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Abstract

The subject of this study is to show that the parameters of the melting process of high chromium cast iron affect the cost of casting and the properties of the cast iron. The analysis of the quality of the casting and its price was conducted in terms of the metal charge of high chromium cast iron. As is well known, in order to obtain the correct structure of the casting, and thus good strength properties, it is necessary to use clean batch components free of undesirable impurities. Unfortunately, the quality of the metal charge is proportional to its price. Thus, the use of expensive batch components offers the possibility of obtaining healthy and meeting the strength properties of castings. However, there is a flaw in this approach. And it is from the point of view of economics that production plants are forced to look for savings. Expensive feedstock materials are replaced by cheaper counterparts giving the possibility of obtaining castings with similar properties often, however, at the cost of increased inferior quality. It seems that a way out of this situation is to introduce a modification procedure into the alloyed iron manufacturing technology. The selected modifiers should affect the fragmentation of the structure of the primary austenite. At this point, it can be hypothesized that this will result in the elimination of hot cracking in high chromium cast iron. The industrial research carried out at the "Swidnica" Foundry Ltd. made it possible to show by means of the Althoff-Radtke method that by using the modification of the liquid metal of the so-called "inferior and cheaper" composition of the metal charge, a reduction in the occurrence of hot cracks and shrinkage cavities can be achieved. In addition, iron-niobium modification not only reduced the formation of casting defects in castings, but also slightly improved the impact strength of high-chromium cast iron. The work was written as part of an implementation PhD.
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Bibliography

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[15] Dojka, M., Dojka, R., Stawarz, M., Studnicki, A. (2019). Influence of Ti and REE on primary crystallization and wear resistance of chromium cast iron. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(7), 4002-4011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04088-x. [16] Studnicki, A., Dojka, R., Gromczyk, M., Kondracki, M. (2016). Influence of titanium on crystallization and wear resistance of high chromium cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(1), 117-123. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0014.
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[18] Tęcza, G. (2022). Changes in microstructure and abrasion resistance during miller test of hadfield high-manganese cast steel after the formation of vanadium carbides in alloy matrix. Materials. 15(3), 1021, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ma16041726.
[19] Dorula, J. (2013). Macro- and microstructure formation of modified cast iron with low sulfur content. PhD thesis. Kraków. Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza. (in Polish). [20] Podrzucki, C., Kalata, C. (1976). Metallurgy and cast iron foundry. Katowice: Wyd. Śląsk. (in Polish).
[21] Jura, S., Cybo, J. & Jura, Z. (2001). Hot cracking of steel castings is still an unresolved problem. Archives of Foundry. 1(2/2), 512-519. (in Polish).
[22] Collective work. (2013). Foundryman's Guide. Contemporary foundry. Tom 1. Kraków: Wydawnictwo STOP. (in Polish).
[23] Data provided by Sylwia Rosińska Head of Purchasing Department of "Świdnica" Foundry Ltd.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Mędoń
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Szczęsny
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Edward Guzik
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Czarny
2
Dariusz Kopyciński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  2. Odlewnia „Świdnica” Sp. z o.o., Świdnica ul. Kliczkowska 53, Poland
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Abstract

Turbulent filling of a mould is one of the ways to introduce extrinsic defects into the cast part that could deteriorate many properties of any casting. The turbulence can be easily eliminated by counter gravity casting. In gravity casting, tapered downsprue, tapered runner is needed such that the mould cavity is filled counter-gravity from the bottom which is the only best way to eliminate turbulence during filling. Tilt casting method also exists which has the potential to quiescently transfer the liquid into the mould cavity. In this work, gravity and tilt casting methods were used to evaluate the tensile properties of Nb grain refined 206 alloy. Three different Nb contents were investigated: 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 wt% ratios and it was found that 0.05 wt% revealed the highest tensile properties. On the other hand, when the intrusion of surface folded oxides was eliminated during filling, it was found that mechanical properties were increased significantly, and particularly, the toughness was increased by two folds when tilt casting was applied compared to gravity casting.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nuri Palamutcu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kerem Can Dizdar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hayati Sahin
2
ORCID: ORCID
Derya Dispinar
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
  2. Foseco R&D, Netherlands
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Abstract

During mold filling and casting solidification, melt flow caused by gravity is present. Otherwise, forced flow may be a method applied for casting properties improvement. The flow effect generated by an electromagnetic field on the growing phases and a whole microstructure in Al-Si-Mn alloys was studied by slow solidification conditions. The hypereutectic and eutectic alloys were chosen to allow independent growth or joint growth of forming: Si crystals, Mn-rich α-Al15Si2Mn4 phases and Al-Si eutectics. In eutectic alloys, where Mn-phases precipitate as first and only one till solidus temperature, flow decreased number density of pre-eutectic α-Al15Si2Mn4. In the hypereutectic alloys, where Mn-phases grow in common with Si crystals, forced convection increased the overall dimension, decreased number density of pre-eutectic Mn phases and strengthened the tendency to growth in the outside of the sample. In the alloys, where Si crystals grow as first, stirring reduce number density of Si and moved them into thin layer outside cylindrical sample. Also by joint growth of Si crystals and Mn-phases, in hypereutectic Mn/Si alloy, flow moved Si crystals outside, reduced number density and increased the dimension of crystals. Stirring changed also AlSi eutectic spacing, specific surface Sv of α-Al and secondary dendrite arm spacing λ2. The results gave insight of what transformation under stirring take place in simple Al-Si-Mn alloys, and helps to understand what modifications in technical alloys may occur, that finally lead to changes in castings microstructure and properties. The possibility to control dimension, number density and position of Mn-phases and Si crystals is completely new and may help by metallurgical processes, continuous casting of billets and in the production of Si for the solar photovoltaic industry.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Mikołajczak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The study aimed touse3D computed tomography (CT) to analyse a joint between two dissimilar materials produced by friction stir welding (FSW). As the materials joined, i.e., aluminum and copper, differ in properties (e.g., density and melting point), the weld is predicted to have an inhomogeneous microstructure. The investigations involved applying microfocus computed tomography (micro-CT) to visualize and analyze the volumetric structure of the joint. Volume rendering is extremely useful because, unlike computer modelling, which requires many simplifications, it helps create highly accurate representations of objects. Image segmentation into regions was performed through global gray-scale thresholding. The analysis also included elemental mapping of the weld cross-sections using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and examination of its surface morphology by means of optical microscopy (OP). The joint finds its use in developing elements used in the chemical, energetics and aerospace industries, due to the excellent possibilities of combining many different properties, and above all, reducing the weight of the structure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech P. Depczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Damian Bańkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr S. Młynarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Radiography and Computed Tomography Laboratory, Department of Metal Science and Manufacturing Processes, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

The focus of this article is the origins of (1) reduced vowels in languages of the Balkan Sprachbund, (2) lenition of soft stops, (3) its (pre)nasalization, (4) the change of ‑n‑ into ‑r‑ in the Tosk dialect of Albanian and a similar process in Old Romanian as well as the Istro‑Romanian, Maramuresh and Oltenian dialects of this language, a parallel change of Latin ‑l‑ into ‑r‑ in common Romanian and certain Italian dialects.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Bednarczuk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej Kraków
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Krajewski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza
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Abstract

Teoria praktyk składa obietnicę uwolnienia socjologii od „pojęć dualnych” (mikro versus makro, struktura versus działanie, subiektywne versus obiektywne itd.). Jednocześnie obietnica ta tylko pozornie jest obietnicą nową (długowieczny koncept trzeciodrogowości socjologii), bezzałożeniową (definiowany brak założeń polega na precyzyjnej operacjonalizacji wybranych założeń) i neutralną (nakierowanie na zmianę świata, socjotechniczność). Celem tekstu jest analiza rekonceptualizującego potencjału teorii praktyk. Artykuł składa się z trzech zasadniczych części: (1) próby ulokowania oferty teorii praktyk w szerszym nurcie tzw. trzecich socjologii; (2) refleksji dotyczącej potencjału teoretycznego teorii praktyk; (3) wskazania ograniczeń i barier związanych z uwolnieniem potencjału teorii praktyk. W zakończeniu tekstu zaproponowana natomiast została wizja radykalnej ścieżki stosowania teorii praktyk, która w pełni realizuje swoje własne postulaty.
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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Nosal
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Drozdowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Jęcz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza
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Abstract

On December 6, 2022, Professor Hanna Taborska, an outstanding linguist, Slavicist, distinguished researcher of the Kashubian language, doctor honoris causa of the University of Gdańsk, Righteous Among the Nations passed away at the age of 92. She worked continuously for 58 years at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. She is the author of over 500 scientific publications, including fundamental works in the field of Kashubian and Slavic studies.
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Jadwiga Waniakowa
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN Kraków
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The contribution presents the main events in the life of Wojciech Chlebda (1950–2022), an eminent linguist, Polish and Slavic philologist, preoccupied throughout his career with the subject status of individuals and communities, as well as with the language‑culture interface. The main areas of his research, including the major tenets of his linguistic proposals, are also characterized, relating to the issues of phrasematics (speaker phraseology), lexicography as an instrument of national self‑identification, linguistic self‑identity, mental geography, and collective linguistic (non‑)memory.
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Anna Pajdzińska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Marii Curie‑Skłodowskiej Lublin
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In the theory of open systems one mentions equifinality – by drawing from various sources, one may reach the same results. The new linguistic phenomenon, which emerged due to equifinality, upsets the stability of the system, causes various types of re‑evaluation, therefore the same source causes different results. Thus, one may speak about equipotentiality. In her article, the author demonstrates how the adverbia which emerged in the late part of the Proto‑Slavic period influenced the word‑formative system of the Polish language. She focuses on the adverbs with the formants ‑o and ‑e, a class which was thriving already in the earliest period of the written Polish language (more than 500 units in the Old Polish period).
In adjectives, the adverb influenced the gradual decline of intensifying prefixes prze‑ ( przedobry ‘extremely good’) and nad‑ ( nadpełny ‘Latin: superplenus’), and on the basis of the elative na(j)‑ and ‑ szy there emerged the morphosyntactic category of grade. The development of the category of disintensification took a different direction.
Adverbs were one of the reasons which caused the decline of diminutive and augmentative verbs. The traces of these categories are preserved in the following words used in the modern Polish language: głaskać ‘to fondle, to caress, to stroke gently’, nadskakiwać ‘to fawn, to flatter, to toady’. Adverbs also influenced the gradual decline of obsolete iterativa, their properties were assumed by adverbs ( palać – często palić ‘to smoke often’).
Many original adverbs shifted to the class of functional expressions, assuming a metatextual role – of commenting upon one’s own, current utterances. Sometimes they perform the functions of thematic operators ( Intelektualnie Marek ma cechy lidera, emocjonalnie absolutnie nie ‘Mark has the qualities of a leader intellect‑wise, but not at all emotion‑wise); rhematic operators (particles, e.g. Janek podobno wyjechał ‘Janek supposedly went away’), appositions: A pani czytała to?Naturalnie! ‘And have you read it? – Naturally!’
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Krystyna Kleszczowa
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Śląski Katowice
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Abstract

This article deals with the etymology of three Polish words: przyzwoity, wyśmienity and rubaszny. All three should probably be considered native formations. Przyzwoity (in the older version przywoity, also przyzwoisty) in genetic terms should probably be combined with the verb wić: *przy‑wić > * przy‑wój > * prz‑woj‑ity. Wyśmienity – according to A. Brückner's hypothesis – derives from the hypothetical preform of pol. * wyśmień ‘height’. Rubaszny, on the other hand, is also the result of native derivational processes and derives from the Polish adjective gruby in the sense of undelicate, simple, unsophisticated, uncouth, coarse, rude’: * (g)ruby > * (g)rubacha > * (g)rubaszny.
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Adam Fałowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Jagielloński Kraków
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Abstract

The article analyzes the state of lexicographic modeling of modern Slavic morphemics, primarily the Ukrainian language. The development of Ukrainian morphemography over the past 40 years has been traced. Particular attention is paid to the computer morpheme and word‑formative fund of the Ukrainian language, which was created and is being developed by researchers of the Institute of the Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Kyiv. Common parameters of the form and semantics of roots and affixes are highlighted, which can become a basis for comparative studies. It is noted that, in contrast to Ukrainian morphemology, the morphemic dictionaries of other Slavic languages rarely present complex morphemic units: pairs and chains of affixal morphemes, affixal surroundings (lattices) of roots, models of the morphemic structure of words and morphemic nets for constructing words of certain parts of speech. The need to create a common factual basis, a common theoretical and methodological foundation for carrying out comparative studies on morphemics is emphasized. Only under this condition can we expect reliable conclusions about the typology and characterology of Slavic morphemics in general and morphemics of a certain Slavic language in particular. Keywords: morphemics,
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Євгенія А. Карпіловська
1

  1. Інститут української мови, Національної академії наук, України, Київ
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Abstract

The article reports on the Etymological Dictionary of the Old Church Slavonic Language, which was completed at the end of 2022. It is the first extensive scientific etymological vocabulary of Old Church Slavonic, consisting of a total of 21 volumes, of which 19 volumes contain entries (there are 2483 entries on 1164 pages). The last two volumes are registers of all words listed in the dictionary.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ilona Janyšková
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Etymologické oddělení Ústavu pro jazyk český, Akademie věd České republiky, Brno

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