This article analyses the relationship between the Court of Justice and other international jurisdictions. In particular, it addresses the following question: To what extent is the Court of Justice ready to accept that some aspects of EU law are subject to the jurisdiction of an international body? The answer to this question requires analysis of the precise scope of the principle of autonomy of EU law as this principle could potentially constitute grounds on the basis of which the Court of Justice excludes the transfer of judicial competences to external bodies. For this reason, the article refers to the most important decisions in the field: Opinions 1/91 and 1/92, Opinion 1/09, Opinion 2/13, judgment in C-146/13 Spain v. Parliament and Council and judgment in C-284/14 Achmea. It also discusses the consequences of the application of Article 344 TFEU.

The aim of present paper is to analyse two different interpretations of Xenophanes’ scepticism sketched by Sextus Empiricus in his work Against Logicians. The very first attempt of a systematic grasping of the meaning of the poet’s epistemological concerns can be understood in the light of the so called hypatyphos problem ascribed to Xenophanes already by Timon of Phlius, namely the question of alleged tension between two sides of Colophonian’s thought: dogmatic and sceptical ones. As a result, shared vital points of these interpretations can be mentioned: an endeavour to understand the poet’s philosophical doubts through later concepts of the sceptical school and its distinctive technical terms on the basis of silent epistemological assumptions. Also some characteristic features are presented (different modes of grasping the idea of opinion – dokos). Some prospective analyses concerning traits of these exegetic approaches in contemporary interpretations of Xenophanes’ scepticism are needed.

The article presents the results of research carried out in construction companies among employees involved in the organisation and management of construction projects. The research concerned factors and their impact on decisions regarding the planning of quantitative employment workforce at a construction site. Based on individual assessments of individual factors, average assessments were calculated and hierarchies of the factors examined were made. In the second part of the article, the dispersion coefficient of relative classification was used to assess the reliability of the opinions collected. The content presented is a continuation of the work of the authors on the subject of employment planning at the construction site.

The following article is devoted to the process of adapting loanwords into the Russian language in the first half of 17th century. The material which was subject to analysis was extracted from the first, handwritten editions of Russian opinion journalism, written from 1600 to 1650. The purpose of the article is to present the process of absorbing loanwords on the phonetic and morphological level, and to record changes in word genders and resonance variants in the words internalized into Russian either originating directly from another language or passed on through one from other languages

The Court of the Eurasian Economic Union was created in 2015 as a judicial organ with jurisdiction over a range of subject matters within the Eurasian Economic Union. It replaced the Court of the Eurasian Economic Community, which operated within the Eurasian Economic Community and its Customs Union (2012-2014). Though the Union become the next step in the integration process of the post-Soviet area, the newly created Court has not been given de jure a successor status. The Court of the Union was set up anew as one of the four institutional bodies in the structure of the Union. It was empowered to settle disputes between the Member States, as well as to consider different types of actions brought by private actors (economic entities only). The interpretative function of the Court was enshrined as “competence on clarification.” Moreover, the Commission, the main executive and regulative organ, was not given locus standi in actions against the Member States to enhance their compliance with the obligations of EAEU law. Preliminary jurisdiction was also cut down as compared to the Court of the Community or other regional integration courts. However, some new functions were given to the Court, and its five years long practice shows a clear tendency to substitute missing powers with those given but in a broader context, as well as its aspirations to play a consolidating role for the legal order of the Union.

The aim of this article is to verify the data regarding the period when selected foreign nouns were introduced to the Russian language in relation to information provided by Russian dictionaries. A corpus created for the purpose of this paper consists of source texts from the years 1600‒1670 – the time preceding the rule of Peter the Great. The verification of data from Russian dictionaries is expected to show that, contrary to popular opinion, a significant number of foreign words were introduced to the Russian language even a century earlier than suggested in etymology and historical dictionaries. This observation can be proved by the analysis of literary monuments of the first half of the 17th century that have not been thoroughly investigated.

This article re-examines the material collected by the RFE Audience Research Department between 1958 and 1961 among Polish refugees and temporary visitors from Poland in the West. The aim of this analysis is to gain fresh insight into the attitudes and opinions about the Polish Section of the Radio Free Europe expressed by its listeners

The weekly Przekrój [Cross-section] was the oldest, most prestigious high-circulation illustrated weekly published in Poland after the war. In this content analysis of its 1290 issues produced in Cracow between 1945 and 1969, under the editorship of Marian Eile, the focus is on the magazine's coverage of literature and the arts. The article analyzes the ways in which the Przekrój sought to inform its readers about current literary and artistic life, its book reviews and its handling of themes and figures of Polish literary history.

In the academic community within Poland, there is an ongoing debate about the optimal strategies for a redesign of PhD programs; however, the views of PhD students in relation to contemporary doctoral study programs are not widely known. Therefore, in this article, we aim to answer the following questions: (1) what are the demands and the resources for doctoral studies at the Jagiellonian University (JU) as experienced by PhD students? (2) how are these demands and resources related to study burnout and engagement? To gain answers to these questions, we conducted an on-line opinion-based survey of doctoral students. As a result, 326 JU PhD students completed a questionnaire measuring 26 demands and 23 resources along with measures of study burnout and levels of engagement. The results revealed that the demands of doctoral studies at the JU (as declared by at least half of the respondents) are: the requirement to participate in classes that are perceived as an unproductive use of time, the lack of remuneration for tutoring courses with students, a lack of information about possible career paths subsequent to graduation, the use of PhD students as low-paid workers at the university, a lack of opportunities for financing their own research projects, and an inability to take up employment while studying for a doctoral degree. In terms of resources, at least half of the doctoral students pointed to: discounts on public transport and the provision of free-of-charge access to scientific journals. Analyzing both the frequency and strength of the relationships between resources/demands and burnout/engagement, we have identified four key problem areas: a lack of support from their supervisor, role ambiguity within University structures for PhD students, the conflict between paid work and doctoral studies, and the mandatory participation in classes as a student.

The MDCT and IntMDCT Algorithm is widely utilized is Audio coding. By lifting scheme or rounding operation IntegerMDCT is evolved from Modified Discrete Cosine Transform. This method acquire the properties of MDCT and contribute excelling invertiblity and good spectral mean .In this paper we discuss about the audio codec like AAC and FLAC using MDCT and Integer MDCT algorithm and to find which algorithm shows better Compression Ratio(CR).The confines of this task is to hybriding lossy and lossless audio codec with diminished bit rate but with finer sound quality. Certainly the quality of the audio is figure out by Subjective and Objective testing which is in terms of MOS (Mean opinion square), ABx and some of the hearing aid testing methodology like PEAQ(Perceptual Evaluation Audio Quality) and ODG(Objective Difference Grade)is followed. Execution measure, that is Compression Ratio(CR) and Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is approximated.