The meaning of temporal distributiveness occurs either in situations in which a habitual activity is correlated with the recurrent periods of time, or in situations in which the recurrent periods of time are accompanied by an activity. The present paper is yet another contribution to a series of papers exploring temporal constructions in Polish that express the meaning of distributiveness. It focuses on the analysis of constructions such as pracować dzień w dzień, which are exponents of the so-called cyclic and distributive time.
The aim of the paper is to discuss the concept of the Lachian literary language formulated in the I 930's by a local poet Óndra Łysohorsky. The author of the paper presents the ecological approach to the language in question and focuses on the following issues: the comparison of Łysohorsky's Lachian literary language with other Lachian dialects and related languages, native speakers of the Lachian literary language, the work on its codification, and the attitudes towards the language.
Press horoscopes are texts that include prophecies to be interpreted by the reader and adjusted to his or her own individual situation. The structure, vocabulary and syntax of horoscopes are characterized by stereotypy and conventionalism. Therefore, all kinds of linguistic schemata, colloquial expressions, idioms, collocations and proverbs can well be applied. This paper shows the forms and functions of such phrases in German and Polish horoscopes.
The intent of this article is to present the particular example of use of 4 tenses in the indicative mood: passe compose, imparfait, futur simple, futur anterieur. This analysis is based on various excerpts of texts dating back to 19th and 20th centuries. The author analyses the influence of a number of factors on the interpretation of particular verbal forms appearing in studied sentences. Research takes into account: category of the verb, its aspect, person, adverbs of time, modality particles, verbs of opinion, certain adverbs (e.g. jamais, rarement and those expressing opposition), type of sentence (negative, interrogative), register (written / spoken language), intonation.
The article is an attempt to examine two linguistic trends that is pragmatics and cognitivism, the aim of which is to show complementarity of theses representing these two research directions. Taking as a starting point the phenomenon of cognition the author explains its implicit presence in chosen pragmatic theories and she discusses its primary role in cognitive theories.
Corporate mission statement is a genre used globally by managers to motivate the employees and to create a good image of the firm. The objective of the research is to analyse, from the linguistic point of view, how Polish companies adapt the genre. In particular, the analysis focuses on how the managerial objectives influence register choices and whether the genre has developed any permanent, or recursive, structural features. The study focuses on statements of missions and vision of 81 companies Polish companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
The aim of this article is to present the practical application of communicative and semantic translation methods on the basis of the two available Polish versions of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl: Karol i fabryka czekolady translated in 1998 by Tomasz Wyżyński and Charlie i fabryka czekolady translated in 2004 by Jerzy Łoziński. Through an analysis of selected culture-specific words and expressions present in the original along with different solutions provided by the two translators, an attempt has been made to illustrate the point emphasized by Newmark (1988) that each text can be translated either communicatively or semantically, depending on the needs and expectations of the target readers and the decision of the translator choosing one of those two approaches.
The aim of the paper is to investigate language-learning beliefs of 488 ( 164 males and 324 females) Polish high school students in relation to their gender. Their responses to the Beliefs About Language Leaming Inventory by Horwitz (1988) were explored by means of the U Mann-Whitney test. The main results show that for females English is a language of medium difficulty, but they believe they have a talent for language learning. They are also strongly motivated to learn English and ready to work hard in spite of feeling self-conscious when speaking in front of others. Males believe English is an easy language, and they are not keen to practice.
The main concern of this paper is to investigate the relation between self evaluation of the LI and L2 linguistic competences by bilingual university students and the concepts of fossilization and attrition. The two terms refer to changes in language proficiency and imply a state of incompleteness of linguistic knowledge of both languages. Fossilization is identified as stagnation in attaining the target language proficiency whereas attrition is described as a loss of aspects of previously acquired linguistic knowledge. The former occurs at the level of active L2 development whereas the latter takes place at the state of post-active language acquisition. The paper constitutes an attempt to investigate the significance of the two concepts in the processes of bilingual development and maintenance. It considers the manifestations of fossilization and attrition as well as their indications as to the linguistic competences of bilingual users. It eventually attempts to estimate how widespread the rwo phenomena may be in the bilingual context and what their product is.
This paper examines the notion of conceptual transfer within the framework of current psycholinguistic research into bilingual memory and multi-competence. In particular, it seeks to delimit the form and direction of conceptual transfer in the bilingual lexicon, as well as outlining the conditions for its occurrence. These are discussed in relation to the data collection methods employed to date, and in the light of recent findings and developments in the area of psycholinguistics and bilingualism.
The paper offers an analysis which aims at explaining the role that the choice of particular verbs, their grammatical tense and their aspectual form plays in the construal of an episode in narrative prose. Two sample passages from Ursula Hegi's novel Floating in my Mothers Palm will be analysed, focusing upon the textual function of the opposition between "perfectivity" and "imperfectivity" as revealed in the use of English verbs. The theoretical framework for the discussion is provided by the cognitive model developed by Ronald W. Langacker, with the principle of metonymical reference to events (as proposed by Radden and Kovecses) supplementing the strictly grammatical discussion. In conclusion, it is claimed that it is unconventional construals that are markers of what is commonly called "literary style". The principles that underlie such construals, when analysed in linguistic terms, reveal at least some of the workings of the complicated mechanism to which this vague label is commonly meant to refer.
This paper analyses the diachronic development of English HAD BETTER (and HAD RATHER) structure(s). It is argued that the original construction out of which HAD BETTER/RATHER developed and which contained the verb BEON 'be' could be substituted by a new construction employing HAD by virtue of the fact that these two verbs in a great number of contexts are devoid of any cognitive content leading to their mutual interchangeability (§ 1 ). Section 2 is devoted to the examination of the development of the construction in question. In section 3 it is shown how the mechanisms and principles of grammaticalisation set out by Lehmann ( 1982) [2002], Hopper (1991) and Heine (2003) [2005] apply in this particular case of grammaticalisation. The bulk of language illustrations comes from the Dictionary of Old English, the Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse and the Helsinki Corpus ofEnglish Texts. The references to the actual works follow the pattern of the first two electronic corpora.
ln our paper we analysed a corpus of runic inscriptions that belong to the first period. The runic inscriptions that we chose for our analysis are basically full sentences that contain the elements we were interested in, namely, the verb and the object. The main purpose of this analysis was to find some implications as to Proto-Germanic word order. The data obtained during our analysis suggest that the Proto-Germanic word order was VO due to the fact that there is a strong tendency to place nominal objects after the inflected verb in main clauses. However, on the basis of the data concerning the word order in compound NPs, one could rather regard Proto-Germanic as an OV language. However, if one regards the position of the nominal object with respect to the inflected verb as the basic criterion for classifying a given language either as VO or OV, and treats this level as being independent of other linguistic levels, like for example word compounds, one will arrive at the conclusion that it is necessary to classify Proto-Germanic as an VO language.
The aim of the paper is to explore two sandhi phenomena of r-zero alternation, i.e. linking and intrusive r. We address the question of lexical representation of etymologically r-less and r-full forms participating in the processes. Moreover, we discuss the influence of historical r on both vowel quality and quantity and explain some developments of etymologically r-full forms which have led both to the confined distribution of r and various vocalic reflexes in non-rhotic dialects.
The paper presents the results of an acoustic analysis of temporal phonetic parameters cueing word boundaries in Polish. Durational variability has been well documented for different languages. Word-final lengthening, word-initial lengthening, and polysyllabic shortening, all predict that segments neighbouring a word boundary will differ in their durations whatever direction such shortening or lengthening should take. In the present study, we obtained two Polish sequences brat Adama versus brata dama from 24 native speakers of Polish. The obtained results point to a complicated pattern of temporal variability caused by the boundary location in Polish.
In relation to the present interest in discourse analysis this article aims to formulate a general theoretical framework for analyzing various types of discourse. The framework is based on the theory of relevance as one of the theories enabling thorough discourse analysis. The aspects of discourse taken into account range from analyzing explicatures and irnplicatures including a precise classification of the type of knowledge activated for the processes of metarepresentation and covert communication. The unified framework for discourse analysis creates an ability to compare different types of discourse including comparison with everyday speech, which is the most neutral type of discourse. With such ability, different types of discourse can be compared with one another to discover more of their unique properties as well as interesting similarities.
The present paper analyses metaphor and metonymy describing God in The Old Testament. Instances of these phenomena are approached from the cognitive perspective, suggested by Lakoff and Johnson (2003). The aim of this article is to show that the metaphorical and metonymical references to God in The Old Testament do not function as merely rhetorical devices, but are conceptualizations of God, grounded in people's everyday experiences. This fact plays an important role in the process of understanding the notion of God. The discussed metaphors and metonymies are classified into personifications as instances of ontological metaphor, structural metaphors, orientational metaphors and metonymies.
The paper deals with the use of English lexical borrowings in Polish commercials and press advertisements. The author first gives a brief, general account of English loanwords used in Polish advertisements and then concentrates on concrete examples of such borrowings. Particular attention is paid to the discussion of the necessity of the use of such loans in the Polish language of advertising. The author argues, on the basis of the questionnaire described in the paper, that most of the English loans in Polish do not make the message clearer to a Polish receiver. In fact, they seem to hinder comprehensibility. However, as the questionnaire has shown, they do evoke positive connotations of a given product and/or a company.
The slogans and pictorial elements of press advertisements contain the most important elements of the message communicated to the viewers by the advertiser. They have to be formulated and composed in such a way as to ensure the most uniform reading and interpretation among potentially diverse recipients. It is interesting to what extent such an effect would be reported by relatively homogeneous respondents. The present study investigates the interpretation and recall of advertising slogans and foregrounded information by a group of 60 young people, following a short exposure to 5 press advertisements. It also attempts to compare the results to a previous research on mental processing of hidden and inconspicuous elements in press commercials (Wojtaszek 2007b).
The review exposes basic concepts and manifestations of the singular and structured light fields. The presentation is based on deep intrinsic relations between the singularities and the rotational phenomena in light; it involves essentially the dynamical aspects of light fields and their interactions with matter. Due to their topological nature, the singularities of each separate parameter (phase, polarization, energy flow, etc.) form coherent interrelated systems (singular networks), and the meaningful interconnections between the different singular networks are analysed. The main features of singular-light structures are introduced via generic examples of the optical vortex and circular vortex beams. The review describes approaches for generation and diagnostics of different singular networks and underlines the role of singularities in formation of optical field structures. The mechanical action of structured light fields on material objects is discussed on the base of the spin-orbital (canonical) decomposition of electromagnetic momentum, expressing the special roles of the spin (polarization) and spatial degrees of freedom. Experimental demonstrations spectacularly characterize the topological nature and the immanent rotational features of the light-field singularities. The review is based on the results obtained by its authors with a special attention to relevant works of other researchers.
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External light outcoupling structures provide a cost-effective and highly efficient solution for light extraction in organic light-emitting diodes. Among them, different microtextures, mainly optimized for devices with isotopically oriented emission dipoles, have been proposed as an efficient light extraction solution. In the paper, the outcoupling for a preferential orientation of emission dipoles is studied for the case of a red bottom-emitting organic light-emitting diode. Optical simulations are used to analyse the preferential orientation of dipoles in combination with three different textures, namely hexagonal array of sine-textures, three-sided pyramids, and random pyramids. It is shown that while there are minimal differences between the optimized textures, the highest external quantum efficiency of 51% is predicted by using the three-sided pyramid texture. Further improvements, by employing highly oriented dipole sources, are examined. In this case, the results show that the top outcoupling efficiencies can be achieved with the same texture shape and size, regardless of the preferred orientation of the emission dipoles. Using an optimized three-sided pyramid in combination with ideally parallel oriented dipoles, an efficiency of 62% is achievable. A detailed analysis of the optical situation inside the glass substrate, dominating external light outcoupling, is presented. Depicted results and their analysis offer a simplified further research and development of external light extraction for organic light-emitting devices with highly oriented dipole emission sources.
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This work summarises investigations focused on the photoanode impact on the photovoltaic response of dye-sensitized solar cells. This is a comparison of the results obtained by the authors’ research team with literature data. The studies concern the effect of the chemical structure of the applied dye, TiO2 nanostructure, co-adsorbents addition, and experimental conditions of the anode preparation. The oxide substrates were examined using a scanning electron microscope to determine the thickness and structure of the material. The TiO2 substrates with anchored dye molecules were also tested for absorption properties in the UV-Vis light range, largely translating into current density values. Photovoltaic parameters of the fabricated devices with sandwich structure were obtained from current-voltage measurements. During tests conducted with the N719 dye, it was found that devices containing an 8.4 µm thick oxide semiconductor layer had the highest efficiency (5.99%). At the same time, studies were carried out to determine the effect of the solvent and it was found that the best results were obtained using an ACN : tert-butanol mixture (5.46%). Next, phenothiazine derivatives (PTZ-1–PTZ-6) were used to prepare the devices; among the prepared solar cells, the devices containing PTZ-2 and PTZ-3 had the highest performance (6.21 and 6.22%, respectively). Two compounds designated as Th-1 and M-1 were used to prepare devices containing a dye mixture with N719.
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The article presents a study of a hybrid structure based on the combination of a tapered optical fibre and gold nanoparticles dispersed in a liquid crystal material. Sensitivity to changes of the refractive index of the environment in which the structure is located, as well as the possibility of changing the refractive index of liquid crystals by external factors, such as temperature and electric field, were investigated. Electro- and thermally-induced changes of the refractive index of a liquid crystal through the rotation of a molecule director, which cause changes in the light propagated in a tapered optical fibre, were described. The most important issue in the article is to determine the influence of doping a liquid crystal with gold nanoparticles the concentration of which varies between 0.1 and 0.3 wt.%. The paper presents transmission measurements in a wide optical range depending on voltage, temperature, and frequency changes. Additionally, time courses of the obtained signal were measured. The study shows that the appropriate selection of nanoparticle concentration has a huge impact on the optical wave propagation. The experimental results show that the optical changes obtained for the investigated hybrid structure prefer it for use as an electro-optical switcher, filter, or sensor.
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