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Abstract

Elastic optical networking is a potential candidate to support dynamic traffic with heterogeneous data rates and variable bandwidth requirements with the support of the optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technology (OOFDM). During the dynamic network operation, lightpath arrives and departs frequently and the network status updates accordingly. Fixed routing and alternate routing algorithms do not tune according to the current network status which are computed offline. Therefore, offline algorithms greedily use resources with an objective to compute shortest possible paths and results in high blocking probability during dynamic network operation. In this paper, adaptive routing algorithms are proposed for shortest path routing as well as alternate path routing which make routing decision based on the maximum idle frequency slots (FS) available on different paths. The proposed algorithms select an underutilized path between different choices with maximum idle FS and efficiently avoids utilizing a congested path. The proposed routing algorithms are compared with offline routing algorithms as well as an existing adaptive routing algorithm in different network scenarios. It has been shown that the proposed algorithms efficiently improve network performance in terms of FS utilization and blocking probability during dynamic network operation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Akhtar Nawaz Khan
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Abstract

This paper presents the experimental investigation of an earthto- air heat exchanger for heating purposes in the Patna region of India, using an experimental test rig. In the view of the author, real field experiments have several limitations such as lack of repeatability and uncontrolled conditions. It also takes more time for the response of parameters that depends on nature and climate. Moreover, earth-to-air heat exchangers may be expensive to fabricate and require more land area. Thus, in this work authors executed their experimental work in indoor controllable environments to investigate the thermal performance of an earth-to-air heat exchanger. The actual soil conditions were created and maintained the temperature at 26˚C throughout the soil in the vicinity of pipes. Three horizontal PVC pipes of equal lengths and diameters of 0.0285 m, 0.038 m and 0.0485 m were installed in the test rig. The experiments were performed for different inlet air velocities at ambient air temperature. This study acknowledges that the maximum rise in outlet temperature occurs at a lower speed for smaller pipes. Also, the maximum effectiveness of 0.83 was observed at 2 m/s for the smallest diameter pipe.
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Authors and Affiliations

Saif Nawaz Ahmad
1
Om Prakash
1

  1. National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 800005, India
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Abstract

Priority wise channelization of resources is the key to successful environmental management, especially when funds are limited. The study in hand has successfully developed an algorithmic criterion to compare hazardous effects of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) dumping sites quantitatively. It is a Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) that has made use of the scaling function to normalize the data values, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for assigning weights to input parameters showing their relevant importance, and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) for aggregating the normalized scores. Input parameters have been divided into three classes namely Resident’s Concerns, Groundwater Vulnerability and Surface Facilities. Remote Sensing data and GIS analysis were used to prepare most of the input data. To elaborate the idea, four dumpsites have been chosen as case study, namely Old-FSD, New-FSD, Saggian and Mahmood Booti. The comparison has been made first at class levels and then class scores have been aggregated into environmental normalized index for environmental impact ranking. The hierarchy of goodness found for the selected sites is New-FSD > Old-FSD > Mahmood Booti > Saggian with comparative scores of goodness to environment as 36.67, 28.43, 21.26 and 13.63 respectively. Flexibility of proposed model to adjust any number of classes and parameters in one class will be very helpful for developing world where availability of data is the biggest hurdle in research based environmental sustainability planning. The model can be run even without purchasing satellite data and GIS software, with little inaccuracy, using imagery and measurement tools provided by Google Earth.

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Authors and Affiliations

Khalid Mahmood
Syeda Adila Batool
Muhammad Nawaz Chaudhary
Zia Ul-Haq
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Abstract

Several recent earthquakes have indicated that the design and construction of bridges based on former seismic design provisions are susceptible to fatal collapse triggered by the failure of reinforced concrete columns. This paper incorporates an experimental investigation into the seismic response of nonductile bridge piers strengthened with low-cost glass fiber reinforced polymers (LC-GFRP). Three full-scale bridge piers were tested under lateral cyclic loading. A control bridge pier was tested in the as-built condition and the other two bridge piers were experimentally tested after strengthening them with LC-GFRP jacketing. The LC-GFRP strengthening was performed using two different configurations. The control bridge pier showed poor seismic response with the progress of significant cracks at very low drift levels. Test results indicated the efficiency of the tested strengthening configurations to improve the performance of the strengthened bridge piers including crack pattern, yield, and ultimate cyclic load capacities, ductility ratio, dissipated energy capacity, initial stiffness degradation, and fracture mode.

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Rodsin
Q. Hussain
P. Joyklad
A. Nawaz
H. Fazliani
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Abstract

Biochar has been extensively studied as a soil amendment to reduce nutrients losses. However, the comparative effectiveness of biochar adsorption capacity for ammonium (NH4-N), nitrate (NO3-N), and phosphate (PO4-P) remains unknown. In the present study, the effects of feedstock (banana stem and coconut shell) and temperature (300, 500, and 700°C) on biochar adsorption ability for NH 4-N, NO 3-N, and PO 4-P were investigated and fitted by three adsorption models, viz Freundlich, Langmuir, and linear. Freundlich (R 2 = 0.95–0.99) and Langmuir (R 2 = 0.91–0.95) models were found suitable for adsorption of NH 4-N. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q m) for coconut shell biochar increased with pyrolysis temperature (Q m = 12.8–15.5 mg g-1) and decreased for banana stem biochar (Q m = 12.9–9.7 mg g-1). In the case of NO 3-N adsorption, Freundlich (R 2 = 0.82–0.99) and linear model (R 2 = 1.00) were found suitable while Langmuir model showed much less contribution, similarly adsorption of PO 4-P, was not supported by these three models. The minimum concentrations required for adsorption of phosphate were recorded as 36, 8, and 3 mg L -1 using pyrolyzed biochar at the temperatures of 300, 500, and 700°C, respectively. These results indicate that the feedstock and pyrolysis temperature, as well as aquatic nutrient concentration, were important factors for the adsorption of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ganghua Zou
1
Ying Shan
1
Minjie Dai
2
Xiaoping Xin
3
Muhammad Nawaz
4
Fengliang Zhao
1

  1. Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, China
  2. Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Chin
  3. University of Florida, United States
  4. Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan
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Abstract

Dumping sites or landfills are considered as foremost common option of waste management worldwide. Dumping sites, often not lined, represent a potential environmental issue causing a long-term risk to the environment and health. A number of computers model-based studies have described the solid waste collection and its management, but provide little information about the relative contributions regarding environmental impacts of landfilling especially in the context of developing world. The aim of study was to estimate environmental impacts from dumping site by using EASEWASTE model. A case study was carried out at an old and closed dumping site filled with mixed waste without bottom liner, no leachate collection and gas collection. On the basis of the existing dumping site investigation, a Mahmood Booti Dumping Site Scenario was developed, and related data of waste generation & composition was collected and added to assess environmental impacts. The results show that human toxicity via soil (9.14E+09 m3 soil) had the highest potential impact, followed by global warming (8.83E+11 Kg CO2-eq), eco-toxicity in water (6.25E+11 m3 water), and eco-toxicity in soil (6.54E+10 m3 soil). This is mostly caused by leaching of heavy metals from ashes (e.g. residues from roads cleaning and vacuum cleaning bags), batteries, paper and metals. The adopted risk analysis approach uses easily accessible computer aided models, for open dumping sites, appears to be a key tool to assist decision makers in establishing priorities for remediation action.
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Authors and Affiliations

Asifa Alam
1
Muhammad Nawaz Chaudhry
2
Sajid Rashid Ahmad
3
Aadila Batool
3
Adeel Mahmood
4
Huda Ahmad Al-Ghamdi
5

  1. College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Pakistan
  2. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Lahore School of Economics, Pakistan
  3. Remote Sensing, GIS and Climatic Research Lab, Department of Space Sciences, University of the Punjab, Pakistan
  4. Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
  5. Department of Biology, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract

Environmental risk assessment is one of the key tools in environmental engineering. This risk assessment can be qualitative or quantitative and it is based on preliminary studies i.e., baseline study for waste disposal sites. Even though the literature exists on baseline study in general, still there is a lack of guidance regarding development of a site-specific baseline study model for a waste disposal site. This study has two-fold aim, firstly, how to develop site-specific baseline study model for a selected dumping site, and secondly, how this site-specific baseline study can support the environmental engineering via mathematical risk estimation. Mahmood Booti Open Dumping Site (MBODS) is selected to demonstrate the development and application of site-specific baseline study model. This is followed by building a framework that shows how the output of the baseline study can lead to environmental engineering via mathematical risk estimation. The paper provides a mechanism of how to construct a bespoke baseline-study model that is readily useable, avoiding procurement of expensive computer software and yet smoothly connecting with the follow-on stages of the risk assessment. The work presented in this paper can be reproduced repeatedly to create site-specific baseline study models for risk assessment of other waste disposal sites in a cost-effective, consistent and cohesive manner.
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Authors and Affiliations

Asifa Alam
1
Adeel Mahmood
2
M. Nawaz Chaudhry
3
Sajid Rashid Ahmad
1
Noor Ul Safa
2
Huda Ahmed Alghamdi
4
Heba Waheeb Alhamdi
4
Rizwan Ullah
5

  1. College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, GC Women University Sialkot, Pakistan
  3. Lahore Schools of Economics, Lahore, Pakistan
  4. Department of Biology, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
  5. Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science of Technology (MUST), Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

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