The breadth first signal decoder (BSIDE) is well known for its optimal maximum likelihood (ML) performance with lesser complexity. In this paper, we analyze a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detection scheme that combines; column norm based ordering minimum mean square error (MMSE) and BSIDE detection methods. The investigation is carried out with a breadth first tree traversal technique, where the computational complexity encountered at the lower layers of the tree is high. This can be eliminated by carrying detection in the lower half of the tree structure using MMSE and upper half using BSIDE, after rearranging the column of the channel using norm calculation. The simulation results show that this approach achieves 22% of complexity reduction for 2x2 and 50% for 4x4 MIMO systems without any degradation in the performance.
The presented article touches upon corporate social responsibility, a topic of a current and interdisciplinary nature. The aim of the article was to examine the CSR knowledge of two groups of stakeholders and indicate the need to include issues related to sustainable social and environmental responsibility in the technical study program. The research conducted within this domain have been the first results obtained among the academic communities of a technical university and employees in Poland who are the representatives of a selected business group, i.e. the mining sector. The obtained results are the effect of combining scientific research with the business environment. The main part of the article constitutes a description, course and results of the applied research method, which is a survey carried out amongst the selected target groups. The authors’ intention was to list the results obtained in two contexts: environmental and social. The conclusions of these studies are of a utilitarian nature, following towards the need to consider issues concerning sustainable social and environmental responsibility in the program of technical studies (as obligatory subjects). The authors argue that the increase in knowledge will be accompanied by an increase in awareness among (future) industry employees and among the public. This may mean an increase in expectations towards enterprises, which will result in raising standards both when it comes to aspects related to the natural environment, working conditions, and social dialogue.
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO (techniques use multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver for increasing the channel reliability and enhancing the spectral efficiency of wireless communication system.MIMO Spatial Multiplexing (SM) is a technology that can increase the channel capacity without additional spectral resources. The implementation of MIMO detection techniques become a difficult mission as the computational complexity increases with the number of transmitting antenna and constellation size. So designing detection techniques that can recover transmitted signals from Spatial Multiplexing (SM) MIMO with reduced complexity and high performance is challenging. In this survey, the general model of MIMO communication system is presented in addition to multiple MIMO Spatial Multiplexing (SM) detection techniques. These detection techniques are divided into different categories, such as linear detection, Non-linear detection and tree-search detection. Detailed discussions on the advantages and disadvantages of each detection algorithm are introduced. Hardware implementation of Sphere Decoder (SD) algorithm using VHDL/FPGA is also presented.