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Polish Psychological Bulletin

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Polish Psychological Bulletin | 2021 | vol. 52 | No 4

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Abstract

This study aimed to measure the hope level of Iranian English-major students and also to find out if their gender, academic degree, years spent in a program, and GPA were associated with their hope level. To reach these aims, the Integrative Hope Scale developed by Sharpe, McElheran, and Whelton (2017) was modified, checked for validity, and piloted. Then, it was distributed among 206 English-major students doing their BA, MA, and PhD in different universities of Iran, chosen through random and snowball sampling. The analysis of the data through non-parametric tests showed that although undergraduate and postgraduate students enjoyed a higher level of hope, there was no significant difference in the students’ hope level based on their academic degree. Furthermore, no significant relationship was found between students’ levels of hope, on the one hand, and their GPA and the number of years spent in a program, on the other hand. However, there was a significant difference between male and female students, with males having a higher level of hope.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mansoor Ganji
1
ORCID: ORCID
Farzane Safarzade Samani
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elahe Sadeghi
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran
  2. Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran
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Abstract

Changing a problem’s representation is a crucial process when solving insight problems. Recently, Laukkonen and Tangen (2017) found that observing ambiguous figures such as a Necker Cube before solving problems can increase insight frequency. In our research, we extended their procedure by including measures of feelings of insight (e.g., confidence and pleasure). This approach allowed us to test the replicability of relationships between perceptual switching and insight frequency in terms of both accuracy of problem solutions and insight phenomenology. The research took the form of two studies using two different samples (NA = 68 and NB = 198) using online platforms. Our results consistently showed no effect of prior Necker cube perception on accuracy. However, we found a significant difference in self- reported insight (1 - non-aha! experience to 5 – a very strong aha! experience) in our Sample B study. The results suggest the possibility that viewing ambiguous figures may not have a triggering effect on insight problem-solving performance but that it may trigger stronger insight experiences when solving insight problems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Angelika Olszewska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Sobkow
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

This study aims to identify the potential predictors (i.e., financial well-being, mindfulness, and marital duration) of relationship satisfaction among married couples in Malaysia. Respondents were 156 Malaysian married couples from different races – Malay, Chinese, Indian, and others. All respondents responded to three questionnaires which are In Charge Financial Distress/ Financial Well-Being Scale (Prawitz et al., 2006), Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (Brown & Ryan, 2003), and Couple Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007). A significant positive relationship was found between financial well-being and mindfulness with relationship satisfaction, meanwhile, no statistically significant relationship was found between marital duration and relationship satisfaction. Moreover, mindfulness is established to be the strongest predictor of relationship satisfaction among married couples in Malaysia. This result emphasized the role of mindfulness within the context of development and sustainability of marital relationships satisfaction in addition to general well-being.
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Authors and Affiliations

Athirah Yasmin Mohd Shakir
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dzilal Abdul Aziz
1
Suwathi Carmergam
1

  1. Management & Science University, Malaysia
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Abstract

Many studies have investigated the relationship between mindfulness and creativity; however, there are a limited number of studies on the neurological basis of this therapeutic approach using electroencephalogram (EEG). This study aimed at evaluating the effect of mindfulness on improving the creativity of healthy individuals. In this study, 7 healthy subjects (1 male and 6 females) with a mean age of 40.37 years and a standard deviation of 14.52 years received group mindfulness training for 8 weeks. They had no experience of mindfulness training up to that time. Before and after mindfulness training, EEG signal was recorded from all participants in eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions on Fz, C3, C4, and Pz electrodes. After data preprocessing, wavelet coefficients were extracted from each frequency band of EEG signal and evaluated using paired sample t-test and correlation methods. The gamma-band on C3 (t = 2.89, p=0.03) and Pz (t= 2.54, P = 0.04) significantly increased as a result of mindfulness training. Also, significant correlations were found between the anxiety and the gamma band in Pz (r = 0.76, P = 0.04) and Fz (r = 0.75, P = 0.04) channels and between arousal and the gamma band in the Fz channel (r=0.88, P = 0.008). Mindfulness training to promote creativity leads to the increase of gamma bands in the central and parietal regions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mahdieh Naderan
1
Majid Ghoshuni
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elham Pour Afrouz
2

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
  2. Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate four sources of implied motion in static images (a moving object as the source of implied motion, hand movements of the image creator as the source of implied motion, past experiences of the observer as the source of implied motion, and fictive movement of a point across an image as the source of implied motion). In the experiment of the study, participants orally described 16 static images that appeared on the screen of a computer. The aim was to find whether participants had used any motion-related word to describe each image. It was assumed that using motion-related words to describe a static image was an indication that the image had created a sense of motion for the observer. These results indicated that all four types of implied motion could create a significant sense of motion for the observer. Based on these results, it is suggested that observing these images could lead to simulating the actions involved in those motion events and the activation of the motor system. Finally, it is proposed that the three characteristics of being rule-based (clearly-defined), continuous, and gradual are critical in perceiving that image as a fictive motion.
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Authors and Affiliations

Omid Khatin-Zadeh
1

  1. School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Abstract

The misinformation effect is influenced by many mnestic and non-mnestic factors. This article concerns the role of two of them: 1) state anxiety, defined as a situational experience of anxiety; 2) memory distrust, understood as a constant tendency to negatively evaluate one's memory. Both factors are relevant in the situation of being a witness and are believed to have a negative effect on the magnitude of the misinformation effect. In the present research, participants’ state anxiety had an immunizing effect against misinformation. As for memory distrust, no relationship was found between negative evaluation of memory and susceptibility to misinformation. The results confirm the beneficial effect of anxiety on resisting misinformation and demonstrate a greater need for further explorations concerning memory distrust.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Kuczek
1
Malwina Szpitalak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Romuald Polczyk
1

  1. Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
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Abstract

This research aims to explore the associations of maternal anxiously attached feelings towards the child, parenting stress, and negative parenting among Chinese mothers with school-aged children. 105 Chinese mothers participated in it. The study utilized the modified anxious attachment subscale in Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, the Parenting Stress Index, and the subscale of authoritarian parenting in The Short Version of Parenting Style and Dimension Questionnaire. It found that parenting stress played a mediator role in the relationship between parents’ anxiously attached feelings towards a child and negative parenting. These results highlight the importance of intervention programs aiming for parenting stress management.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yi Huang
1

  1. Masaryk University, Czech Republic
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine whether there are differences in the performance on simple and complex mathematical tasks depending on the personality traits and the presence of an audience. After completing the personality questionnaire, within the first experimental session, participants (N=70) solved one set of simple and one set of complex mathematical tasks. In the second session participants solved another set of simple and another set of complex tasks. In one of the sessions, participants were solving tasks in front of the audience, while in the other session the audience was absent. The results indicate that presence of an audience facilitates performance of those participants low on neuroticism, but only when they are solving simple tasks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kalebić Maglica
1
Petra Anić
1
Domagoj Švegar
1
Hana Mehonjić
1

  1. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Croatia
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Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of manipulating visual information about one’s movement in Virtual Reality (VR) during physical training on a stationary bike. In the first experiment, the participants’ (N=30) task was to cycle on a stationary bike while embodying a virtual avatar. Fifteen participants experienced the Slow condition, in which a virtual avatar cycled at the constant speed of 15km/h, while the other fifteen participants experienced the Fast condition, in which a virtual avatar cycled at the constant speed of 35km/h. In the second experiment, we tested whether introducing agency (i.e., linking real-life cycling speed with the cycling speed of a virtual avatar), would improve exercise performance. Participants (N=31) experienced counterbalanced conditions: Faster optic flow (avatar’s speed was 15% faster than the participants’ real cycling speed), and Slower optic flow (avatar’s speed was 15% slower than the participants’ real cycling speed). Results showed that all participants increased their cycling speed when experiencing altered cycling speed of a virtual avatar compared with their baselines, but in the first experiment, participants cycled faster in the faster optic flow condition, while in the second experiment, when participants controlled the virtual avatar’s cycling speed, there were no differences between the Fast and Slow conditions. Participants described the cycling in VR as a pleasant experience. The present study suggests that the addition of Virtual Reality during exercise training may increase cycling performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Kowal
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Piskorz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Czub
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Poland

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We require authors to share their data along with their manuscript (using any public depository or our submission panel). There are many benefits to sharing your data openly with the scientific community.

Cover letter

Cover letter should include: Authors' name(s) and e-mail addresses, affiliation (for each author) and word count. The letter should also list the highlights of the submitted contribution (what we already know on this subject and what this paper actually adds).

Publication Ethics Policy

Peer Review and Ethics

Polish Psychological Bulletin is committed to peer-review integrity and upholding the highest standards of review.
Once your paper has been assessed for suitability by the editor, it will then be double blind peer reviewed by independent, anonymous authorities in the field.
Our guidance on publishing ethics is in accrdance with the COPE standards (see: https://publicationethics.org).

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