This article provides an overview of French translations of prose and drama on the Hungarian book market between 2000 and 2020. The quantitative and qualitative analysis is based on data from the National Library of Hungary comprising 39,792 entries, of which 2,479 are translations from French. The analysis focuses on the position of French compared to other source languages, the distribution of translations according to their literary genre, and publishers actively involved in the publication of French literature. Results indicate that French ranks third after English and German, accounting for 6.2% of the records in the sample, and is rarely used as an intermediary language for translation. Novels are the genre most frequently translated, while translations of dramatic works are sporadic. The three most active publishers of French translations in Hungary comprise one publisher of classic and contemporary literature, one of digital books and one of children’s literature.

Este artículo constituye una contribución al estudio de la paremiología contrastiva en español, euskera y polaco. Se centra en una visión estrecha de la función metalingüística de los refranes, relacionada solamente con su uso y recepción y no con el conjunto de la lengua y el habla. El estudio pretende arrojar algo de luz sobre la naturaleza de los metarrefranes en español, euskera y polaco, así como encontrar en ellos un reflejo de las creencias populares sobre el uso de las paremias y suscitar una reflexión sobre los valores que transmiten. Entre las conclusiones, el trabajo muestra, por ejemplo, que hay un número significativamente mayor de metarrefranes negativos en español, así como que existe una fuerte preferencia por el presente de indicativo en español y polaco, mientras que la gran mayoría de los metarrefranes vascos son oraciones nominales.

The private correspondence between Françoise de Graffigny and Antoine-François Devaux allows us to trace the genesis of the epistolary novel Lettres d'une Péruvienne and the five-act play Cénie, two works considered best-sellers of the 18th century. These letters help us understand her working methods (self- censorship, her conception of the female author, her relationship with her main characters, her surrounding environment, etc.) as well as the motivations behind her writing (primarily the need for money), to the extent that they can be considered drafts of both works. The interplay between Françoise de Graffigny’s biography and her fictional female characters is evident from the start, and the reconstruction of the genesis of these works demonstrates how literary creation becomes a means of self- reflection and the creation of a feminine self. This contribution will seek to demonstrate how, in her two most well-known works, Graffigny uses the figure of the stranger, in all its senses, to highlight the difficulties women faced in 18th-century society, showing through the cases of Zilia and Cénie that women were considered ‘like’ foreigners in their own country, in their own homes.

In French and numerous other languages, there are certain noun phrases (NP’s) built around a noun coming from the commercial sphere, but which strike, whoever looks closer at them, as odd. I am thinking of NP’s like un prix cher, un loyer bon marché, a cheap price, un affitto caro, etc. Are these really, from a semantic point of view, correctly construed? In this article I analyse this question and try to give an answer to it.

The aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between ideology and fantastic literature using the example of Jean-Pierre Andrevon's fantastic novel L’Oeil derrière l’épaule. While fantastic literature as a genre is most often the carrier of right-wing, reactionary and conservative values (Lovecraft, Ray), Andrevon remains the specific case of a writer who openly defines himself as a leftist. The analysis of the “ideology-effect” (the unconscious ideological mask of the text according to Hamon) and of the “value-effect” (ideas that the text consciously promotes according to Jouve), as well as Hamon's points of textual ideological value and carriers of ideological distortions, permits a conclusion that the author did not adopt any ideological stance a priori and that the global value (right-wing and left-wing) emanating from the text is freedom.

This study was conducted to determine crop water stress index (CWSI) values and irrigation timing in the case of Derinkuyu dry bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In 2017, dry beans were grown as the main crop according to the field design consisting of plots divided into randomised blocks. Irrigation treatment comprised full irrigation (I100) and irrigation issues with three different levels of water stress (I66, I33, I0). This study applied 602 mm of water under the I100 irrigation. The yield of Derinkuyu dry beans was equal to 3576.6 kg∙ha ^–1 in I100 irrigation. The lower limit (LL) value, which is not necessary for the determination of CWSI, was obtained as the canopy–air temperature difference ( Tc – Ta) versus the air vapour pressure deficit ( VPD). The upper limit (UL) value, at which the dry beans were wholly exposed to water stress, was obtained at a constant temperature. The threshold CWSI value at which the grain yield of dry beans started to decrease was determined as 0.33 from the measurements made with an infrared thermometer before irrigation in I66 irrigation treatment. As a result, it can be suggested that irrigation should be applied when the CWSI value is 0.33 in dry beans. Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between grain yield and crop water stress index and a positive correlation between yield and chlorophyll content. According to variance analysis, significant relationships were found between the analysed parameters at p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.05.

In 2021, pak choi production in Indonesia was 727.47 Mg, marking an increase of 8.2% compared to the 2020 production, which was 667.47 Mg. Therefore, there is a clear need for cultivation improvement, particularly through the implementation of organic fertilisers. This study aimed to investigate the impact of liquid organic fertiliser (LOF) derived from fish waste and duck manure on the growth and yield of the pak choi plant ( Brassica rapa. L. var. Nauli F1). A randomised block design factorial was used with two factors and three replications. The first factor considered was LOF from fish waste, comprising three levels (LOF ₀ = control, LOF ₁ = 25 cm ³∙dm ^–3 of water, and LOF2 = 50 cm ³∙dm ^–3 of water). The second factor focused on duck manure fertiliser (DMF) and involved four levels (DMF ₀ = control, DMF ₁ = 3.7 kg∙plot ^–1, DMF ₂ = 5.55 kg∙plot ^–1, and DMF ₃ = 7.4 kg∙plot ^–1). The results showed that the application of LOF from fish waste positively influenced the growth and yield of pak choi, with the most effective treatment observed in LOF1 (25 cm ³∙dm ^–3 of water). However, the application of DMF did not yield a significant difference in its effect on the growth and yield of the pak choi plant. The control treatment (DMF ₀) reported comparable results and the combination of LOF from fish waste and DMF did not show a significant effect, with the most favourable findings observed in the LOF ₂DMF ₀ treatment (50 cm ³∙dm ^–3 and control).

This article aims to analyze the subject matter of Polish informative and reporting utterances (IRUs) extracted from messages sent by postcard. In addition to analyzing the subject matter of IRUs, the article aims to formulate hypotheses about the reasons for discussing specific topics. In addition, the characteristic linguistic devices used in IRUs are described. The considerations show that the subject matter of IRUs is primarily shaped by the text patterns of postcard letters, the relationship of the interaction partners, and their gender.

The article investigates the phenomenon of code-switching among bilingual speakers – Polish students studying English Philology who switch to English by inserting English words, phrases and even whole sentences while speaking their mother tongue Polish. The study is based on the questionnaire and aims at determining the various reasons and functions of code-switching (CS), the attitudes and the factors which either facilitate or impede its occurrence. The study demonstrates that code-switching constitutes an indispensable part in the respondents’ daily interactions although their attitudes, functions and factors which determine the incidence of code-switching are miscellaneous and vary considerably.

La coesistenza di lingue, varietà linguistiche e accenti diversi sullo schermo è osservabile in un numero crescente di serie televisive americane ed europee, che sono state variamente definite “poliglotte”, “multilingue”, “plurilingue” ed “eterolingui”. In effetti, gli studiosi nel campo dei Film Studies e degli Audiovisual Translation Studies hanno riconosciuto una “svolta multilingue” o un “impegno multilingue” in prodotti recenti. Questo studio si concentra sulla traduzione di due recenti serie televisive, Jane the Virgin e Peaky Blinders, entrambe caratterizzate dalla presenza di dialoghi multilingue, con l'obiettivo di illustrare le “opzioni di trasferimento” adottate per la trasmissione del discorso multilingue a un pubblico italiano. Si presterà attenzione alle funzioni del multilinguismo (utilizzando la tassonomia di Corrius e Zabalbeascoa) nelle versioni originali e in quelle tradotte. Le due serie televisive offrono l’opportunità di analizzare il fenomeno del multilinguismo sullo schermo in due generi diversi: il dramma e la commedia, dove la polifonia linguistica svolge ruoli e funzioni diverse, soprattutto in termini di rappresentazione dei personaggi.

By means of implementing the instruments of Critical Metaphor Analysis (Charteris-Black 2004), the following study analyses an excerpt of the late Victorian homophobic discourse on the basis of the press coverage of the 1895 Oscar Wilde trials. The analysis of the source made it possible to distinguish two categories of conceptual metaphors prevalent in it. The first category highlights the emerging image of a late 19 ^th-century Victorian homosexual. The second category concerns conceptual metaphors regarding emotions, feelings, and attitudes that surrounded the scandal. The study shows that homophobic discourse present in the examined press publications was rich in conceptual metaphors and that homosexuality evoked mainly pejorative associations. Homophobia relied on objectification and dehumanisation of non-heteronormative individuals by constructing them as, e.g., POISON, DIRT, DECAY and DESTRUCTIVE FORCE.

Introduction: The main goal of the present umbrella review was to provide the most up-to- date and evidence-based results regarding the various treatment options for tennis elbow (TE), which hopefully will significantly decrease the confusions existing in the literature. Furthermore, our study differs from past analytical studies because, as to the best of the authors’ knowledge, is the first to provide independent (not in comparison to other treatment) statistical results regarding the effectiveness of each TE treatment.
Materials and Methods: Major medical databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, BIOSIS, and EBSCO were searched. The overall search process was conducted in 3 stages.
Results: A total of 40 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this study. Out of those 40 meta-analyses, a total of 160 primary studies were screened in order to extract the data and perform a statistical analysis.
Conclusion: The present umbrella review underlines the efficiency of injection therapies, especially autologous blood, and platelet-rich plasma, while simultaneously proving the ineffectiveness of acupunc-ture and shock wave therapy as treatments for TE. Furthermore, the value of other known conservative treatment modalities, such as physical therapy, has been demonstrated.

Eating disorders are a heterogeneous group of diseases affecting mainly young people in devel-oped countries. Among them, anorexia nervosa (AN) is the one with the highest mortality, up to five times higher compared to healthy individuals. The etiology of this medical condition is complex and still un-certain. However, disturbances of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and increased lipolysis resulting in a decrease of the adipose tissue volume are common findings among AN patients. Since ANS is directly connected to adipocyte tissue, thus significantly affecting the body’s metabolic homeostasis, we suspect that this relationship may be a potential pathophysiological underpinning for the development of AN. In this narrative review, we have analyzed scientific reports on ANS activity in AN considering different phases of the disease in humans as well as animal models. Due to the different effects of the disease itself on the ANS as well as specific variations within animal models, the common feature seems to be dysre-gulation of its function without the identification of one universal pattern. Nonetheless, higher norepi-nephrine concentrations have been reported in adipocyte tissue, suggesting local dominance of the sym-pathetic nervous system. Further studies should explore in depth the modulation of sympathetic in adipose tissue factor and help answer key questions that arise during this brief narrative review.

Background: Despite advanced research and great progress in understanding the chronic pancreatitis (CP) pathogenesis, no current causal treatment for the condition is available. For preclinical studies, the existence of a well-characterized CP animal model is essential.
The aim of the study was to assess the impact of chronic pancreatitis on the antioxidant enzymes activity in rat blood serum and on the level of glutathione (intracellular antioxidant) in rat pancreas.
Methods: The experiments were carried out on the Wistar Kyoto rats in two groups: control and study group (CP), in which chemical induction of pancreatitis with dibutyl dichloride was performed. Serum enzyme activities of amylase, lipase, catalase and superoxide dismutase were analyzed. The levels of the following biochemical parameters were also investigated: total protein, albumin, calcium, magnesium, and triglycerides. Levels of low-molecular-weight thiols: reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, were determined in pancreatic homogenates.
Results: Histopathological imaging of rat pancreatic parenchyma with induced inflammation confirmed focal lymphocytic interstitial chronic pancreatitis with fibrosis features and mild parenchymal atrophy, as well as pancreatic islets degeneration. In the CP group, we observed a statistically significant decrease in serum amylase and lipase activities and in total protein/albumin levels. Also, the elevated catalase activity was registered. In CP rats’ tissues, we observed a 15-fold reduction in GSH levels. The other examined parameters remained unchanged. Clinically relevant are hypoalbuminemia and a moderate decrease in lipase activity. The described changes are most probably indicative of the impaired exocrine pancreas function, however without organ failure features.

Objective: Evaluation of serum lactadherin level, its correlation with disease activity and certain biochemical parameters in IBD patients.
Methods: The study involved adult IBD patients, comprising 50 with ulcerative colitis (UC), 68 with Crohn’s disease (CD), and 29 healthy controls.
Results: The MFGE8 median concentration was significantly higher in UC versus controls (1914.54 vs. 1392.21; p = 0.017), but not in CD. The median MFGE8 levels in UC and CD patient groups didn’t significantly differ. There was a significant inverse correlation between MFGE8 and CRP (r = –0.283; p = 0.044) and fibrinogen (r = –0.362, p = 0.017) in UC. In active UC, MFGE8 median concentration was higher versus controls (1974.36 vs. 1392.21; p = 0.04) and negatively correlated with CRP (r = –0.482; p = 0.005), WBC (r = –0.391; p = 0.027), and fibrinogen (r = –0.473; p = 0.015). Inactive UC showed negative correlation only with fibrinogen (r = –0.567; p = 0.018). No correlations were found with disease activity measured using appropriate scales, age, BMI, or gender.
Conclusions: Active UC patients show higher MFGE8 levels. These increase inversely with inflamma-tory markers (CRP, WBC, fibrinogen) in active UC, but not in CD.

The venous plexus of Rektorzik is a network of small veins, which enlace outside the wall of the internal carotid artery while it traverses the petrous part of the temporal bone. The anatomical and clinical issues related to the communication between the plexus of Rektorzik and other cranial venous structures were discussed in this paper.

The clinical issues related to the anatomical variation of the mandibular canal have been extensively analyzed since the 19th century. Evolving dentistry techniques and advancements in the prosthetics forced to collect detailed information about anatomical variations of the mandibular canal due to its neurovascular content. Therefore, its radiographic imaging became an essential part of the oral surgery, in order to avoid complications resulted from an accidental damage of the mandibular canal.

Introduction: Our umbrella review aimed to summarize and revisit the evidence from all of the meta-analyses and systematic reviews regarding the treatments of oropharyngeal squamous cell carci-noma (OPSCC).
Materials and Methods: Major medical databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, BIOSIS, and EBSCO were searched. The overall search process was conducted in 3 stages.
Results: Finally, a total of 28 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this study. Out of those 28 meta-analyses, a total of 315 primary studies were screened in order to extract the data and perform the statistical analysis. In total, data from 22,619 patients was analyzed.
Conclusion: The main objective of the present umbrella review was to summarize and analyze all of the evidence-based data provided by numerous meta-analyses and systematic reviews regarding the treatment of OPSCC. Our study delivers the most up-to-date and evidence-based results regarding the different therapeutic modalities of this malignancy in one concise review, making it the ultimate tool for physicians treating OPSCC.

The prevalence of TMD indicates a need to develop new tools that are useful in the case of screening examinations. These methods can support diagnosis at the early stage of the disorder. The purpose of this research was to develop a comprehensive tool that would function as both a database of sounds generated by TMJ and as software which facilitates automated diagnosis. The software would also use the data from the RDC/TMD questionnaire. Such a tool may significantly reduce the time spent by dentists on making manual RDC/TMD diagnoses. Moreover, this solution would enable dentists who do not specialise in TMD to make effective diagnoses. 95 patient took part in the clinical examination: 30 man and 65 females. The mean age of the participants was 33 years. Patients participating in the clinical process were examined according to the Polish version of the RDC/TMD questionnaire (Axis I and Axis II). Subsequently, all subjects were auscultated with an electronic stethoscope. An application has been im-plemented based on the RDC/TMD diagnostic flow chart. This tool was used for the automated generation of RDC/TMD diagnoses for all patients. As a result of the kind permission and participation of the patients under examination, it was possible to store records of ninety-five people. Each record contains RDC/TMD questionnaire data, auscultation signals and RDC/TMD diagnoses. For the first time, a database was created that has the potential to facilitate further examination. However, the developed system is universal and can therefore be adapted to new DC/TMD criteria.

The objective of this study was to review the current knowledge based on in vitro and in vivo studies, that evaluated the enamel damage connected with removal of metal and ceramic orthodontic brackets taking into account different debonding methods. Brackets fracture was also assessed. The protocol for this study was constructed according to the PRISMA statement. The literature review was performed in MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus databases in May 2021. The searching was repeated in Journal of Stomatology, Orthodontic Forum and grey literature was screened using Google Scholar. Out of eligible studies 207 were screened by title and abstract, 85 subjected to full-text analysis and 30 were qualified for the research. The prevalence of enamel fracture ranged from 0 to 94.4%. The results of our review do not allow to identify the manual method of debonding that minimizes the risk of enamel damage. Thermal method and laser irradiation reduce the risk of enamel fracture.

Craniopharyngiomas are rare tumors with peak incidence between 5–14 and between 65–74 years of age. Treatment of choice is surgical resection, sometimes associated with radiation therapy. Complete tumor resection may be challenging. Radical surgery is particularly risky in older patients. Authors evaluate three cases of large cystic craniopharyngioma in patients in their 7th and 8th decade of life operated with the use of endoscopic technique. The postoperative follow-up period in which out-patient controls with imaging examinations were performed was up to 6 years. Symptoms of intracranial hypertension resolved in all patients in the immediate postoperative period. Visual acuity improved in two patients. No cases of aseptic meningitis have been reported. One patient underwent subsequent radio-therapy. The well-being of the operated patients continued.
Endoscopic transventricular approach to cystic craniopharyngiomas may be a safe and effective approach in older patients, being an alternative to microsurgical procedures.