A characteristics of three extracellular metabolites produced by Bacillus coagulans strain that were supposed to be responsible for its fungistatic activity against Trichothecium roseum has been done by TLC, GC-MS and Western blotting methods. It was shown that these compounds of molecular weights as 41, 45 and 65 kDa secreted to the medium by bacteria had glycoprotein properties and did not become inactive when boiled for 20 min., as characteristic for glycoprotein.
The deterrent effect of limonene enentiomers and limonene derivative: ( + )-(1S,4S,6S)-4-(1-methylethenyl)-9-oxabicyclo[ 4.3.0]nonan-8-one, on Myzus persicae was investigated. Only S-enantiomers of limonene and its derivative showed feeding deterrent properties. S-limonene inhibited phloem sap ingestion and reduced the number of phloem sap ingestion phases during aphid stylet penetration of plant tissues. Aphids spent twice less time on leaves painted with ( + )-1S,4S,6S-4-(1-methylethenyl)-9-oxabicyclo[ 4.3.0]nonan-8-one than on control and S-limonene-treated leaves and the probes were shorter than 2 minutes on these leaves. Our studies confirmed that the chiral centre configuration of the lactones was important in expression of feeding deterrent activity.
Motivated by the concepts of low carbon and environmental protection, electric vehicles have received much attention and become more and more popular all around the world. The expanding demand for electric vehicles has driven the rapid development of the charging pile industry. One of the prominent issues in charging pile industry is to determine their sites, which is a complex decision-making problem. As a matter of factor, the process of charging piles sites selection can be regarded as multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM), which is the main topic of this paper. The recently proposed linguistic spherical fuzzy sets (LSFSs) composed of the linguistic membership degree, linguistic abstinence degree and linguistic non-membership degree are powerful tools to express the evaluation information of decision makers (DMs). Based on the concept of LSFSs, we introduce probabilistic multi-valued linguistic spherical fuzzy sets (PMVLSFSs), which can describe DMs’ fuzzy evaluation information in a more refined and accurate way. The operation rules of PMVLSFSs are also developed in this article. To effectively aggregate PMVLSFSs, the probabilistic multi-valued linguistic spherical fuzzy power generalized Maclaurin symmetric mean operator and the probabilistic multi-valued linguistic spherical fuzzy power weighted generalized Maclaurin symmetric mean are put forward. Based on the above aggregation operators, a new method for MAGDM problem with PMVLSFSs is established. Further, a practical case of suitable site selection of charging pile is used to verify the practicability of this method. Lastly, comparative analysis with other methods is performed to illustrate the advantages and stability of proposed method.
This paper constructs a six-term new simple 3D jerk system modeled by chaotic model memory oscillators with four parameters that control the behavior. The suitable choice of one of these parameters helps the system describe behavior and attractors. This means that the choice is a parameter of the associated behavior (dissipative or conservative) and attractors (self-excited or hidden). Some features of the equilibrium are observed that are related to the dependence on these parameters, such as saddle-foci, non-hyperbolic, and node-foci. This system is rich in dynamic features including chaotic, quasi-periodic (2-torus), and periodic via the utilization of bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov spectrum. Finally, a new image encryption algorithm is introduced that utilizes the jerk system. The algorithm is assessed through statistical performance analysis, according to the results of the experiments and security tests, it has been verified that the suggested image encryption algorithm is highly secure and could be a viable option for real-world applications.
In this paper, a new class of bidimensional fractional linear systems is considered. The stability radius of the disturbed system is described according to the H∞ norm. Sufficient conditions to ensure the stability margins of the closed-loop system are offered in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The concept of D stability region for these systems is also considered. Examples are provided to verify the applicability of our main result.
Department of Mathematics and ComputerScience, ACSY Team-Laboratory of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis UniversityMostaganem, P.O.Box 227/118, 27000 Mostaganem, Algeria
National HigherSchool of Mathematics, Scientific and Technology Hub of Sidi Abdellah, ACSY Team-Laboratory of Pureand Applied Mathematics(UMAB), P.O. Box 75, Algiers 16093, Algeria
In 1999-2001 the occurrence of thrips was analysed on seven cultivars of pea. The samples of leaves, then leaves and flower buds and the flowers were collected from plots. The analyses were initiated when the earliest cultivar (Sześciotygodniowy) began flowering and were repeated every 4-7 days, until the end of flowering. The following species of th rips were found: Franklinie/la intonsa Trybom, Thrips major Uzel, Thrips fuscipennis Hal., Thrips tabaci Lind. and Kakothrips robustus Uzel. The clear differences between the number of thrips on the particular cul tivars of pea were noticed. The most attractive were late cultivars Nike and Telefon as well as middle late Delisa II. It seems that the most important factor effecting on the number of thrips on particular cultivars was rather the start and the end of flowering than the length of the flowering period. The greatest number of thrips was noticed on flowers, from 50% to 77%. The thrips initially were found on leaves and then, as the pea was growing, on the flower buds and flowers. After the emergence of thrips, the analyses should be first initiated on leaves.
The antifeedant activity of lactones with di- and trimethylcyclohexane system was assessed in choice and no-choice bioassays against Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Alphitobius diaperinus larvae and beetles. The results showed that feeding deterrent activity depends on the structure of the tested compounds. Additional methyl group in the molecule of some compounds influences their activity increase or changes their properties from attractant to deterrent ones. The present results also demonstrate the species and developmental stage dependence of antifeedant activity.
The purpose of the presented studies was to determine the species composition of the fungi occurring on the underground parts of potato at an thesis and to establish the qualitative and quantitative composition ofmicroorganisms living in the soil environment of this plant. Besides, the studies aimed at finding antagonistic microorganisms inhibiting potato infection by soil-borne phytopathogens. The mycological analysis showed that the symptoms of necrosis on the roots and the stem base of potato were caused by Alternaria alternata, Fusarium spp., Colletotrichum coccodes and Rhizoctonia so/ani. The microbiological analysis of the potato rhizosphere gave twice as many bacteria and fungi as from the non-rhizosphere soil. The dominating pathogenic fungi in the examined soil samples were Fusarium spp., A. alternata and R. so/ani. Three times as many antagonistic bacteria Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. and more than twice as many antagonistic fungi (Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium spp.) were obtained from the potato rhizosphere as compared to the non-rhizosphere soil.
The studies conducted in two different localities revealed variable time of occurrence and severity level of potato early blight (Alternaria spp.). Each year at Stare Olesno the early blight caused considerable destruction of potato plants (90.2%-95.4%) while at Bonin the disease severity differed in particular years and ranged from 50.0% to 97.5% of destructed plants at the end of the growing season. Field trials showed good efficacy of fungicides selected for controlling the early blight compared with an untreated control. Spraying with fungicides limited development of the disease and increased tuber yield in the range from 21.9% to 60.9% for Bonin and from 13.0% to 101.9% for Stare Olesno surveys. The mixture of zoxamide with mancozeb showed the greatest efficacy.
In different plant species maternal factors influence the germinability of seeds. It can also be modified by environmental factors occurring during development and maturation. Achenes ofMatricaria maritima subsp. inodora were collected in summer 1995. Some of seeds were tested under controlled conditions in autumn the same year. The other part of seeds was buried. After 6-month stratification in the soil, diaspores were tested under the same conditions as a sample examined in autumn. It was shown a difference in germination, which was dependent on stage ofmaturation seed, position of inflorescence on the mother plant and the position of seeds in inflorescence. It was observed that seeds germinated much better in autumn than diaspores stored in the soil during winter.
This paper presents the results of observations on occurrence of Tetranychidae. During 1995-2001 investigations a total of 10 species, namely Bryobia praetiosa, Eotetranychus carpini, E. cary/i, E. pruni, E. tiliarum, Eurytetranychus buxi, Panonychus ulmi, Schizotetranychus schizopus, Tetranychus viennensis and T. urticae were collected in ornamental nurseries in Poland. The T. urticae was the most frequent species ofmites and it was found on 60 different species of plants belonging to 1 7 families. This species caused severe damage on Spiraea japonica (Rosaceae), Ulmus minor 'Jacqueline Hillier' (Ulmaceae), Magnolia spp. (Magnoliaceae), Buddleja davidii (Buddlejaceae), Sambucus nigra (Caprifoliaceae), Laburnum xwatererii (Fabaceae) and Daphne mezereum (Thymelaceae). Among ocher tetranychids, S. schizopus is also dangerous pest of grafted willows.
In Poland, about sixty fungicides are registered for chemical protection of potato crops against late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and some of them are effective against early blight (Alternaria spp.). Time of appearance of pathogens in potato crops depends on climatic conditions. In Bonin climatic conditions in the years 1998-2002, early blight was observed at the earliest date i.e. 41-56 days after potato planting. Trials carried out at the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute Bonin have shown different usefulness of fungicides in control of some pathogens of potato. The tested fungicides varied in their mobility (contact, translaminar, systemic) and activity against pathogens (protectant, curative, eradicative). All tested fungicides were effective in control of late blight in potato crops. They inhibited the rate of late blight development and in most cases the differences of their effectiveness were not significant. Systemic fungicides with slower mobility have the best efficacy in control of late blight infections occurring on potato stems. In laboratory tests, mancozeb, propineb and mixture of metalaxyl and mancozeb were significantly more effective in inhibiting the development of Alternaria. Fungicides, which are effective in the control of different pathogens, are particularly useful in potato protection programs.
In the years 1996-2002 evaluation of herbicides' efficacy used in low doses was tested. For investigations several herbicides recommended for weed control in cereals were selected. The results of experiments indicate on possibility of reducing of herbicides' doses by about 25 to 3 7.5%, and still obtaining good effects ofweed control without significant decrease of yielding of cultivation plants. The dose is depended upon sensitivity of weed species, growth stage of weeds and their infestation, density of crop and the weather conditions. Low doses of herbicide can be applied where weeds are in early growth stage, where there is low infestation ofweeds, and weeds show susceptibility to used herbicides, moreover under correct crop density and good weather conditions.
Bionomy of spruce spider mite (SSM) (Oligonychus ununguis Jacobi) on five species/cultivars of spruce and two species of cypress was studied under laboratory conditions during rwo consecutive growing seasons. The study showed influence of host-plant food on development time, fecundity and longevity of SSM. The comparison of intrinsic rate of natural increase (r,J indicates the highest reproduction potential of SSM on Picea pungens (0.18), P. abies 'Nidiformis' (0.17), and P. glauca 'Conica' (0.14). SSM had much lowest rm on P. omorica (O.OS) and P abies 'Virgata' (O.Ol). The reproductive potential of SSM on rested species of cypresses was similar: 0.12 and 0.10 on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Golden Wonder" and C. pisifera 'Nana Aureovariegata', respectively. The results obtained clearly indicate that the population parameters can be a proper indicator ofrelative susceptibility/resistance of commercially available species/cultivars of spruce and cypress plants to SSM.
The influence of different nozzle types and adjuvants on the biological efficacy of fungicides in potato was investigated in four growing seasons in the years 1997-2000. The studied foliar plant disease was late blight (Phytophthora infestans). The biological efficacy of fungicides (alone or with adjuvants) applied with coarse air induction nozzles was comparable to fine standard flat fan nozzle. The differences between the nozzle types tested were small in control oflate blight in potato with systemic and contact fungicides. Coverage of upper side of leaf blades was from three to four times higher than lower side of leaf blades. In general, the highest coverage of upper and lower side of leaf was achieved when the full dosage rate of fungicide (copper oxychloride) was used with both the flat fan XR 110-03 and air induction DB 120-03 nozzle. Adding Atpolan 80 EC and Zero Piany 62 SL to 50% dosage rate of copper oxychloride decreased the spray coverage on lower side ofleaf as well as with both the XR 110-03 and DB 120-03 nozzles. However, addition of adjuvants to spray solution did not decrease the deposition on upper side of leaf blade. In general, adjuvants did not considerably influence the biological efficacy of the fungicide treatments sprayed with both the flat fan and the air induction nozzles but had favourable influence on potato yield.
The NegFry model used for timing the chemical control of potato late blight was validated in field trials at Bonin in the years 2001-2002 (4 trials). In these trials the number of fungicide treatments recommended by NegFry was about 34.5% lower (on average) than the number of treatments in a routine spraying scheme. This reduction was mostly the results of a delay in the time of the initial fungicide application and longer spraying intervals recommended by Negfry.
Quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle is a multivariable, coupled, unstable, and underactuated system with inherent nonlinearity. It is gaining popularity in various applications and has been the subject of numerous research studies. However, modelling and controlling a quadcopter to follow a trajectory is a challenging issue for which there is no unique solution. This study proposes an optimal hybrid quadcopter control with MPC-based backstepping control for following a reference trajectory. The outer-loop controller (backstepping controller) regulates the quadcopter’s position, whereas the inner-loop controller (Model Predictive Control) regulates its attitude. The translational and rotational dynamics of the quadcopter are analyzed utilizing the Newton-Euler method. After that, the backstepping controller (BC) is created, which is a recurrent control method according to Lyapunov’s theory that utilizes a genetic algorithm (GA) to choose the controller parameters automatically. In order to apply a linear control technique in the presence of nonlinearities in the quadcopter dynamics, Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) Model Predictive Control (MPC) structure is developed. Simulation validated the dynamic performance of the proposed optimal hybrid MPC-based backstepping controller of the quadcopter in following a given reference trajectory. The simulations demonstrate the fact that using a command control input in trajectory tracking, the proposed control algorithm offers suitable tracking over the assigned position references with maximum appropriate tracking errors of 0.1 m for the �� and �� positions and 0.15 m for the �� position.
Spherical fuzzy sets are more powerful in modelling the uncertain situations than picture fuzzy sets, fermatean fuzzy sets, Pythagorean fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, and fuzzy sets. In this paper, we first define the variance and covariance of spherical fuzzy sets. Then, using variance and covariance, we define the unique spherical fuzzy set correlation metric in line with the statistical coefficient of correlation. Two spherical fuzzy sets are correlated in both direction and strength using the provided measure of correlation. We discussed its many characteristics. We compared the measure of correlation with the current ones through linguistic variables. We established its validity by showing its application in bidirectional approximate reasoning. We also resolve a pattern identification issue in the spherical fuzzy environment using the provided correlation function, and we compare the results with several current measurements.
The Floquet-Lyapunov transformation is extended to fractional discrete-time linear systems with periodic parameters. A procedure for computation of the transformation is proposed and illustrated by a numerical example.
This paper presents a new type of underactuated ground mobile robot called Caster Car. The platform consists of a front-driven and steered wheel and two uncontrolled rear caster wheels. The Caster Car model presented can be an interesting alternative for mobile robots that connects dynamic properties of hovercrafts and classical 4-wheeled cars. Underactuated properties of the Caster Car cause that classical proportional-derivative feedback control give the ability to affect only selected configuration variables. Three mathematical models of the Caster Car are proposed: a dynamic model with free-moving casters, a dynamic model with blocked casters, and a simplified hovercraft description. Models were tested during tracking tasks with demanding trajectory using selective and full-state control. This full state control was based on the computed torque technique with the pseudoinverse operation and proportional-derivative feedback. It gives the ability to suppress unstable behaviors of uncontrolled orientation but in cost of overall effect (higher position errors).
In this paper, we prove the controllability of mild solutions of neutral functional evolution equations with state-dependent delay and nonlocal conditions. We establish the non local controllability of mild solutions under certain conditions by combining Avramescu’s nonlinear alternative for the sum of compact and contraction operators in Fréchet spaces with semigroup theory.
The main goal of robot path planning is to design an optimal path for a robot to navigate from its starting point to its goal while avoiding obstacles and optimizing certain criteria. A novel method using marine predator algorithm which is used in the field of robot path planning is presented. The proposed method has two steps. First step is to build a mathematical model of path planning while second step is optimization process using marine predator algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed method works well and has good performance in different situations. Therefore, this method is an effective method for robot path planning and related applications.
This paper investigates the Luenberger observer design problem for non-autonomous control semilinear evolution equations with disturbances in Banach spaces. Then, the practicalstabilization problem of the system is solved, yielding a compensator based on the Luenberger observer by using integral inequalities of the Gronwall type. Sufficient conditions of the controller and observer problem are satisfied, we show that the proposed controller with estimatedstate feedback from the proposed practical Luenberger observer will achieve global practical stabilization. We develop novel ideas and techniques, which present the further development of mathematical control theory. Furthermore, an example is given to show the applicability of our theoretical results.
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