Life Sciences and Agriculture

Journal of Plant Protection Research

Content

Journal of Plant Protection Research | 2023 | vol. 63 | No 1

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Abstract

Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) has emerged as an alternative to sugarcane. It is mainly utilized for sugar extraction and has significant industrial value with great nutritional impact. Different kinds of biotic and abiotic stresses are considered to be major barriers for sugar beet cultivation. As per the current scenario, every year sugar beet production suffers huge yield losses due to various stresses. The conventional breeding technique is a time-consuming lengthy procedure which can be replaced by a genetic transformation technique to bring new transgenic traits within a short period of time. Sugar beet has proven to be excellent sample material for in vitro culture of haploid plants, protoplast culture, somaclonal variation, and single cell culture, among others. Agrobacterium mediated and PEG-mediated transformations are the most effective genomic transformations in the case of sugar beet. Development of new traits in terms of fungus/virus, pest/nematode tolerance, herbicide and salt tolerance are the most frequently expected traits in the current scenario of sugar beet production. Potential transgenic plants are viable alternatives to traditional expression systems for end product (protein) development with more accuracy. So, transgenic production through genome editing/base editing is presently considered to be one of the best tools for sugar beet tolerant traits development. Food safety and environmental impacts are two major concerns of genetic transformation in sugar beet and need to be appropriately screened for public health acceptability.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sudeepta Pattanayak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Siddhartha Das
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sumit Kumar
3

  1. Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR – Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
  2. Department of Plant Pathology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Parlakhemundi, India
  3. Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University, Thanesar, India
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Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. against wild pathogen Fusarium oxysporum F.28.1A, which causes wilt disease on sesame. Twenty-six isolates of Trichoderma spp. isolated from soil samples were tested to control F. oxysporum F.28.1A. Prescreening showed that five isolates were T-02B1, T-18B2, T-20B1, T-28B1, and T-29A1, based on the lowest values of colony radius of F. oxysporum F.28.1A. The selected isolates were identified by their ITS region as T. yunnanense T-02B1, T. lentiforme T-18B2, T. asperellum T-20B1, T. hamatum T-28B1, and T. hamatum T-29A1, with similarities around 96–100%. The isolates selected were able to produce enzymes including chitinase, exo-β-1,3-glucanase, and endo-β-1,3-glucanase at levels of 0.34–0.44, 0.017–0.034, and 0.032–0.121 UI · ml –1, respectively, which were considered to be a mechanism to prevent the growth of F. oxysporum F.28.1A. The isolates tested were applied in soil pots to prevent damage from F. oxysporum F.28.1A as a following experiment. The greenhouse experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 10 treatments, including a negative control, application of only F. oxysporum F.28.1A, application of both F. oxysporum F.28.1A and fungicide chemicals, application of both F. oxysporum F.28.1A and Trichoderma spp. DHCT, application of T. yunnanense T-02B1, application of T. lentiforme T-18B2, application of T. asperellum T-20B1, application of T. hamatum T-28B1, application of T. hamatum T-29A1 and a mixture of the five selected isolates of Trichoderma spp. with their total population equal to that in individual strain application. The results showed that the five mixed isolates of Trichoderma had a synergistic effect on the reduction of the disease’s prevalence by 35% compared to the negative control treatment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nguyen Quoc Khuong
1
Cao Thi Thuy Trang
1
Do Thi Xuan
2
Le Thanh Quang
2
Tran Ngoc Huu
1
Ly Ngoc Thanh Xuan
3
Jun-Ichi Sakagami
4
Le Vinh Thuc
1

  1. Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Viet Nam
  2. Biotechnology Research and Development Institute, Can Tho University, Viet Nam
  3. Experimental and Practical Area, An Giang University – Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  4. Tropical Crop Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Abstract

The normal formulation of etofenprox was developed to nanoformulation and used against the adults of silver whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in eggplant fields. Three concentrations of both the normal and nanoformulations were used. The concentrations of etofenprox nanoformulation were one-fifth of the normal formulation. The nanosize of etofenprox ranged from 225 to 489 nm. The loading capacity of etofenprox was 60.7 ± 5.7%. The obtained results showed that the LC 50 of the normal formulation was four times more than the nanoformulation. The LC 50 for the nanoformulation was 0.9 and 3.5 ppm for the normal formulation of etofenprox. This means that the nanoformulation of etofenprox was more effective than the normal. The residues of both nano and normal formulations were determined in eggplant fruits after three applications. The obtained results showed that the residue of nanoformulation after 1 hour of treatment was 0.51 ± 0.03 compared with 0.62 ± 0.03 mg · kg –1 ± SD in normal formulation. After 1 hour of treatment the residue of etofenprox was reduced to 0.11 ± 0.1 and 0.22 ± 0.02 mg · kg –1 ± SD in nano and normal formulations, respectively. The dissipation rates of both nano and normal formulations after 1 hour were 78.3 and 64.5%, respectively. The degradation rate (K) in nanoformulation and normal etofenprox was 1.33 and 0.73 mg · kg –1 ± SD, respectively. The residue half-life (LR 50) was 0.52 and 1 day, respectively. The preharvest interval (PHI) was 6 days for both nano and normal etofenprox formulations. The results confirmed that nanoetofenprox was more effective against B. tabaci adults, with lower persistence and lower residue than the normal formulation of etofenprox.
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Authors and Affiliations

Al-kazafy Hassan Sabry
1
Aziza H. Mohamady
2
Rasha A. Sleem
2
Shaker M. Abolmaaty
3
Rania M.A. Helmy
4

  1. Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
  2. Bioassay Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
  3. Central Laboratory for Agriculture Climate, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
  4. Pesticide Residue and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of aqueous extracts from five traditional Egyptian medicinal plants in preventing Sphaerotheca fuliginea’s powdery mildew disease, which affects cucumber plants. Aqueous extracts from each of the examined plants suppressed the pathogen’s conidia germination in vitro. In trials using detached leaves and greenhouses, these extracts lessened the severity of the disease. Compared to other plant extracts, Curcuma longa rhizome extract showed the greatest potency against the pathogen. The aqueous extract of Curcuma longa showed the largest improvement in disease suppression compared to the control in the greenhouse experiment. The results showed that total phenol and associated defense enzyme levels (POD and PPO) were elevated by plant extracts from all studied plants. These findings might suggest that total phenol and associated defense enzymes strengthen the cucumber’s resistance to the disease. The C. longa extract had more total phenol than the extracts from the other plants. The phenolic components in the C. longa rhizome extract were varied, and these variations were detected and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The content of curcumin (3220.8 μg · g –1 dry weight) was the highest. In comparison to the control, the foliar application of the C. longa extract considerably increased the cucumber fruit yield and its constituent parts. This is the first time, to my knowledge, that the C. longa rhizome extract has been utilized to improve cucumber plants’ production and its constituent parts. The pathogen appeared as small colonies with fewer mycelia and immature conidia in the treated cucumber leaves with 20% of C. longa rhizome extract according to an examination by SEM. Overall, the results indicated that the extract of C. longa rhizome, was a promising, effective, and environmentally friendly management measure against powdery mildew disease of cucumbers, and thus could be used in the production of organically grown vegetables.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zakaria Awad Baka
1

  1. Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Damietta, New Damietta, Egypt
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Abstract

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is an economically important pest in rice production. The identification of a nematode species is an important basis in nematode management to reduce yield losses by extracting nematode DNA as an early step in molecular identification. This study aimed to investigate the optimal extraction method and number of M. graminicola for nematode genomic analysis based on PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and Sanger sequencing. The DNA extraction methods used in this study were the CTAB, SDS, and commercial kit (GeneAidTM Tissue/Blood DNA Mini Kit). The results revealed that the three DNA extraction methods could be used to analyze the nematode genomics based on PCR and Sanger sequencing using one nematode, both in a second-stage juvenile and a female, equipped with the process of nematode destruction by freezing. This finding was shown by the amplification of all DNA templates with Mg-F3 and Mg-R2 primers through PCR with a size of 370 bp, while Sanger sequencing obtained 372 bp.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rendyta Morindya
1
Siwi Indarti
1
Alan Soffan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sedyo Hartono
1

  1. Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Abstract

In this study Trichoderma harzianum strain A was isolated from the rhizosphere of an argan tree in southern Morocco. Trichoderma harzianum strain A had previously demonstrated a high antagonistic potential in vitro by direct confrontation and in vivo on wheat plants in pots under greenhouse conditions against Zymoseptoria tritici, the agent of septoria leaf blotch. In this study, the activity of filtrates prepared from the liquid culture of T. harzianum A alone and from the confrontation medium with two Z. tritici strains [G1-1 (durum wheat) and A5-1 (soft wheat)] on the inhibition of Z. tritici pycnidiospore germination was studied by nephelometry. The results of the antibiosis assay revealed that filtrate 0 (A in confrontation with G1-1) and F3 (A against A5-1) showed 95% of G1-1 and A5-1 pycnidiospore inhibition at 9/10 dilution of the undiluted filtrates after 4 days of incubation. To understand and explain the antifungal activity of these filtrates, the extraction and identification of secondary molecules of peptaibiotic nature secreted by T. harzianum A in the three studied filtrates were performed. According to the results of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analyses, 38 peptaibiotic molecules reported in the literature for their antifungal activity were identified in the different extracts at high concentrations (high peak intensities). These molecules are divided into nine groups, namely: Trichocryptin, Trichobrevin, Triochocryptin, Hypocompactin, Hyporodicin, Trichocompactin, Alamethicine, Trichoferin, and Trichokonin. It was also shown that the presence of the pathogen induces the production of peptaibols by the antagonistic strain of Trichoderma.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ilham Barakat
1
ORCID: ORCID
Noureddine Chtaina
1
Taha El Kamli
2
Philippe Grappin
3
Mohammed El Guilli
4
Brahim Ezzahiri
1

  1. Department of Production, Protection, and Biotechnology, Hassan II Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
  2. Department of Veterinary, Hassan II Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
  3. FungiSem, IRHS, INRA-University of Angers-Agrocampus-Ouest, Angers, France
  4. Laboratory of Phytopathology and Post-Harvest Quality, Regional Centre for Agronomic Research, Kénitra, Morocco
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Abstract

The effects of two native isolates of Beauveria bassiana, AM-118 and BB3, were evaluated on the predatory coccinellid, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri by measuring several developmental parameters and intermediary metabolism. Treatment with both isolates significantly increased the length of each developmental stage compared to the control except for the eggs and adults. The preovipositional period in the adults treated with BB3 significantly increased compared to those treated with AM-118 and the control. Other parameters, including longevity, length of oviposition period and fecundity, showed no significant differences between treatments. Although there were no significant differences in the parameters of net reproduction rate ( R0) and gross reproduction rate ( GRR) between the control and fungal treated C. montrouzieri, the intrinsic rate of population increase ( r) and finite rate of population (λ) for the control treatments were significantly higher. The activities of both aminotransferases in the larvae and the adults treated with both isolates significantly increased 96 hours post-treatment compared to the control. Although similar results were recorded for acid phosphatase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity showed no significant differences in larvae and adults between the treatments. The amount of protein significantly decreased in the larvae and the adults treated with both isolates after 96 hours, while the amount of triglyceride significantly reduced in the treated larvae compared to control. No significant differences were observed in adults. Our results indicated that both native isolates of B. bassiana may affect life fitness of C. montrouzieri but isolate AM-118 was more compatible than BB3.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sara Aghaeepour
1
Arash Zibaee
1
Samar Ramzi
1 2
Hassan Hoda
3

  1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
  2. Tea Research Center, Horticulture Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Lahijan, Iran
  3. Department of Biological Control, Iranian Institute of Plant Protection Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Amol, Iran
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Abstract

Orobanche crenata parasitism on lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) is one of the most destructive factors for this crop in Morocco. Field and pot assays were performed to study the mitigation of O. crenata stress on two lentil genotypes, Bakria (partially resistant to O. crenata) and Zaaria (susceptible), using salicylic acid (SA) and indole acetic acid (IAA). These two hormones were applied separately at concentrations of 1 mM and 0.09 mM, respectively, using seed pre-treatment and/or foliar spray methods. SA and IAA seed pre-treatment for the susceptible genotype Zaaria and foliar spray for the resistant genotype Bakria gave the best control of O. crenata under field and controlled conditions. This control reached ~91% in Zaaria and 83% in Bakria and was sometimes accompanied by an increase in plant growth and seed yield compared to the untreated plants. Biochemical assays showed that SA and IAA reduced O. crenata infestation in lentil through induction of systemic acquired resistance characterized by increasing activities of phenol metabolizing enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase) implicated in natural defense systems of plants. Treatment of plants with SA or IAA could be an alternative strategy of crop protection with more satisfactory preservation of the environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fatima Zahra Briache
1 2
Majda El Amri
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mounia Ennami
3
Moez Amri
4
Zine El Abidine Triqui
2
Rachid Mentag
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Biotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Rabat, Morocco
  2. Department of Biotechnology and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
  3. Department of Crop Production, Protection and Biotechnology, Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
  4. Agro-sciences (AgBS), University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
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Abstract

Allelopathy refers to the beneficial and detrimental effects of one plant on another plant in both crops and weeds through the production of secondary compounds. In order to evaluate the allelopathic effects of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) as a crop and redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L.) as a common weed worldwide on each other in intercropping, these plants were cultivated under controlled conditions at Tabriz University laboratory. The ratios of wheat to redroot pigweed were, 100 : 0 and vice versa as a control, 75 : 25, 50 : 50, and 25 : 75. The results showed that at the ratio of 25 : 75 (wheat : redroot pigweed), the fresh and dry weight of roots and shoot length of wheat decreased significantly compared to the control. The fresh and dry weight of wheat shoots showed a significant decrease at different ratios compared to the control. Shoot peroxidase (POD), root superoxide dismutase (SOD), and root and shoot catalase (CAT) activities in redroot pigweed increased in all intercropping ratios compared to the control. POD activity in wheat roots was higher at all ratios than in the control. Furthermore, the ratio of 75 : 25 (wheat : redroot pigweed) led to increased activity of POD enzymes and malonedialdehyde (MDA) content in wheat shoots. Moreover, roots of redroot pigweed showed increased activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and SOD enzymes and MDA content. With increased density of redroot pigweed, the soluble sugar content of wheat roots reduced significantly. However, the content of insoluble sugar and total protein increased. Root exudate compounds such as terpenoids, phenolic compounds, fatty alcohol, steroids, fatty acids, and alkanes were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The findings showed that the roots were more exposed to oxidative stress due to direct contact with allelochemical compounds. Our results support the hypothesis that increasing the density can reduce the toxicity of allelochemical compounds and that increasing the activity of the antioxidant system will improve plant growth under allelochemical stress.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zahra Alizadeh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rouhollah Motafakkerazad
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar
1
Gholamreza Zarrini
2

  1. Plant, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
  2. Animal Biology Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Abstract

The studies were conducted from 2012 to 2015 at the National Institute of Horticultural Research in Skierniewice, Poland. The aim of the research was to determine the yield of Chinese cabbage, its storage ability and nutritional value, depending on weed management methods used during cultivation. In the field experiments the following methods were compared: mechanical treatments, mechanical treatments + growth stimulators, soil mulching with black polypropylene, black polyethylene and biodegradable foil and hand weeding. After harvest the Chinese cabbage was stored at 0–2°C for 125–126 days depending on the year and after storage marketable and rotten heads were sorted. The percent of yellowed, rotten leaves in the total mass of the stored heads was also determined, as well as the natural weight loss. The chemical composition of Chinese cabbage was analyzed after harvest and after storage. The analyses included: dry matter, total sugars, vitamin C and soluble phenol content. After harvest the highest yield of Chinese cabbage grown in black polyethylene mulch was obtained. After storage the highest yield of marketable heads from cabbage mechanically weeded with additional application of biostimulator AlfaMax during cultivation was obtained. Chemical analyses showed that after harvest the highest dry matter, total sugars and vitamin C content were found in Chinese cabbage mechanically weeded and soluble phenols were the highest in non-weeded Chinese cabbage. After storage the highest content of dry matter was recorded in non-weeded Chinese cabbage, while total sugars were the highest in cabbage mulched with black polyethylene and biodegradable foil. Vitamin C was the highest in mechanically weeded and soluble phenols were the highest in hand-weeded cabbage.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Golian
1
Zbigniew Anyszka
1
Ryszard Kosson
2
Maria Grzegorzewska
2

  1. Weed Science Laboratory, The National Institute of Horticultural Research in Skierniewice, Skierniewice, Poland
  2. Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Storage and Postharvest Physiology, The National Institute of Horticultural Research in Skierniewice, Skierniewice, Poland
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Abstract

In Cameroon, oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is of economic importance. However, it is affected by vascular wilt presumed to be caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis (FOE). Accurate species identification requires molecular-based comparisons. The aim of this work was to molecularly identify Fusarium species associated with diseased oil palms and to determine the pathogenicity of selected isolates. Fungal samples of diseased palms were collected from the canopies and the soil of five oil palm estates of the Cameroon Development Corporation and characterized by sequencing and comparing the translation elongation factor 1a gene. The results revealed the presence of FOE from approximately 80% of the isolates. Cameroonian isolate within FOE clade 1 exhibited the greatest variability grouping with isolates from Suriname, Brazil and Democratic Republic of Congo. Other isolates found in FOE clade 2 formed a unique group which was comprised solely of isolates originating from Cameroon. Twenty-two isolates were chosen for pathogenicity tests. After a short time, 14 isolates were found to be pathogenic to oil palm seedlings. This study revealed the pathogenicity of FOE isolates from Cameroon and demonstrated that FOE in Africa is more diverse than previously reported, including a lineage not previously observed outside of Cameroon. Comparisons between all isolates will ultimately aid to devise appropriate control mechanisms and better pathogen detection methods.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rosemary Tonjock Kinge
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lilian Moforcha Zemenjuh
2
Evelyn Manju Bi
3
Godswill Ntsomboh-Ntsefong
4
Grace Mbong Annih
5
Eneke Esoeyang Tambe Bechem
2

  1. Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Northwest Region, Cameroon
  2. Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Southwest Region, Cameroon
  3. Department of Crop Production Technology, College of Technology, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Northwest Region, Cameroon
  4. Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Center Region, Cameroon
  5. Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, West Region, Cameroon

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Instructions for Authors

Manuscripts published in JPPR are free of charge. Only colour figures and photos are payed 61.5 € per one colour page JPPR publishes original research papers, short communications, critical reviews, and book reviews covering all areas of modern plant protection. Subjects include phytopathological virology, bacteriology, mycology and applied nematology and entomology as well as topics on protecting crop plants and stocks of crop products against diseases, viruses, weeds, etc. Submitted manuscripts should provide new facts or confirmatory data. All manuscripts should be written in high-quality English. Non-English native authors should seek appropriate help from English-writing professionals before submission. The manuscript should be submitted only via the JPPR Editorial System (http://www.editorialsystem.com/jppr). The authors must also remember to upload a scan of a completed License to Publish (point 4 and a handwritten signature are of particular importance). ALP form is available at the Editorial System. The day the manuscript reaches the editors for the first time is given upon publication as the date ‘received’ and the day the version, corrected by the authors is accepted by the reviewers, is given as the date ‘revised’. All papers are available free of charge at the Journal’s webpage (www.plantprotection.pl). However, colour figures and photos cost 61.5 € per one colour page.

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