The author presents Norman Davies' conception of a "Nation" which is based on multicultural assumptions. This idea is next contrasted with the nationalistic notions, which still dominate in national historiographies.

Gaeumannomyces graminis is an etiologic agent of take-all, economically important disease of cereals worldwide. A polymerase chain reaction with variety-specific primers was successfully used for detection of G. graminis var. tritici in plant tissue. Obtained results showed that this diagnostic method is a very sensitive and useful tool for detection of the pathogen even before disease symptoms arise. DNA polymorphism revealed by RAPD-PCR with three arbitrary primers was suitable for assessing genetic variation among Ggt isolates originating from wheat and rye.

In the four-year experiment the impact of four different barley varieties and selected two-and three-component mixtures were tested. The studies were carried out at two sites: Experimental Station for Variety Testing Słupia Wlk. (Wielkopolska region) and Plant Breeding Station Bąków (Opole District) during four growing seasons (2001/2002–2004/2005). The aim of the studies was to evaluate the yield through growing barley variety mixtures in combination with reduced use of fungicide and application dose rates. Positive effects (1–15% yield increase in mixtures compared to pure stands) were observed. On the base of obtained results it can be stated that winter barley variety mixtures can constitute an alternative way of growing winter barley, especially at low-input and ecological agriculture.

Biological diversity within a mixture field allows for better use of habitat and agro-technical conditions by the mixtures, which can be seen by higher and more stable yields than varieties sown separately. Our studies were conducted in the growing seasons 2011/2012–2014/2015 as field experiments with four winter barley varieties (Bombaj, Gil, Gregor, Bażant) and three, two- and three-component mixtures (Bombaj/Gil, Bombaj/Gregor, Gil/Gregor/Bażant). Seven different chemical treatments with fungicides were applied. The aim of this study was to compare the different varieties of winter barley with their mixtures for resistance to powdery mildew infection. To achieve this aim the logistic model for the analysis of data was used. Of the varieties under consideration, the best and the most resistant variety was Gregor, while the weakest and the most susceptible to diseases (powdery mildew) was Gil. This variety was also significantly weaker than any of the other mixtures taken into account. Moreover, it was so weak that when it was included in mixtures with other varieties, it weakened these mixtures as well.

“How come you’re not shipping them??? They’re canon”: a look at the language of Italian fandom – The aim of this article is to examine a relatively recent phenomenon in the language of fandom, i.e. various communities of fans that form around a cultural event or artifact, such as a book, a TV show, a movie, etc. This research is located within fan studies, however, it mainly investigates the linguistic aspects of being a fan in Italian. The distinctive feature of the language of fandom as a specific variety, associated with a particular topic and activity and mediated by Internet communication tools, is a specialist lexicon, understandable only to community members. The article concentrates on loanwords from English which in the case of Italian primarily comprise the vocabulary of fandom.

Zea mays originate from warm and tropical region of the world and needs high sum of effective temperature throughout vegetative period. On the Polish market varieties of maize differ in early maturing, provenance and temperature requirements. The foreign varieties react stronger to the sulfonylurea herbicides (nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, foramsulfuron + jodosulfuron) than Polish maize varieties under unfavorable weather conditions. The trials were conducted in field conditions using 8 maize varieties. The aim of this experiment was evaluation of the influence of sulfonylurea herbicides on foreign and Polish varieties of maize under different weather conditions. The reaction of foreign maize varieties on herbicides was compared with reaction of Polish maize varieties in the years 2001-2002. Four early maturing varieties of maize were testing: AVENUE (FAO 220)-FR, JANNA (FAO 190)-USA, WIARUS (FAO 220)-PL, FIDO (FAO 220)-PL. It was proved that Polish maize varieties showed a higher toleration towards sulfonylurea herbicides. The later maturing varieties KRÓL (FAO 280)-PL, IMAN (FAO 300)-PL, KANZLER (FAO 300)-FR, MAGISTER (FAO 280)-CH responded in a similar way. In 2002 there were no differences in plant development between foreign and Polish maize varieties.

In the four-year experiment the impact of four different winter barley varieties and selected two- and three-component mixtures were tested. Reduced dosages of fungicides on disease reduction in the mixtures compared with pure stands were evaluated. The studies were carried out at two sites: Experimental Station for Variety Testing Słupia Wlk. (Wielkopolska region) and Plant Breeding Station Bąków (Opole District). Observations on powdery mildew occurrence during the vegetation season were done every 7–10 days. In order to compare the disease occurrence levels on different cultivars in pure stands and on their mixtures combined with different fungicide treatments the Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was evaluated. On the base of the AUDPC values the reduction of powdery mildew occurring in the mixtures due to epidemiological and ecological factors functioning in mixed stands were also evaluated. On the base of obtained results it can be stated that winter barley variety mixtures combined with different fungicide treatments do reduce the powdery mildew incidence comparing to pure stands and winter barley variety mixtures can constitute an alternative way of growing winter barley, especially at low-input and ecological agriculture.

Among the most important expressions of the cultural identity of the Silesians are the Silesian dialect and Silesian cuisine. The German-Polish cultural and linguistic contacts that have been present in Silesia for centuries are also manifested in the culinary vocabulary of the regionʼs inhabitants. In addition to numerous loan words of German provenance, which have also been incorporated into Polish literary language, many other lexemes are found in Silesian variety that are related to eating and drinking and have only regional distribution. From a contact linguistic perspective, the article focuses on the court terms of German provenance present in the Silesian dialect, mainly addressing the various forms of borrowing.

All plants contain varying levels of phenolic acids (metabolites) thus playing an important role in resistance mechanisms as constituents of cell walls, as constitutive antimicrobial compounds of plants or induced in response to infection against many diseases, in particular fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium species. To this end, the objective of this research was to study the variation in phenolic acid composition during the kinetics of filling wheat grains, in order to determine the best variety resistant to fusarium head blight. For this purpose, free and bound phenolic analyses were carried out by HPLC-DAD on five durum wheat varieties at the stage 5 to 8 days after the flowering stage (early grains). We showed that at the level of the samples analyzed, several phenolic acids were present at different concentrations, but others were absent [ cis-ferulic acid (free phenolic acid), and sinapic acid (bound phenolic acid)]. The results also showed that the content of bound phenolic acids was much higher than that of free phenolic acids in all varieties. In addition, these phenolic acids existed in free soluble form or were mostly present in insoluble form bound to cell walls. For free acids, the results showed that significant amounts of transferulic acid were detected in comparison to all free phenolic acids (56.72 μg · g ^–1 DM for G10). For bound acids, ferulic acid is the main bound phenolic acid which has much higher levels (4913.92 μg · g ^–1 DM for G1), followed by p-coumaric acid (3098.99 μg · g–1 DM for G1). Moreover, the sum of monomers (bound acids) was much higher than that of dehydrodiferulic acids (DiFA).

As the impact of global climate change increases, the interaction of biotic and abiotic stresses increasingly threatens current agricultural practices. The most effective solution to the problem of climate change and a decrease in the amount of atmospheric precipitation is planting extremely drought-resistant and high-yielding crops. Sorghum can grow in harsh conditions such as salinity, drought and limited nutrients, also it is an important part of the diet in many countries. Sorghum can be introduced in many zones of Kazakhstan. Plant height and yield of green plant biomass of 16 sorghum samples in arid conditions were determined based on a set of agrobiological characteristics for field screening. The height of the studied samples of grain sorghum was 0.47 ±0.03 m, and the height of sweet sorghum was much longer, reaching up to 2.88 ±0.12 m. Also, there was a strong difference in green biomass in cultivated areas under different soil and climatic conditions, the green biomass of sweet sorghum was 3.0 Mg∙ha ^–1, and in grain sorghum, it reached up to 57.4 Mg∙ha ^–1. Based on the data of the field assessment for various soil and climatic conditions, the following samples were identified for introduction into production: samples of sweet sorghum for irrigated and rainfed lands of the Almaty Region and in the conditions of non-irrigation agriculture of the Aktobe Region – a promising line ICSV 93046. For non-irrigation agriculture of the Akmola Region, genotypes of sweet and grain sorghum are ‘Chaika’, ‘Kinelskoe 4’ and ‘Volzhskoe 44’.

This work aims to present pandemic Italian, i.e. the variety used during the COVID-19 pandemic. By analyzing its features, primarily lexical, but also morphological and morphosyntactic, as well as the semantic contour that characterises them, I will show that pandemic Italian can be regarded as a transversal variety in the Italian linguistic repertoire.

In this article, first, we analyse the opposition of two linguistic models in dubbing in Spanish language – Latin American Spanish vs. Castilian Spanish – and consider the issue of Spanish lexical variation related to audiovisual translation. Next, we carry out a comparative analysis of the lexical characteristics of the two dubbing versions in Spanish language of the film Beauty and the Beast (1992). The analysis focuses on lexical density, marked and standard lexicon and the differential lexicon of both versions.

The Internet based 'Web-Blight' service (http://www.web-blight.net) was initiated to provide an online warning and prognosis system for potato late blight in the countries around the Baltic Sea. In order to obtain comparable results, methods were harmonized and a set of interacting PC and Internet applications were developed for use by the project partners. Results regarding monitoring of potato late blight and evaluation of variety resistance against late blight (field tests) are presented for Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. The use of the Internet to collect and present data was very successful, because information were "on the fly", helping farmers in their decisions about the timing of first applications and choice of fungicide type. Results show that it was possible to find early attacks as primary attacks (spots in the fields). In most cases attacks were initially found in home gardens and later in conventional fields. The growth stage at first attacks was often higher than 3 7 (BBCH) indicating that very early attacks caused by oospores in the soil was not a widespread problem. Local varieties were tested for late blight resistance in untreated field trials against four test varieties (Sava, Oleva, Danva and Kuras), Primary disease data were uploaded to Web-Blight via the Internet, and applications on the Web-Blight server calculated epidemiological variables such as delay of first symptoms and RAUDPC. Results indicated the presence of race-specific resistance in some varieties, e.g. Kuras, and that some varieties were originally misclassified according to resistance scale, e.g. Sante. The network about observation trials clearly showed that field test of variety resistance against late blight in time and space is important, taking into account the rapid evolution of Phytophthora infestans populations in Europe.

This article analyzes the growth impact of state ownership in enterprises by introducing state-owned enterprises (SOEs) into the endogenous, Romer-type economic growth model. We build on the empirical firm-level analysis showing that SOEs underperform their privately owned counterparts and consider SOEs' inefficiency and related subsidization in the growth model. Our model predicts that the growth rate is decreasing in the SOE inefficiency and SOE shares in final goods production and R&D sectors. The model helps to shed light on the mechanisms behind empirical facts observed in European economies in the 21st century - lower growth and innovation rates in countries with larger SOE shares.

To improve plant resistance to pests, we analysed the impact of various agronomic practices on the number and species diversity of pests in the crops of spring wheat varieties of foreign and Kazakhstan breeding in North- Eastern Kazakhstan.
The intensive development of agriculture, resulting in the new technological flow processes of wheat growing, the sowing of foreign varieties not previously cultivated under local conditions, and climate change contribute to the formation of new food chains in agrocenoses. These new food chains require the monitoring of plant-feeding species with the help of ecological approaches and techniques.
Efficient protection of crops with plant feeders requires constant updating on the phytosanitary in agrocenoses. Information on phytosanitary monitoring previously carried out in the region is not available, so it became necessary to collect data and analyse the number and species composition of wheat pests, considering new foreign varieties and cultivation technology practices.
The research was carried out in 2021 in typical agricultural organisations of the North-Eastern regions of Kazakhstan with different preceding crops. The vegetation period was characterised by high atmospheric temperatures and a lack of moisture in the soil in spring and summer, contributing to decreasing of plant turgor and damage resistance.
Early sowing of the ‘Triso’ wheat variety was affected by high temperatures and lack of soil moisture in the initial stage of development, which delayed its growth and made it more susceptible to pest damage. The other varieties were sown in optimal dates recommended by regional scientific institutions.

The paper aims to analyse the frequency of replacing the verb form «cantara~-se» with «cante» in 18th- century Latin American Spanish based on the data excerpted from the CORDE and CORDIAM corpora. This phenomenon will be examined on the example of subordinate adverbial clauses of purpose with the conjunction “para que”.

The objective of this paper is twofold. First, it aims at problematizing the inhomogeneity of linguistic features belonging to the so-called neostandard Italian, often presented as a monolithic inventory of linguistic forms and phenomena. Second, it intends to set such a linguistic variety in the context of Italian language pedagogy, still strongly anchored to the normative grammar and to the canons of standard Italian. Specifically, some rapidly consolidating neo-standard traits will be examined under the following aspects: structural and semantic complexity, functional and communicative value and extension in today’s usage.

Mezyn National Natural Park is in the north part of the Korop District of the Chernihiv Region, 310 km2 in area, is characteristic for its strongly dismembered landscape that stipulates presence of varied localities, among them there are exterminated glaciofluvial plains, slopes and super streamside terraces. Aim of research included an expose of the value of the Mezyn NNP in maintenance of forest diversity of vascular plants and forest communities. In the Mezyn NNP there are 772 species of spontaneous flora, 194 species of the cultivated flora and 18 rarity species. The rarest species are concentrated in the centre and the east, prats of the park richer in vegetation cover. In the forest group of the Mezyn NNP 10 species of vascular plants are recordered in the Red book of the Ukraine. The wooden territory of the Mezyn NNP presents 38% and provides the variety of ecotopic terms after they provides a wide spectrum of representation and protection of forest species of vascular plants and corresponding phytocommunites.

Hanna Krall is an acclaimed journalist and author, whose books were translated into multiple languages. However, relatively little critical attention has been given since her rise to world fame to her early work as a journalist. This article revisits this unjustly neglected part of her biography, when she made her name by reportages portraying the realities of life in Poland in the 1970s (the Edward Gierek's decade) and registering the tensions that led to the political earthquake of 1980 and culminated in the collapse of the communist system in 1989.