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Abstract

Water resources are the main component of natural systems affected by climate change in the Middle East. Due to a lack of water, steam power plants that use wet cooling towers have inevitably reduced their output power. This article investigates the replacement of wet cooling towers in Isfahan Thermal Power Plant (ITPP) with Heller natural dry draft cooling towers. The thermodynamic cycle of ITPP is simulated and the effect of condenser temperature on efficiency and output power of ITPP is evaluated. For various reasons, the possibility of installing the Heller tower without increasing in condenser temperature and without changing the existing components of the power plant was rejected. The results show an increase in the condenser temperature by removing the last row blades of the low-pressure turbine. However, by replacing the cooling tower without removing the blades of the last row of the turbine, the output power and efficiency of the power plant have decreased about 12.4 MW and 1.68 percent, respectively.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamad Hasan Malekmohamadi
1 2
Hossein Ahmadikia
1
ORCID: ORCID
Siavash Golmohamadi
2
Hamed Khodadadi
3

  1. University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
  2. Isfahan Thermal Power Plant, Isfahan, Iran
  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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Abstract

A numerical solution is presented to investigate the influence of the geometry and the amplitude of the transverse ridge on the characteristics of elastohydrodynamic lubrication for point contact problem under steady state condition. Several shapes of ridges with different amplitudes are used in the stationary case, such as flattop ridge, cosine wave ridge and sharp ridge of triangular shape. Results of film thickness and pressure distributions of the aforementioned ridge feature are presented at different locations through an elastohydrodynamically lubricated contact zone for different amplitude of the ridge. Simulations were performed using the Newton-Raphson iteration technique to solve the Reynolds equation. The numerical results reveal that, to predict optimum solution for lubricated contact problem with artificial surface roughness, the geometrical characteristics of the ridge should have profiles with smooth transitions such as those of a cosine wave shape with relatively low amplitude to reduce pressure spike and therefore cause the reduction in the film thickness. The position of the location of the ridge across the contact zone and the amplitude of the ridge play an important role in the formation of lubricant film thickness and therefore determine the pressure distribution through the contact zone.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed F. Abd Al-Samieh
1

  1. Mechanical Design & Production Department, Military Technical College, Cairo, Egypt.
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Abstract

The objective of the present study is to optimize multiple process parameters in turning for achieving minimum chip-tool interface temperature, surface roughness and specific cutting energy by using numerical models. The proposed optimization models are offline conventional methods, namely hybrid Taguchi-GRA-PCA and Taguchi integrated modified weighted TOPSIS. For evaluating the effects of input process parameters both models use ANOVA as a supplementary tool. Moreover, simple linear regression analysis has been performed for establishing mathematical relationship between input factors and responses. A total of eighteen experiments have been conducted in dry and cryogenic cooling conditions based on Taguchi L18 orthogonal array. The optimization results achieved by hybrid Taguchi-GRA-PCA and modified weighted TOPSIS manifest that turning at a cutting speed of 144 m/min and a feed rate of 0.16 mm/rev in cryogenic cooling condition optimizes the multi-responses concurrently. The prediction accuracy of the modified weighted TOPSIS method is found better than hybrid Taguchi-GRA-PCA using regression analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mst. Nazma Sultana
1
Nikhil Ranjan Dhar
1

  1. Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Abstract

In this study, static behaviors of functionally graded plates resting on Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundation using the four-variable refined theory and the physical neutral surface concept is reported. The four-variable refined theory assumes that the transverse shear strain has a parabolic distribution across the plate’s thickness, thus, there is no need to use the shear correction factor. The material properties of the plate vary continuously and smoothly according to the thickness direction by a power-law distribution. The geometrical middle surface of the functionally graded plate selected in computations is very popular in the existing literature. By contrast, in this study, the physical neutral surface of the plate is used. Based on the four-variable refined plate theory and the principle of virtual work, the governing equations of the plate are derived. Next, an analytical solution for the functionally graded plate resting on the Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundation is solved using the Navier’s procedure. In numerical investigations, a comparison of the static behaviors of the functionally graded plate between several models of displacement field using the physical neutral surface is given, and parametric studies are also presented.
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Authors and Affiliations

Van Loi Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Minh Tu Tran
1
ORCID: ORCID
Van Long Nguyen
1
Quang Huy Le
2

  1. Department of Strength of Materials, National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam
  2. Department of Highway Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Transport Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Abstract

This study aims to optimize the 2-cylinder in-line reciprocating compressor crankshaft. As the crankshaft is considered the "bulkiest" component of the reciprocating compressor, its weight reduction is the focus of current research for improved performance and lower cost. Therefore, achieving a lightweight crankshaft without compromising the mechanical properties is the core objective of this study. Computational analysis for the crankshaft design optimization was performed in the following steps: kinematic analysis, static analysis, fatigue analysis, topology analysis, and dynamic modal analysis. Material retention by employing topology optimization resulted in a significant amount of weight reduction. A weight reduction of approximately 13% of the original crankshaft was achieved. At the same time, design optimization results demonstrate improvement in the mechanical properties due to better stress concentration and distribution on the crankshaft. In addition, material retention would also contribute to the material cost reduction of the crankshaft. The exact 3D model of the optimized crankshaft with complete design features is the main outcome of this research. The optimization and stress analysis methodology developed in this study can be used in broader fields such as reciprocating compressors/engines, structures, piping, and aerospace industries.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ali Arshad
1
ORCID: ORCID
Pengbo Cong
2
Adham Awad Elsayed Elmenshawy
1
Ilmārs Blumbergs
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Aeronautics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Transport and Aeronautics, Riga Technical University, Latvia
  2. Institute of Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Transport and Aeronautics, Riga Technical University, Latvia
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Abstract

For a deeper understanding of the inner ear dynamics, a Finite-Element model of the human cochlea is developed. To describe the unsteady, viscous creeping flow of the liquid, a pressure-displacement-based Finite-Element formulation is used. This allows one to efficiently compute the basilar membrane vibrations resulting from the fluid-structure interaction leading to hearing nerve stimulation. The results show the formation of a travelingwave on the basilar membrane propagating with decreasing velocity towards the peaking at a frequency dependent position. This tonotopic behavior allows the brain to distinguish between sounds of different frequencies. Additionally, not only the middle ear, but also the transfer behavior of the cochlea contributes to the frequency dependence of the auditory threshold. Furthermore, the fluid velocity and pressure fields show the effect of viscous damping forces and allow us to deeper understand the formation of the pressure difference, responsible to excite the basilar membrane.

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Authors and Affiliations

Philipp Wahl
1
Pascal Ziegler
1
Peter Eberhard
1

  1. Institute of Engineering and Computational Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Germany
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Abstract

In this paper, a comprehensive study is carried out on the dynamic behaviour of Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams resting on Winkler type variable elastic foundation. The material properties of the beam and the stiffness of the foundation are considered to be varying along the length direction. The free vibration problem is formulated using Rayleigh-Ritz method and Hamilton’s principle is applied to generate the governing equations. The results are presented as non-dimensional natural frequencies for different material gradation models and different foundation stiffness variation models. Two distinct boundary conditions viz., clamped-clamped and simply supported-simply supported are considered in the analysis. The results are validated with existing literature and excellent agreement is observed between the results.

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Authors and Affiliations

Saurabh Kumar
1

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum andEnergy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, 248007, India.
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Abstract

A compliant beam subjected to large deformation is governed by a multifaceted nonlinear differential equation. In the context of theoretical mechanics, solution for such equations plays an important role. Since it is hard to find closed-form solutions for this nonlinear problem and attempt at direct solution results in linearising the model. This paper investigates the aforementioned problem via the multi-step differential transformation method (MsDTM), which is well-known approximate analytical solutions. The nonlinear governing equation is established based on a large radius of curvature that gives rise to curvature-moment nonlinearity. Based on established boundary conditions, solutions are sort to address the free vibration and static response of the deforming flexible beam. The geometrically linear and nonlinear theory approaches are related. The efficacy of the MsDTM is verified by a couple of physically related parameters for this investigation. The findings demonstrate that this approach is highly efficient and easy to determine the solution of such problems. In new engineering subjects, it is forecast that MsDTM will find wide use.

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Authors and Affiliations

Theddeus Tochukwu Akano
1
Patrick Shola Olayiwola
1

  1. University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
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Abstract

Embedded delamination growth stability was analysed with the help of the FEM combined with a specially developed procedure for node relocation to obtain a smooth variation of the SERR components along the delamination contour. The procedure consisted in the replacement of the actual material with the very compliant fictitious one and the displacement of the delamination front nodes by the previously determined distance in a local coordinate system. Due to this loading, the new delamination front was created. Subsequently, the original material was restored. Evolution under inplane compression of three initially circular delaminations of diameters d = 30, 40 and 50 mm embedded in thin laminates of two different stacking sequences were considered. It was found that the growth history and the magnitude of the load that triggers unstable delamination growth depended mainly on the combined effects of the initial delamination size, delamination contour, out of plane post-buckling geometry of the disbonded layers, reinforcement arrangement, and magnitude and variation of the SERR components along the delamination contour. To present the combined effect of these features, an original concept of the effective resistance curve, G Reff , was introduced.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Czarnocki
1
Tomasz Zagrajek
1

  1. Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland.
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Abstract

The article describes motion planning of an underwater redundant manipulator with revolute joints moving in a plane under gravity and in the presence of obstacles. The proposed motion planning algorithm is based on minimization of the total energy in overcoming the hydrodynamic as well as dynamic forces acting on the manipulator while moving underwater and at the same time, avoiding both singularities and obstacle. The obstacle is considered as a point object. A recursive Lagrangian dynamics algorithm is formulated for the planar geometry to evaluate joint torques during the motion of serial link redundant manipulator fully submerged underwater. In turn the energy consumed in following a task trajectory is computed. The presence of redundancy in joint space of the manipulator facilitates selecting the optimal sequence of configurations as well as the required joint motion rates with minimum energy consumed among all possible configurations and rates. The effectiveness of the proposed motion planning algorithm is shown by applying it on a 3 degrees-of-freedom planar redundant manipulator fully submerged underwater and avoiding a point obstacle. The results establish that energy spent against overcoming loading resulted from hydrodynamic interactions majorly decides the optimal trajectory to follow in accomplishing an underwater task.
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Authors and Affiliations

Virendra Kumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Soumen Sen
1
Shibendu Shekhar Roy
2

  1. Robotics and Automation Division, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, India
  2. Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India

[?]

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Abstract

Unmanned, battery-powered quadrotors have a limited onboard energy resources. However, flight duration might be increased by reasonable energy expenditure. A reliable mathematical model of the drone is required to plan the optimum energy management during the mission. In this paper, the theoretical energy consumption model was proposed. A small, low-cost DJI MAVIC 2 Pro quadrotor was used as a test platform. Model parameters were obtained experimentally in laboratory conditions. Next, the model was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and then validated using the data collected during real flight trials in outdoor conditions. Finally, the Monte-Carlo simulation was used to evaluate the model reliability in the presence of modeling uncertainties. It was obtained that the parameter uncertainties could affect the amount of total consumed energy by less than 8% of the nominal value. The presented model of energy consumption might be practically used to predict energy expenditure, battery state of charge, and voltage in a typical mission of a drone.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Głębocki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Żugaj
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mariusz Jacewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

A helicopter blade tip vortex generates impulsive noise of high intensity when it impinges upon the following blade. In the present work, the vortex is attenuated by coaxial swirling jet rotating in the opposite direction. The jet issues from a nozzle located at the blade tip. The nozzle was supplied with compressed air transported in the blade channel. The decrement of vortex strength is measured as a function of the compressed air pressure related to the dynamic pressure of the flow in the wind tunnel. It was found that the jet, even of relatively low intensity, considerably effects the blade tip vortex formation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Szumowski
Mieczysław Litwińczyk
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Abstract

This work deals with the analysis of elasto-plastic post-buckling state of rectangular laminated plates subjected to combined loads, such as uniform compression and shear. The plates are built of specially orthotropic symmetrical layers. The analysis is carried out on the basis of nonlinear theory of orthotropic plates involving plasticity. The solution can be obtained in the analytical-numerical way using Prandtl-Reuss equations. The preliminary results of numerical calculations are also presented in figures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Grądzki
Katarzyna Kowal-Michalska
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Abstract

The analysis of buckling, post-buckling behaviour and load carrying capacity of prismatic composite pole structures is conducted. The asymptotic expansion established by Byskov-Hutchinson is used in the second order approximation. The thin-walled tubular columns are simply supported at the ends and subject to the uniform compression. Several types of cross-sections with and without intermediate stiffeners are considered. The present paper is the continuation of a previous paper by the authors (1999) where the modal interaction of thin-walled composite beamcolumns was investigated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marian Królak
Zbigniew Kołakowski
Katarzyna Kowal-Michalska
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Abstract

The authors of this paper analysed Acoustic Emission (AE) signal generated in different stages of punch process, emitted from crank PMSC - 12 punch press. The details of the instrumentation used are described. The experimental part describes the influence of feedstock thickness and hardness to the intensity of the emitted signal. The final part of the investigation presents the changes of AE signal caused by simulated tool abrasive wear. The possibilities of AE monitoring of punching of thin plates are also discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Ranachowski
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Dębowski
Leszek Moszczyński
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Abstract

Theoretical analysis of the dewatering and consolidation process of the wet paper web with the air through- blowing technique is presented in this study. This kind of process takes place in a new (patented) device called the air press. The results of theoretical considerations are experimentally verified. The experimental research was conducted on a specially designed experimental stand with the use of three kinds of paper used for oil and air filtration. It was proven that the air through-blowing process of the fibrous web dewatering can be considered as unidirectional consolidation with the linear relationship of dehydration and deformation. A new system of devices was suggested for the continuous production of high quality filter papers, with the air press as its basic element.
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Authors and Affiliations

Włodzimierz Kawka
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Abstract

Computer simulation of involute spur gears generation was used to determine tooth profiles mapped by tools during gear machining. These profiles were computed for different combinations of geometric parameters of machined gears and tools as well as for different combinations of pretreatment and finishing processes. Results of simulations were used for generation of very precise finite element models of representative gear segments. For these models, distributions of stresses were computed for assumed load in the ADINA finite element system. The results were compared with related results of computations made in accordance with the ISO/DIS and AGMA standards. Special attention was paid to gears, in which additional notch appears at tooth root after machining. This notch causes concentration of stresses. On the basis of the above named computations an analysis of influence of technological parameters and methods of machining gears on form and bending strength properties of spur gear tooth root was performed. General conclusions were formulated. They can be useful in both gear design and gear manufacturing for proper selection of structural parameters, association of pretreatment and finishing, selection of suitable method of gear generation and parameters of applied tool. Approach suggested in this paper: setting initial structural and technological parameters, computer simulation of gear generation, computer assisted strength analysis leading to suitable modification of the design and manufacturing presumptions - establishes proper basis for optimization of gears with consideration to the maximum possible bending strength properties of spur gear tooth root.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Kawalec
Jerzy Wiktor
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Abstract

This paper presents requirements for meshing of simplified type of worm gears applied in fine mechanisms. There are given some geometrical dependencies referring to meshing of the worm with the thread made of wire (having circular section). The paper describes also a computer program aiding design of such kind of worm gears.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zdzisław Mrugalski
Wiesław Mościcki
Andrzej Odej
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Abstract

Heat transfer augmentation has become the utmost industrial desire. Turbulence promoters seems to be a better option for better heat transfer but at the expense of enormous pressure drop. In the current study, experimental optimization of heat transfer and pressure drop in various configurations of ribbed and corrugated surfaces on the bottom wall of the Solar Air Heater channel, having aspect ratio of 26:5 was performed. The results were evaluated in terms of enhancement in heat transfer (Nu/Nu s), friction factor ratio (f/f s) and thermal performance factor ( η). Three different cases and nine configurations with a pitch to rib/corrugation height ratio of 4.0 were studied. Case A consists of a smooth, continuous square rib, inline and staggered broken ribs. Case B comprises 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° trapezoidal corrugated geometries while Case C is the comparison of smooth, wavy corrugated and the best configurations of cases A and B. The results show that rectangular duct with staggered broken ribs and trapezoidal corrugation at 45° are the best configurations for case A and B, respectively. The 45° corrugated configuration is the best one amongst all, with values of 1.53, 1.5 and 1.33% for Nu/Nu s, f/f s and η respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Waseem Siddique
1
Aneeq Raheem
1
Muhammad Aqeel
2
Sualeh Qayyum
2
Tareq Salamen
3
Khalid Waheed
2
Kamran Qureshi
1

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
  2. Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
  3. Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract

The laminar flow around two side-by-side circular cylinders was numerically investigated using a vortex-in-cell method combined with a continuous-forcing immersed boundary method. The Reynolds number (Re) of the flow was examined in the range from 40 to 200, and the distance between the cylinders varies from 1.2 D to 6 D, where D is the cylinder diameter. Simulation results show that the vortex wake is classified into eight patterns, such as single-bluff-body, meandering-motion, steady, deflected-in-one-direction, flip-flopping, anti-phase-synchronization, in-phase-synchronization, and phase-difference-synchronization, significantly depending on the Re, the cylinder distance, and the initial external disturbance effects. The anti-phase-synchronization, in-phase-synchronization, and phase-difference-synchronization vortex patterns can be switched at a low Re after a long time evolution of the flow. In particular, the single-bluff-body and flip-flopping vortex patterns excite the oscillation amplitude of the drag and lift coefficients exerted on the cylinders.
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Authors and Affiliations

Van Luc Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Duy Knanh Ho
1

  1. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
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Abstract

The helical jet is generated in a tangential pipe nozzle having the tangential and the axial inlets and the axial outlet. The flow directions in free jet spreading in the stationary air was measured by means of a flag type probe. The flow was visualized using the planar scattering technique. It was found that due to asymmetrical distribution of the tangential velocity in the jet leaving the nozzle, the air particles spread in the ambient with various intensity depending on the azimuthal angle. The result is that the jet has a spiral shape with bean-like cross-section.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Szumowski
Jan Wojciechowski
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Abstract

The paper deals with the safety criteria of design for an infinite fatigue life of machinery parts. Uniaxial and multiaxial zero mean stress states are considered. In the latter case, constant-amplitude in-phase stress components, as well as random-amplitude synchronous stress components, are taken into account. Dimensionless and relative safety margins for these stress states are defined. The presented criteria refer to ductile materials showing true fatigue limits. Transformation rules in the plane are given for fatigue limits referenced to coordinate system different than the components of the plane stress.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Kolenda

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