract

Based on the finite element simulation software ANSYS Workbench, this study reports the thermal characteristics of a high-speed motorized spindle. The temperature field distribution and axial thermal deformation of the motorized spindle are then detected on an experimental platform. A comparison between the experimental and simulation results revealed the temperature rise of the motorized spindle during the working process. Under steady-state conditions of the working mo-torized spindle, the temperatures of the front bearing, rear bearing and stator were determined as 20°C, approximately 30°C and 25°C, respectively. The axial thermal elongation of the motorized spindle is approximately 10 μm.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Huaqiao Jiang
2

  1. China Light Industry Plastic Mold Engineering Technology Research Center, Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo 315800, China; Ningbo Shuaitelong Group Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315000, China
  2. Ningbo Shuaitelong Group Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315000, China
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Abstract

This research article aims to provide a detailed numerical study of the multifaceted impact of S-shaped and broken arc roughness on solar air heaters. Therefore, a strong comparison was made between the modified heaters and smooth heaters for Reynolds numbers ranging from 2 00022 000. Also, the impact of two parameters, i.e. pitch and gap was analyzed to optimize the performance of the heater. The gap varies from 0.3 mm to 0.9 mm in both types of ribs with a step size of 0.2 mm. Afterwards, the pitch distance between both types of roughness was varied from 15 mm to 25 mm in the step size of 5 mm. Notably, it has been observed that among all the considered configurations, the gap length of 0.9 mm and pitch length of 25 mm have shown significant improvements in heat transfer characteristics. The specific combination of the gap of 0.9 mm and pitch of 25 mm has demonstrated better heat transfer capabilities at the expense of an increased friction factor. Lastly, the thermal performance factor of the systems was analyzed and reported. It was reported that the pitch length of 25 mm and gap length of 0.9 mm have shown a maximum thermal performance factor value from 2.9 to 3.3, while the pitch length of 25 mm and gap length of 0.3 mm have depicted the lowest thermal performance factor value. In terms of the overall performance, i.e. the thermal performance factor, the combination with a gap of 0.9 mm and pitch of 25 mm has shown the best performance, while a gap of 0.3 mm and pitch of 25 mm has yielded the worst performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shivam Haldiaa
1
Vijay Singh Bishta
1
Prabhakar Bhandarib
2
Lalit Ranakotic
3
Akashdeep Negic
3

  1. Department of Thermal Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248007, India
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurgaon, Haryana-122103, India
  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to University, Clement Town, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248002, India
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Abstract

This study aims to investigate and compare the thermal performance of a solar air heater using a passive technique to enhance heat transfer between the absorber plate and the flowing fluid. The technique involves generating turbulence near the heat transferring surface through the use of artificial rib roughness. The study focuses on two different novel roughness geome-tries: full symmetrical arc rib roughness and half symmetrical arc rib roughness. By introducing additional gaps and varying the number of gaps in the roughness geometries, the study examines their effects on the solar air heaters thermal performance. The artificially roughened surface creates different turbulent zones, which are essential to the development of different types of turbulence in the vicinity of the heat transferring surface. The study finds that an optimal escalation in Nusselt number and friction factor by 2.36 and 3.45 times, respectively, occurs at certain gap numbers as 6 and ng as 5 for full symmetrical arc rib roughness. The maximum thermal-hydraulic performance parameter of 1.66 is attained at a Reynolds number of 6 000. The study also conducts correlation, mathematical modeling, and performance prediction under different operating circumstances.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jitendra Singha
1
Atul Lanjewara
1

  1. MANIT, Bhopal 462033, India
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Abstract

This work examines biochar from carbonization of grape waste, and oat and buckwheat husks at 450ºC. The main aspects of the work concern the analysis of the fixed carbon and ash content in accordance with the European Standard. Obtained results showed that biochar from oat and buckwheat husk can be used for barbeque charcoal and barbeque charcoal bri-quettes production, whereas biochar derived from grape waste can be used for the charcoal briquettes production. Thermo-gravimetric analysis showed that biochar from grape stalk is characterized by the highest ignition and burnout performance, but in relation to the remaining samples, combustion process occurs in a narrow range of time and temperature. Obtained results showed that biochar from oat and buckwheat husks has properties, as well as combustion stability and reactivity, similar to commercial charcoal.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Kluska
1
Jakub Ramotowski
2

  1. Insittute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
  2. Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and EkoTech Center, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract

Heat transfer and aerodynamic drag of novel small-sized heat sinks with lamellar fins, designed for electronic cooling, were experimentally investigated under conditions of forced convection in the range of Reynolds numbers 1 250–10 500. It was found that a gradual reduction in the fin spacing from 6 mm to 3 mm with a 29° angle of taper between the outermost fins leads to an increase in the heat transfer intensity by 15–32% with a significant increase in aerodynamic drag compared to the surface with a constant fin spacing of 6 mm. Incomplete cross-section cutting of fins at the relative depth of 0.6 in addition to the gradual reduction in the fin spacing provides aerodynamic drag decrease by 5–20% and increase of heat transfer intensity by 18–20% in comparison with the similar heat sink without fins cutting. Proposed novel designs of heat sinks enabled us to decrease by 7°С–16°С the maximum overheating of the heat sink's base in the flow speed range from 2.5 m/s to 7.5 m/s at constant heat load. To ensure a constant value of maximum overheating of the heat sink base the inlet flow velocity for the surface with constant fin spacing should be 1.6–2 times higher than that for the heat sink with 29° taper angle between outermost fins and partially fins cutting. In this case, the aerodynamic drag for the latter will be higher only by 1.6–2.7 times, which is quite acceptable.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandr Terekh
1
Aleksandr Rudenko
1
Yevhenii Alekseik
1

  1. National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Educational and Scientific Institute of Atomic and Thermal Energy, 37, Beresteisky Av., Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine
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Abstract

This paper presents numerical results for flow behavior between a cold inner cylinder and a hot outer cylinder. Both cyl-inders are placed horizontally. The space separating the two compartments is completely filled with a fluid of a complex rheological nature. In addition, the outer container is subjected to a constant and uniform rotational speed. The results of this work were obtained after solving the differential equations for momentum and energy. The parameters studied in this research are: the intensity of thermal buoyancy, the speed of rotation of the outer container and the rheological nature of the fluid. These elements are expressed mathematically by the following values: Richardson number (Ri = 0 and 1), Reyn-olds number (Re = 1 to 40), power-law number (n = 0.8, 1 and 1.4) and Prandtl number (Pr = 50). The results showed that the speed of rotation of the cylinder and the rheological nature of the fluids have an effective role in the process of heat transfer. For example, increasing the rotational speed of the enclosure and/or changing the nature of fluid from shear-thickening into shear-thinning fluid improves the thermal transfer rate.
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Authors and Affiliations

Abdeljalil Benmansoura
1
Houssem Laidoudia
1

  1. Laboratory of Sciences and Marine Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, USTO-MB, BP 1505, El-Menaouer, Oran, 31000, Algeria
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Abstract

The objective of the present work is to examine the characteristics of unsteady incompressible magnetohydrodynamic fluid flow around a permeable rotating vertical cone. The effects of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and the Soret and Dufour effects are investigated in the analysis of heat and mass transfer. The viscosity of the fluid is considered inversely proportional to the temperature, and the thermal conductivity of the fluid is considered directly proportional to the temper-ature. The governing equations are converted into ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations, which are then solved numerically using bvp4c from MATLAB. Results obtained in this study are in excellent correlation with previously conducted studies. The results demonstrate that the Dufour and Soret effects subsequently reduce the heat transit rate (by –3.3%) and mass transit rate (by –1.2%) of the system. It is also detected that fluids with higher viscosity tend to increase tangential skin friction (+8.9%) and azimuthal skin friction (+8.3%). The heat transit rate of the system is found to be more efficient for fluids with higher viscosity and lower thermal conductivity and Eckert numbers. Further-more, the thickness of the momentum, thermal, and concentration boundary layers significantly reduces while the heat and mass transit rates (+17.8% and +18.3%, respectively) of the system become more efficient for greater values of the un-steadiness parameter.
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Authors and Affiliations

Temjennaro Jamira
1
Hemanta Konwara
1

  1. Kohima Science College, Jotsoma, Kohima 797001, India
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Abstract

Today, with the high population density of the world, the energy demand is increasing continuously. Global dependency on fossil fuels is very strong and there is a compelling need to reduce our energy consumption in order to offset greenhouse gas emissions. Due to regularly increasing prices of fossil fuels alternative fuels are needed to fulfill the requirements of developing countries like India. Plastics in today's world have become crucial. They are excessively used in industry, as well as in households and other fields due to their lightweight, durability, and design flexibility. Plastic demand is growing day by day, which now poses a huge environmental threat. The current study summarizes the use of WPO (waste plastic oil) in the diesel engine and also concludes the combustion, performance, and emission parameters. After an exhaustive literature search, some interesting results have been found. The study reveals that when using WPO as an alternative source in a diesel engine, the combustion, performance, and emissions are similar to those using conventional diesel fuel. An enhanced BTE (brake thermal efficiency) and reduced emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (UBHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) are reported.
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Authors and Affiliations

Amardeep
1
Rakesh Kumarb
2
Naveen Kumarc
3

  1. Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, India; G L Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida,201306, India
  2. G L Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida,201306, India
  3. Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India
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Abstract

Most countries in the world are facing two major challenges, one is the increase in the demand for energy consumption difficult to fulfill because of limited fossil fuel, and the second is the emission norms specified by many countries. Various methods are adopted to reduce emissions from engines but that leads to sacrificing the performance of CI engines. To eradicate this problem in the present study, the nanoparticles like (TiO2) are used with different particle sizes 10–30 nm, 30–50 nm and 50–70 nm induced in B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) with the constant volume fraction of 100 ppm, and utilized in the diesel engine without any modifications. The results showed that the incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles improves the combustion of hydrocarbons and reduces the emissions of CO, unburned hydrocarbon concentration, NOx and soot. Moreover, among three sizes of the nanoparticles, those with size 30–50 nm showed interesting results with the reduction in brake-specific energy consumption, NOx, smoke and HC by 2.9%, 16.2%, 35% and 10%, respectively, com-pared to other blends used in the study, and hence the blend with the nanoparticle of size 30–50 nm is expected to be a more promising fuel for commercial application in CI engines.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohd Mujtaba Ahmeda
1
Harveer Singh Palia
1
Mohammad Mohsin Khana
1

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, J&K 190006 India
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Abstract

This study explored the ternary blends of biodiesel-diesel-n-butanol and biodiesel-diesel-n-octanol on common rail direct injec-tion (CRDI) diesel engines. The compositions of fuels, which varied from 0% to 100%, were altered by up to 5%. On the basis of their properties, these blends were chosen, with various concentrations of alcohol at 5% and 10%, 5% diesel, and the remainder being biodiesel. Two ternary fuel blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and butanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5B5 and BD85D5B10, and subsequently, another two ternary similar blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and octanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5O5 and BD85D5O10, were used to conduct the experiments. The experiments were done with varying injection pressure from 17° to 29° crank angle (CA) before top dead centre (bTDC). The optimum con-dition for the blends is achieved at 26°CA bTDC for 80% loading. So, the engine trials were conducted on 26°CA bTDC to attain the results. The BD90D5O10 blend achieved the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) reading of 0.308 kg/kWh while operating at full load. The maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was 31.46% for BD90D5B5. The maximum heat release rate (HRR) achieved with BD85D5O5 fuel blend was 58.54 J/°CA. The quantity of carbon monoxide that BD85D5B10 created was the lowest (25.86 g/kWh). BD85D5B10 had a minimal unburned hydrocarbon emission of 0.157 g/kWh while operating at full load. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were emitted in the maximum quantity by BD85D5O10, which was equal to 6.01 g/kWh. This study establishes the viability of blends of biodiesel and alcohol as an alternative for petro-diesel in the future to meet the growing global energy demand.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ashish Kumar Singha
1
Harveer Singh Palia
1
Mohammad Mohsin Khana
1

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
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Abstract

The objective of this work is to propose a thermal model for predicting the average air temperature inside the passenger cabin of a small-sized car that uses an HVAC system. The adopted model is a lumped parameter model that accounts for nine heat sources acting on the cabin. Additionally, the model presents a methodology for calculating the temperature at the evaporator outlet considering a linear temperature drop between its inlet and outlet as a function of sensitive heat, latent heat, evaporator input temperature, absolute humidity, enthalpy and specific heat. Sixteen experimental tests were con-ducted on a commercial vehicle under various operating conditions to validate the presented model. The maximum average relative deviation between the experimental and theoretical results was 17.73%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ramon de Paoli Mendesa
1
Juan José Garcia Pabonb
2
Willian Moreira Duartea
1
Luiz Machadoa
1

  1. Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte/MG 31270-901, Brazil
  2. Federal University of Itajubá, Av.. BPS, Itajubá/MG 37500 903, Brazil
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Abstract

Building heating is an indispensable part of people's winter life in cold regions, but energy conservation and emission reduction should also be taken into account during the heating process. This paper provides a concise overview of the heating system based on air-source heat pump radiant floor and its control strategy. It also optimizes a control system based on thermal comfort and energy efficiency ratio, and analyzes a room in Xining City, Qinghai Province, to test the heating system performance under two control strategies. The final results show that under the traditional control strategy, the cumulative working time of the heating system within a day was 15 hours, the average indoor temperature was 17.36℃, the temperature standard deviation was 2.08℃, and the average power consumption was 189.6 kWh. Under the improved control strategy, the cumulative working time of the heating system within a day was reduced to 10 hours, the average indoor temperature was 18.56℃, the temperature standard deviation was 0.92℃, and the average power consumption was 132.5 kWh.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wanting Hea
1
Hai Huang
2

  1. Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Yubei, Chongqing 401120, China
  2. Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering JiangJin Chongqing 402260, China
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Abstract

Pressure retarded osmosis is a process that enables useful work generation from the salinity difference of solutions. The literature most often considers using pressure retarded osmosis with natural sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions, such as seawater, dedicated for open systems. To explore the full potential of this process, however, optimized, highly concentrated solutions of various compounds can be used. The presented research is focused on evaluating the impact of increasing draw solution temperature and concentration on the permeate flow in the osmotic process. The permeate flow is directly related to achievable work in this process, therefore, it is important to find feed and draw solution parameters that maximize it. An experimental setup developed in this study provides full control over the process parameters. Furthermore, the performance characteristics of the membrane over process time were investigated, as it became evident during preliminary experiments that the membrane impact is significant. The studies were conducted without back-pressure, in a configuration typical of the forward osmosis process, with solution circulation on both sides of the membrane. The obtained results show a clear positive impact of both the temperature and concentration increase on the potential output of a pressure retarded osmosis system. The membrane behaviour study allowed for correct interpretation of the results, by establishing the dynamics of the membrane degradation process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fabian Dietrich
1
Łukasz Cieślikiewicz
1
Piotr Furmański
1
Piotr Łapka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, 21/25 Nowowiejska St., 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This article discusses selected aspects of modelling blood flow in the arteries. The method of reproducing the variable-in-time geometry of coronary arteries is given based on a sequence of medical images of different resolutions. Within the defined shapes of the arteries, a technique of generation of numerical meshes of the same topology is described. The boundary conditions and non-Newtonian rheological models used in blood flow are discussed, as well as the description of blood as a multiphase medium. The work also includes a discussion of tests on the phantom of the carotid artery for the accuracy of measurements made using ultrasonography.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Białecki
1
Wojciech Adamczyk
1
Ziemowit Ostrowski
1

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Thermal Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Konarskiego 22, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The two-stage ejector mixing-diffuser section in this study was computed using the Redlich-Kwong equation of state. The ejector was designed based on the constant rate of kinetic energy change (CRKEC) approach. The water vapor mixing diffuser profile and flow properties were calculated using a one-dimensional gas dynamic model. For the numerical investigation, the estimated geometrical profile based on the input design and operating conditions was utilized. ANSYS-Fluent 14.0 was em-ployed for the numerical study. The analysis was conducted under both on-design and off-design scenarios using the standard k-ε turbulence model. The impact of operating factors on flow behavior and entrainment ratios was investigated at off-design conditions. The findings demonstrated that the operational total pressures of the primary, secondary, and exit flows are a function of the two-stage ejector (TSE) entrainment ratio. With a higher exit pressure and more secondary/entrained flows, the entrain-ment ratio increases. However, altering the primary flow pressure in ways other than for the design conditions reduces the entrainment ratio.
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Authors and Affiliations

Virendra Kumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Surendra Kumar Yadavb
Anil Kumar
2
ORCID: ORCID
Nishant Kumar Singha
Lalta Prasad
3

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering. Harcourt Butler technical University, Kanpur 208002, India
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineeringg. KNIT, Sultanpur 228118, India
  3. Department of Mechanical Engg. NIT, Uttrakhand 246174, India
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Abstract

This article investigates the impact of time-dependent magnetohydrodynamics free convection flow of a nanofluid over a non-linear stretching sheet immersed in a porous medium. The combination of water as a base fluid and two different types of nanoparticles, namely aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and copper (Cu) is taken into account. The impacts of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and heat source/sink are examined. The governing coupled non-linear partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations. The solutions of the prin-cipal equations are computed in closed form by applying the MATLAB bvp4c method. The velocity and temperature pro-files, as well as the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number, are discussed through graphs and tables for various flow parameters. The current simulations are suitable for the thermal flow processing of magnetic nanomaterials in the chemical engineering and metallurgy industries. From the results, it is noticed that the results of copper nanofluid have a better impact than those of aluminium nanofluid.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joel Mathews
1
Hymavathi Tallab
2

  1. Dept. of Mathematics, Krishna University, Machilipatnam, 521 004, A.P, India
  2. Dept. of Mathematics, University College of Science and Technology, Adikavi Nannaya University, Rajamahendravaram, 533 296, A.P, India

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