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Some Mechanical Properties of Experimental Mg-Al -RE-Mn Magnesium Alloys

K.N. Braszczyńska-Malik
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2014 | No 1 | DOI: 10.2478/afe-2014-0003
Keywords mechanical properties magnesium alloy aluminum rare earth elements
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Abstract

The results of some mechanical properties of four Mg-5Al-xRE-0.4Mn (x = 1 – 5) alloys are presented. The microstructure of

experimental alloys consisted of an α-Mg phase and an α+γ semi-divorced eutectic, Al11RE3 phase and an Al10RE2Mn7 intermetallic

compound. For gravity casting in metal mould alloys, Brinell hardness, impact strength, tensile and compression properties at ambient

temperature were determined. The performed mechanical tests allowed the author to determine the proportional influence of the mass

fraction of rare earth elements in the alloys on their tensile strength, yield strength, compression strength and Brinell hardness. The

impact strength of the alloys slightly decreases with a rise in the rare earth elements mass fraction.

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Authors and Affiliations

K.N. Braszczyńska-Malik

Microstructure of Mg–Al–RE-type Experimental Magnesium Alloy Gravity Cast into Sand Mould

K.N. Braszczyńska-Malik E. Przełożyńska
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2016 | No 2 | DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0037
Keywords rare earth elements Magnesium alloy Aluminium As-cast conditions Microstructure
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Abstract

Magnesium alloy with 5 wt% Al, 0.35 wt% Mn and 5 wt% rare earth elements (RE) was prepared and gravity cast into a sand mould.

Microstructure investigations were conducted. Analyses of the Mg-Al-RE alloy microstructure were carried out by light microscopy,

scanning electron microscopy and the XRD technique. In the as-cast condition, the alloy was composed of α-Mg, Al11RE3 and

Al10RE2Mn7 intermetallic phases. Additionally, due to non-equilibrium solidification conditions, an Al2RE intermetallic phase was

revealed.

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Authors and Affiliations

K.N. Braszczyńska-Malik
E. Przełożyńska

Modification of Non-Metallic Inclusions by Rare-Earth Elements in Microalloyed Steels

M. Opiela A. Grajcar
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2012 | No 2 | DOI: 10.2478/v10266-012-0050-9
Keywords Rare-earth Elements Modification of Non-metallic Inclusions Microalloyed Steels
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Abstract

The modification of the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions by rare-earth elements in the new-developed microalloyed steels was discussed in the paper. The investigated steels are assigned to production of forged elements by thermomechanical treatment. The steels were melted in a vaccum induction furnace and modification of non-metallic inclusions was carried out by the michmetal in the amount of 2.0 g per 1 kg of steel. It was found that using material charge of high purity and a realization of metallurgical process in vacuous conditions result in a low concentration of sulfur (0.004%), phosphorus (from 0.006 to 0.008%) and oxygen (6 ppm). The high metallurgical purity is confirmed by a small fraction of non-metallic inclusions averaging 0.075%. A large majority of non-metallic inclusions are fine, globular oxide-sulfide or sulfide particles with a mean size 17 µm2 . The chemical composition and morphology of non-metallic inclusions was modified by Ce, La and Nd, what results a small deformability of nonmetallic inclusions during hot-working.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Opiela
A. Grajcar

Investigation and modelling of rare-earth activated waveguide structures

W. Woliński M. Malinowski A. Mossakowska-Wyszyńska R. Piramidowicz P. Szczepański
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2005 | vol. 53 | No 2 | 97-102
Keywords waveguide lasers laser materials spectroscopy upconversion rare-earth ions
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Abstract

In this paper the overview of the recent study on the rare-earth activated waveguides performed in the Optoelectronic Department of IMiO is presented. We reported on the development of rare earth-doped fluorozirconate (ZBLAN) glass fibers that allow a construction of a new family of visible and ultraviolet fiber lasers pumped by upconversion. Especially the performance of holmium devices is presented. The properties of laser planar waveguides obtained by the LPE process and the growth conditions of rare earths doped YAG layers are presented. In this paper we present also the theoretical study of the nonlinear operation of planar waveguide laser, as an example the microdisk Nd:YAG structure is discussed. We derived an approximate formula which relates the small signal gain in the Nd:YAG active medium and the laser characteristics, obtained for whispering-gallery modes and radial modes, to the output power and real parameters of the laser structure

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Authors and Affiliations

W. Woliński
M. Malinowski
A. Mossakowska-Wyszyńska
R. Piramidowicz
P. Szczepański

Synthesis of Mg-based alloys with rare-earth element addition by means of mechanical alloying

Sabina Lesz Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz Klaudiusz Gołombek Małgorzata Karolus Patrycja Janiak
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 5 | e137586 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137586
Keywords mechanical alloying magnesium rare-earth element ytterbium
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Abstract

Magnesium-based alloys are widely used in the construction, automotive, aviation and medical industries. There are many parameters that can be modified during their synthesis in order to obtain an alloy with the desired microstructure and advantageous properties. Modifications to the chemical composition and parameters of the synthesis process are of key importance. In this work, an Mg-based alloy with a rare-earth element addition was synthesized by means of mechanical alloying (MA). The aim of this work was to study the effect of milling times on the Mg-based alloy with a rare-earth addition on its structure and microhardness. A powder mixture of pure elements was milled in a SPEX 8000D high energy shaker ball mill under an argon atmosphere using a stainless steel container and balls. The sample was mechanically alloyed at the following milling times: 3, 5, 8 and 13 h, with 0.5 h interruptions. The microstructure and hardness of samples were investigated. The Mg-based powder alloy was examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and using a Vickers microhardness test. The results showed that microhardness of the sample milled for 13 h was higher than that of those with milling time of 3, 5 and 8 h.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sabina Lesz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Klaudiusz Gołombek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Karolus
2
ORCID: ORCID
Patrycja Janiak
1
  1. Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
  2. Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland

Mechanical alloying of Mg-Zn-Ca-Er alloy

Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz Sabina Lesz Marek Kremzer Małgorzata Karolus Wojciech Pakieła
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 5 | e137587 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137587
Keywords magnesium mechanical alloying erbium rare earth elements
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Abstract

Magnesium-based materials constitute promising alternatives for medical applications, due to their characteristics, such as good mechanical and biological properties. This opens many possibilities for biodegradable materials to be used as less-invasive options for treatment. Degradation is prompted by their chemical composition and microstructure. Both those aspects can be finely adjusted by means of proper manufacturing processes, such as mechanical alloying (MA). Furthermore, MA allows for alloying elements that would normally be really hard to mix due to their very different properties. Magnesium usually needs various alloying elements, which can further increase its characteristics. Alloying magnesium with rare earth elements is considered to greatly improve the aforementioned properties. Due to that fact, erbium was used as one of the alloying elements, alongside zinc and calcium, to obtain an Mg₆₄Zn₃₀Ca₄Er₁ alloy via mechanical alloying. The alloy was milled in the SPEX 8000 Dual Mixer/Mill high energy mill under an argon atmosphere for 8, 13, and 20 hours. It was assessed using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy and granulometric analysis as well as by studying its hardness. The hardness values reached 232, 250, and 302 HV, respectively, which is closely related to their particle size. Average particle sizes were 15, 16, and 17 μm, respectively
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sabina Lesz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Kremzer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Karolus
2
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Pakieła
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland

Electrochemical behavior and morphology of selected sintered samples of Mg65Zn30Ca4Pr1 alloy

Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz Sabina Lesz Aleksandra Drygała Małgorzata Karolus Klaudiusz Gołombek Rafał Babilas Julia Popis Adrian Gabryś Katarzyna Młynarek-Żak Dariusz Garbiec
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 3 | e145564 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145564
Keywords magnesium rare-earth elements SPS corrosion
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Abstract

In order to investigate the effect of the milling time on the corrosion resistance of the Mg65Zn30Ca4Pr1 alloy, powders of the alloy were prepared and milled for 13, 20, and 70 hours, respectively. The samples were sintered using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technology at 350◦C and pressure of 50 MPa. The samples were subjected to potentiodynamic immersion tests in Ringer’s solution at 37◦C. The obtained values of Ecorr were –1.36, –1.35, and –1.39 V, with polarization resistance Rp = 144, 189, and 101 Ω for samples milled for 13, 20 and 70 h, respectively. The samples morphology showed cracks and pits, thus signaling pitting corrosion.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartłomiej Hrapkowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sabina Lesz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Drygała
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Karolus
2
ORCID: ORCID
Klaudiusz Gołombek
3
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Babilas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Julia Popis
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adrian Gabryś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Młynarek-Żak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Garbiec
4
  1. Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, ul. Pułku Piechoty 75 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
  3. Materials Research Laboratory, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  4. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Poznan Institute of Technology, ul. Ewarysta Estkowskiego 6, 61-755 Poznan, Poland

Rare Earth Elements, a commodity not demanded in Poland? Some remarks on the mode of formulation of the Geological and Mining Law

Marek Nieć
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi Polskiej Akademii Nauk | 2018 | Nr 106 | 127-132 | DOI: 10.24425/124402
Keywords Rare Earth Elements Geological and Mining Law exploitation fee
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Abstract

The demand for REE was the background to include them to those consisting of the property of the State Treasury in Poland, enumerated in the Geological and Mining Law (Article 10). The PLN 500/kg REE payment for exploitation of REE (exploitation tax) was introduced. Both proposals will restrain the REE recovery from exploited domestic mineral commodities. The term REE is imprecise. Their deposits are rare and may be classified as “REE ore deposits”. The REE are often the accompanying constituents in varied mineral commodities and are recoverable during their processing, outside the mine. The application of an exploitation tax in such a case is inapplicable. The established value of the exploitation tax is incomparably high in respect to the value of the REE contained in mined mineral commodities. The analysis of introduced changes of mining and geological law allow to suggest the reevaluation of ownership based subdivision of mineral commodities: name the mineral commodities belonging to the land property owners and leave the list of mineral commodities consisting property of the State Treasury open. The more careful approach is also necessary in the formulation of Geological and Mining Law. It should be preliminary formulated by persons competent in geology and mining and subsequently adjusted to juridical exigencies.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Nieć

The Concentration of Rare Earth Elements in the Polish Power Plant Wastes

Rafał Karol Baron Piotr Matusiak Daniel Kowol Marcin Talarek
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 25-36 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2022.140700
Keywords Coal burning wastes rare earth elements (REE) granulometric classification
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Abstract

The article presents the results of laboratory tests determining the concentration of rare earth elements (REE) in coal-burning wastes to assess their economic usefulness. The content of valuable elements was determined by the technique of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the material collected from three regions of southern Poland. A mixture of waste (including fly ash, furnace slag) from heat and power plants using coal for thermal transformation processes was an object for testing. Part of the research project was to identify a share of the rare elements in the collected samples with a selected grain class of <0.045 mm.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Karol Baron
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Matusiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Daniel Kowol
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Talarek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. ITG KOMAG, 37 Pszczyńska Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Mineralogy and geochemistry of Upper Cretaceous Mazıdağı Phosphorite Deposits from the Northern Arabian Plate (Mardin, Turkey)

Sema Tetiker
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2023 | vol. 39 | No 2 | 37-69 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2023.145889
Keywords Cerium anomalies Karababa formation phosphate rare earth elements
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Abstract

In the Mardin-Mazıdağı region, which corresponds to the northern Arabian Plate, layers containing marine phosphorite rocks are found within the Karababa Formation (Upper Cretaceous). The Karataş member contains phosphorites and carbonate rocks with nodular chert geodes and fossils.
The phosphorite and micritic limestones contain invertebrate fossil fragments and materials such as optical isotropic pelletic apatite minerals, angular/subangular and plated fish bone fragments, and brachiopod shells. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) results show that the apatite minerals are either spherical or ellipsoidal in shape and their size varies between 100–200 μm. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) examinations, the rocks contain apatite (carbonate rich fluorapatite; CFA), carbonate (calcite, dolomite), silica (quartz and opal-CT), little feldspar, and clay (smectite, palygorskite/ sepiolite, kaolinite, illite, chlorite, mixed layered chlorite-vermiculite (C-V) and illite-vermiculite (I-V).
The average major and trace elements found in the phosphorite include P2O5 (35.41 wt.%), REE s (44.57 ppm), Y (52.85 ppm), and U (5.45 ppm). The Mazıdağı phosphorite analysis indicates that the conditions are slightly oxic, which is supported by their slightly negative Ce anom average values (–0.30), low Ce/La ratios (0.32), and a V/(V + Ni) mean of 0.93 ppm. All the recoded values of the average REE for the study area are considerably lower than those in Iraq (84.30 ppm), Tunisia (400.3 ppm), Morocco (571.75 ppm) and Jordan (187 ppm). It is inferred that mineral formation processes are affected by the biogenic and biogeochemical activities that occurred in conjunction with the changes in sea level driven by the tectonic conditions associated with the evolution of the Neotethys Ocean.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sema Tetiker
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Batman University, Turkey

Tracking Down Rare-Earth Elements

Bogusław Bagiński
ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2022 | No 3 (75) Turning Points | 73-77 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2022.144003
Keywords elements rare-earth elements minerals hydrothermal fluids petrology
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Abstract

Rare-earth elements have countless applications in electronic devices that use state-of-the-art technologies. Experimental research is aimed at making it easier to find them, by predicting their behavior in the processes that form mineral ores.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bogusław Bagiński
1
  1. Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw

A Study on Recovery of Cerium by Leaching Solvents from NiMH Waste Battery

Boram Kim Dae-Weon Kim Hee Lack Choi
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 103-106
Keywords NiMH Cerium recovery rare earth composite powder
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Abstract

In this study, a rare earth composite precipitation (NaREE(SO 4) 2H 2O, REE: Ce, La, Nd, Pr) powder was prepared from spent nickel hydride batteries, and cerium hydroxide was separated from its constituent rare earth elements. As Ce(OH) 3 can be oxidized more easily than other rare earth elements (La, Nd, and Pr), Ce 3+ was converted to Ce 4+ by injecting air into the leachate at 80°C for 4 h. The oxidized powder was leached using sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Because Ce(OH) 4 has low solubility, it can be separated from other elements. Therefore, the pH of the leaching solution was adjusted for selective precipitation. To determine the crystalline phase, recovery, and grade of the recovered Ce(OH) 4, the powders were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The grade and recovery rates of the Ce(OH) 4 powder recovered from the rare earth composite precipitate using sulfuric acid as the solvent were 95% and 97%, respectively, whereas those of the powder recovered using hydrochloric acid were 96% and 95%, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Boram Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dae-Weon Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hee Lack Choi
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute for Advanced Engineering, Advanced Material & Processing Center, 175-28 Goan-ro, 51 Beon-gil, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi, 17180, Korea
  2. Pukyong National University, Department of Material Science & Engineering, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea

Phase Evolution During Extraction and Recovery of Pure Nd from Magnet

Mohammad Zarar Rasheed Sun-Woo Nam Sang-Hoon Lee Sang-Min Park Ju-Young Cho Taek-Soo Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 1001-1005 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136414
Keywords Liquid metal extraction Rare Earth Recycling Vacuum Distillation phase transformation
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Abstract

Liquid Metal Extraction process using molten Mg was carried out to obtain Nd-Mg alloys from Nd based permanent magnets at 900oC for 24 h. with a magnet to magnesium mass ratio of 1:10. Nd was successfully extracted from magnet into Mg resulting in ~4 wt.% Nd-Mg alloy. Nd was recovered from the obtained Nd-Mg alloys based on the difference in their vapor pressures using vacuum distillation. Vacuum distillation experiments were carried out at 800oC under vacuum of 2.67 Pa at various times for the recovery of high purity Nd. Nd having a purity of more than 99% was recovered at distillation time of 120 min and above. The phase transformations of the Nd-Mg alloy during the process, from Mg12Nd to α-Nd, were confirmed as per the phase diagram at different distillation times. Pure Nd was recovered as a result of two step recycling process; Liquid Metal Extraction followed by Vacuum Distillation.
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Bibliography

[1] J.D. Widmer, R. Martin, M. Kimiabeigi, SM&T. 3, 7-13 (2015).
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[16] I . Barin, Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, Germany (1989).
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammad Zarar Rasheed
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Sun-Woo Nam
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Hoon Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Min Park
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ju-Young Cho
2
ORCID: ORCID
Taek-Soo Kim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Science and Technology, Industrial Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
  2. Korea Institute for Rare Metals, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon, Republic of Korea

Stratigraphy of the Albian–Cenomanian (Cretaceous) phosphorite interval in central Poland: a reappraisal

Marcin Machalski Danuta Olszewska-Nejbert Markus Wilmsen
Acta Geologica Polonica | 2023 | vol. 73 | No 1 | 1-31 | DOI: 10.24425/agp.2022.142650
Keywords Poland Cretaceous Phosphorites Rare Earth Elements Biostratigraphy Sequence stratigraphy
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Abstract

Several closely-spaced phosphorite beds stand out at the Albian–Cenomanian transition in the mid-Cretaceous transgressive succession at the northeastern margin of the Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland. They form a distinctive condensed interval of considerable stratigraphical, palaeontological, and economic value. Here, we correlate the classical section at Annopol with a recently investigated section at Chałupki. We propose a new stratigraphic interpretation of the phosphorite interval, based on lithological correlations, Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium (REE+Y) signatures of phosphorites, age-diagnostic macrofossils, and sequence stratigraphic patterns. This interval has long been considered as exclusively Albian in age. However, new macrofossil data allow us to assign the higher phosphorite levels at Annopol and Chałupki, which were the primary target for the phosphate mining, to the lower Cenomanian. In terms of sequence stratigraphy, the phosphorite interval encompasses the depositional sequence DS Al 8 and the Lowstand System Tract of the successive DS Al/Ce 1 sequence. The proposed correlation suggests that lowstand reworking during the Albian–Cenomanian boundary interval played an important role in concentrating the phosphatic clasts and nodules to exploitable stratiform accumulations. Our conclusions are pertinent to regional studies, assessments of natural resources (in view of the recent interest in REE content of the phosphorites), and dating of the fossil assemblages preserved in the phosphorite interval. On a broader scale, they add to our understanding of the formation of stratiform phosphorite deposits.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Machalski
1
Danuta Olszewska-Nejbert
2
Markus Wilmsen
3
  1. Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51/55, PL 00-818 Warszawa, Poland
  2. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 93, PL 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
  3. Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie, Sektion Paläozoologie, Konigsbrücker Landstr. 159, D-01109 Dresden, Germany

Effect of Magnet Scrap Size on the Extraction Behavior of Heavy Rare Earth Elements by Liquid Metal Extraction

Sun-Woo Nam Mohammad Zarar Rasheed Sang-Min Park Sang-Hoon Lee Do-Hyang Kim Taek-Soo Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 4 | 1273-1276 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.133683
Keywords Liquid metal extraction Rare Earth Elements Recycling Oxidation Magnet scrap
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Abstract

Liquid metal extraction (LME) process results in 100% neodymium (Nd) extraction but the highest extraction efficiency reported for Dysprosium (Dy) so far is 74%. Oxidation of Dy is the major limiting factor for incomplete Dy extraction. In order to enhance the extraction efficiency and to further investigate the limiting factors for incomplete extraction, experiments were carried out on six different particle sizes of under 200 µm, 200-300 µm, 300-700 µm, 700-1000 µm, 1000-2000 µm and over 2000 µm at 900℃ with magnesium-to-magnet scrap ratio of 15:1 for 6, 24 and 48 hours, respectively. This research identified Dy2Fe17 in addition to Dy2O3 phase to be responsible for incomplete extraction. The relationship between Dy2Fe17 and Dy2O3 phase was investigated, and the overall extraction efficiency of Dy was enhanced to 97%.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sun-Woo Nam
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad Zarar Rasheed
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Min Park
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Hoon Lee
ORCID: ORCID
Do-Hyang Kim
Taek-Soo Kim
ORCID: ORCID

The impact of selected factors and access to mineral resources on the development of wind energy in Poland

Aurelia Rybak Aleksandra Rybak
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2024 | vol. 40 | No 1 | 187-212 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2024.149303
Keywords wind energy ARMAX model forecasting rare earth metals
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Abstract

This article presents the results of research on the importance of access to critical raw materials for the development of wind energy in Poland. The authors have built a set of factors that can potentially influence this development. Twenty-four explanatory variables were taken into account, which were assigned to five categories. The amount of demand for mineral resources related to the development of wind technology was determined using a computer programwritten by the authors. The importance of individual factors was verified using the ARMAX model. As a result of this, it was possible to identify the explanatory variables that significantly affect the volume of wind energy production in Poland. The group of mineral resources includes critical metals that are necessary for the production of wind turbines. These are rare earth elements, copper, nickel, boron and manganese. The ARMAX model enables the examination of the relationship between the explained variable and the explanatory variables. Optimization of the model parameters was performed by limiting the mean square error. During the validation of the model, the VIF (variance inflation factor), Dickey-Fuller and Doornik-Hansen tests were used. The ARMAX validation also consisted of selecting the model characterized by the lowest value of information criteria and determining ex post errors, including the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). In addition, the nature of individual independent variables was determined, i.e. whether they were stimulants, nominants, or destimulants. The forecast made it possible to verify the possibility of meeting the assumptions of the Polish Energy Policy until 2040. It showed that if the development trends of the factors that affect wind energy do not change, it would be possible to meet the assumptions of PEP2040 regarding the dynamic development of wind farms in Poland and double the generation capacity by 2030. Analysis using the ARMAX model showed that access to raw materials such as REE, Cu, Ni, Br and Mn would have a very significant impact on the development of wind energy in Poland. Each factor of the raw material category that was introduced into the model was considered statistically significant at the significance level of α = 0.01, i.e. at the lowest acceptable risk of error. Therefore, the raw material base would be of key importance to ensure access to wind energy at the level adopted in PEP2040.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aurelia Rybak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Rybak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

Effect of Fe Content on the Mechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of the Al-RE Alloys

Hyo-Sang Yoo Yong-Ho Kim Hyeon-Taek Son
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 3 | 1029-1033 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.133212
Keywords aluminum extrusion Rare Earth thermal conductivity mechanical property
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Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effect of Fe addition (0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 wt.%) on the microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of as-cast and as-extruded Al-RE alloys. As the Fe element increased by 0 and 0.75wt.%, the phase fraction increased to 5.05, 5.76, 7.14 and 7.38 %. The increased intermetallic compound increased the driving force for recrystallization and grain refinement. The electrical conductivity of Al-1.0 wt.%RE alloy with Fe addition decreased to 60.29, 60.15, 59.58 and 59.13 %IACS. With an increase in the Fe content from 0 to 0.75 wt.% the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the alloy increased from 74.3 to 77.5 MPa. As the mechanical properties increase compared to the reduction of the electrical conductivity due to Fe element addition, it is considered to be suitable for fields requiring high electrical conductivity and strength.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hyo-Sang Yoo
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Ho Kim
ORCID: ORCID
Hyeon-Taek Son
ORCID: ORCID

The high temperature ashes (HTA) from bituminous coal combustion as a potential resource of rare earth elements

Zdzisław Adamczyk Joanna Komorek Małgorzata Lewandowska
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2018 | vol. 34 | No 3 | 135-150 | DOI: 10.24425/122576
Keywords rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) high-temperature ash (HTA) critical raw materials
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Abstract

Potential sources of rare earth elements are sought after in the world by many researchers. Coal

ash obtained at high temperatures (HTA ) is considered among these sources.

The aim of the study was an evaluation of the suitability of the high temperature ash (HTA ) formed

during the combustion of bituminous coal from the Ruda beds of the Pniówek coal mine as an

potential resource of REY . The 13 samples of HTA obtained from the combustion of metabituminous

(B) coal were analyzed.

The analyses showed that the examined HTA samples varied in their chemical composition.

In accordance with the chemical classification of HTA , the analyzed ash samples were classified

as belonging to the following types: sialic, sialocalcic, sialoferricalcic, calsialic, fericalsialic,

ferisialic.

The research has shown that the rare earth elements content (REY ) in examined HTA samples

are characterized by high variability. The average REY content in the analyzed ashes was 2.5 times

higher than the world average (404 ppm).

Among rare earth elements, the light elements (LREY ) were the most abundant. Heavy elements

(HREY ) had the lowest share.

A comparison of the content of the individual rare earth elements in HTA samples and in UCC

showed that it was almost 20 times higher than in UCC.

The distribution patterns of REY plotted for all samples within their entire range were positioned

above the reference level and these curves were of the M-H or M-L type. The data presented indicate, that the analyzed ash samples should be regarded as promising REY

raw materials. Considering the fact that in 7 out of 13 analyzed ash samples the REY content was

higher than 800 ppm, REY recovery from these ashes may prove to be economic.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zdzisław Adamczyk
Joanna Komorek
Małgorzata Lewandowska

Effects of Rare Earth Metal Addition on Wear Resistance of Chromium-Molybdenum Cast Steel

B. Kalandyk J. Kasińska
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2017 | vol. 17 | No 3 | DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0092
Keywords Wear resistant alloys rare earth metals Cast steel Miller test Surface profile
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Abstract

This paper discusses changes in the microstructure and abrasive wear resistance of G17CrMo5-5 cast steel modified with rare earth metals

(REM). The changes were assessed using scanning microscopy. The wear response was determined in the Miller test to ASTM G75.

Abrasion tests were supplemented with the surface profile measurements of non-modified and modified cast steel using a Talysurf CCI

optical profilometer. It was demonstrated that the modification substantially affected the microstructure of the alloy, leading to grain size

reduction and changed morphology of non-metallic inclusions. The observed changes in the microstructure resulted in a three times higher

impact strength (from 33 to 99 kJ/cm2

) and more than two times higher resistance to cracking (from 116 to 250 MPa). The following

surface parameters were computed: Sa: Arithmetic mean deviation of the surface, Sq: Root-mean-square deviation of the surface, Sp:

Maximum height of the peak

Sv: Maximum depth of the valley, Sz: Ten Point Average, Ssk: Asymmetry of the surface, Sku: Kurtosis of the surface. The findings also

indicated that the addition of rare earth metals had a positive effect on the abrasion behaviour of G17CrMo5-5 cast steel.

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Authors and Affiliations

B. Kalandyk
J. Kasińska

Influence of Rare Earth Metals on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of G20Mn5 Cast Steel

J. Kasińska
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2018 | vol.18 | No 3 | 37-42
Keywords G20Mn5 rare earth metals modification microstructure impact toughness
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Abstract

The paper describes influence of rare earth metals (REMs) on G20Mn5 cast steel microstructure and mechanical properties. The cerium mixture of the following composition was used to modify cast steel: 49.8% Ce, 21.8% La, 17.1% Nd, 5,5% Pr and 5.35% of REMs. Cast steel was melted in industrial conditions. Two melts of non-modified and modified cast steel were made. Test ingots were subject to heat treatment by hardening (920°C/water) and tempering (720°C/air). Heat treatment processes were also performed in industrial conditions. After cutting flashes off samples of cast steel were collected with purpose to analyze chemical composition, a tensile test and impact toughness tests were conducted and microstructure was subject to observations. Modification with use of mischmetal did not cause significant changes in cast steel tensile strength and yield strength, while higher values were detected for fractures in the Charpy impact test, as they were twice as high as values for the data included in the PN-EN 10213:2008 standard. Observations performed by means of light and scanning microscopy proved occurrence of significant differences in grain dimensions and morphology of non-metallic inclusions. Adding REMs resulted in grain fragmentation and transformed inclusion shapes to rounded ones. Chemical composition analyses indicated that round inclusions in modified cast steel were generally oxysulphides containing cerium and lanthanum. In the paper the author proved positive influence of modification on G20Mn5 cast steel mechanical properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Kasińska

Microstructural Characterization of U-10wt.%Zr Fuel Slugs Containing Rare-Earth Elements Prepared by Modified Injection Casting

Sang-Hun Lee Ki-Hwan Kim Seoung-Woo Kuk Jeong-Yong Park Ji-Hoon Choi
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2019 | vol. 64 | No 3 | 953-957 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2019.129479
Keywords U-Zr Rare-earth element Microstructure injection casting Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR)
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Abstract

U-10wt.%Zr metallic fuel slugs containing rare-earth (RE: a rare-earth alloy comprising 53% Nd, 25% Ce, 16% Pr and 6% La) elements for a sodium-cooled fast reactor were fabricated by modified injection casting as an alternative method. The distribution, size and composition of the RE inclusions in the metallic fuel slugs were investigated according to the content of the RE inclusions. There were no observed casting defects, such as shrunk pipes, micro-shrinkage or hot tears formed during solidification, in the metallic fuel slugs fabricated by modified injection casting. Scanning electron micrographs and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) showed that the Zr and RE inclusions were uniformly distributed in the matrix and the composition of the RE inclusions was similar to that of a charged RE element. The content and the size of the RE inclusions increased slightly according to the charge content of the RE elements. RE inclusions in U-Zr alloys will have a positive effect on fuel performance due to their micro-size and high degree of distribution.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sang-Hun Lee
Ki-Hwan Kim
Seoung-Woo Kuk
Jeong-Yong Park
Ji-Hoon Choi

Effect of Bismuth and Rare Earth Elements on Graphite Structure in Different Section Thicknesses of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Castings

Z. Glavas A. Strkalj K. Maldini F. Kozina
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2018 | vol. 63 | No 3 | 1547-1553 | DOI: 10.24425/123846
Keywords spheroidal graphite cast iron casting graphite structure bismuth rare earth elements microstructure
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Abstract

Effects of additions of 0.00064, 0.001 and 0.0042 wt.% Bi on the graphite structure in the section thicknesses of 3, 12, 25, 38, 50, 75 and 100 mm of spheroidal graphite cast iron castings containing 2.11 wt.% Si and rare earth (RE) elements (Ce + La + Nd + Pr + Sm + Gd) in the range from 0.00297 to 0.00337 wt.% were analyzed in this paper. Addition of Bi was not necessary for obtaining high nodule count and nodularity higher than 80% in section thicknesses of 3, 12 and 25 mm. RE elements showed a beneficial effect on the nodule count and nodularity in these sections. Nodularity was below 80% in section thicknesses of 38, 50, 75 and 100 mm when Bi was not added. Detrimental effect of RE elements on graphite morphology in these sections was neutralized by adequate addition of Bi. Addition of 0.001 wt.% Bi (ratio of RE/Bi = 3.27) was enough to achieve nodularity above 80% in the section thickness of 38 mm. Nodularity was increased above 80% in section thicknesses of 50, 75 and 100 mm by addition of 0.0042 wt.% Bi (ratio of RE/Bi = 0.78). At the same time, Bi significantly increased the nodule count. Nodularity above 80% and the high nodule count in the section thicknesses of 75 and 100 mm were also achieved by using an external metallic chill in the mold. In this case, addition of Bi was not required.

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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Glavas
A. Strkalj
K. Maldini
F. Kozina

Ashes from bituminous coal burning in fluidized bed boilers as a potential source of rare earth elements

Zdzisław Adamczyk Joanna Komorek Małgorzata Lewandowska Jacek Nowak Barbara Białecka Joanna Całusz-Moszko Agnieszka Klupa
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2018 | vol. 34 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/118652
Keywords rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) fluidized bed fly ash fluidized bed bottom ash critical raw materials
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Abstract

Rare earth elements are characterized by the high risk of their shortage resulting from limited resources. From this reason REE constitute a group of elements of special importance for the European Union. The aim of this study was to evaluate ashes from the burning of coal in fluidized bed boilers as an potential source of REY . Twelve samples of fly ash and bottom ash taken from power plants in Poland were analyzed. Tests have shown that despite some differences in chemical composition, the fly ash and bottom ash from fluidized beds could be classified as the calsialic, low acid type. It was found that fly ashes contained more REY than bottom ashes. Among REY , the light elements (LREY ) had the highest share in the total REY content in both fly ashes and bottom ashes. Heavy elements (HREY ) had the lowest content. The normalized curves plotted for fly ash samples within almost all of their entire range were positioned above the reference level and these curves were of the L-M or H-M type. The content of the individual REY in these samples was even twice as high as in UCC . The normalized curves plotted for bottom ash samples were classified as of L, L-M or H type. They were positioned on the reference level or above it. The content of the individual REY in these samples was the same or up to about 4 times lower than in UCC. It was found that the content of critical elements and of excessive elements in fly ash and bottom ash differs, which has an effect on the value of the outlook coefficient Coutl, and which is always higher in the case of fly ash than in the case of bottom ash. Nevertheless, the computed values of the outlook coefficient Coutl allow both fly ash and bottom ash from fluidized beds to be regarded as promising REY raw materials.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zdzisław Adamczyk
Joanna Komorek
Małgorzata Lewandowska
Jacek Nowak
Barbara Białecka
Joanna Całusz-Moszko
Agnieszka Klupa

Effect of Rare Earth Cerium Addition on Oxidation Behavior of Co-Al-W Alloys at 800°C

D. Migas T. Liptáková G. Moskal
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 203-208 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137490
Keywords rare earth elements REE cyclic oxidation γ-γ′ cobalt-based superalloys Co-Ce
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Abstract

The γ/γ′ Co-based alloys are a new class of cobalt superalloys, which are characterized by remarkable high temperature strength owing to strengthening by γ′-Co3(Al, X) phases. In this investigation, the effect of cerium addition on oxidation behavior of model Co-Al-W alloys was studied. The introduction of Ce aimed at improvement of the oxidation resistance of γ′-forming Co-based superalloys. The minor additions of cerium (0.1, 0.5 at.%) were added to the base alloy Co-9Al-9W. The alloys were prepared via induction vacuum melting (VIM). Further, a primary microstructure of the alloys was analyzed with particular regard to a segregation of Ce. The thermogravimetric analysis (TG) under non-isothermal conditions was used to preliminary estimate the oxidation behavior of alloys at different temperatures. During experiment, differential thermal analysis (DTA) was performed simultaneously. After this test, cyclic oxidation expermients was carried out at 800°C for 500 h. In as-cast state, Ce segregates to interdendritic areas and forms intermetallic phases. The effect connected with melting of interdendritic precipitates was observed at 1160°C. Ce-containing alloys were less prone of oxide spallation. Moreover, oxidation rate of these alloys substantially decreased after 100h of oxidation, whereas mass of the sample corresponding to base alloy continued to increase.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Migas
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Liptáková
2
ORCID: ORCID
G. Moskal
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Department of Materials Technologies , Katowice, Poland
  2. University of Zilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Material Engineering, Zilina, Slovak Republic

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