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Bibliography

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[8] B. Nahak, A. Gupta, Manuf. Rev. 6 (2), 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2018015
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[10] L . Arunkumar, B.K. Raghunath, Int. J. Eng. Technol. 5 (5), 4332- 4338 (2013).
[11] Sohil Parsana, Nishil Radadia, Mohak Sheth, Nisarg Sheth, Vimal Savsani, N. Eswara Prasad, T. Ramprabhu, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 18 (3), 799-817 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2017.12.007
[12] S. Santosh, S. Javed Syed Ibrahim, P. Saravanamuthukumar, K. Rajkumar, K.L. Hari Krishna, Appl. Mech. Mater. 787, 406- 410 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.787.406
[13] M. Hourmand, A.A.D. Sarhan, S. Farahany, M. Sayuti, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 101 (9-12), 2723-2737 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-3130-3
[14] R. Ranjith, P. Tamilselvam, T. Prakash, C. Chinnasamy, Mater. Manuf. Process. 34 (10), 1120-1128 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2019.1628258
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[16] S. Suresh Kumar, M. Uthayakumar, S. Thirumalai Kumaran, P. Parameswaran, E. Mohandas, G. Kempulraj, B.S. Ramesh Babu, S.A. Natarajan, J. Manuf. Process. 20, 33-39 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2015.09.011
[17] P. Senthil, S. Vinodh, A.K. Singh, Int. J. Mach. Mach. Mater. 16 (1) 80-94 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMM.2014.063922
[18] K. Shunmugesh, K. Panneerselvam, Arch. Metall. Mater. 62 (3), 1803-1812 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0273
[19] S.K. Ramuvel, S. Paramasivam, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9 (3), 3885- 3896 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.02.015
[20] A.K. Sahu, S.S. Mahapatra, S. Chatterjee, J. Thomas, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (9), 19019-19026 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.253
[21] M. Eswara Krishna, P.K. Patowari, Mater. Manuf. Processes. 29 (9), 1131-1138 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2014.930887
[22] A.S. Gill, S. Kumar, Arabian J. Sci. Eng. 43 (3), 1499-1510 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2960-x
[23] P.K Rout, B. Surekha, P.C. Jena, G.N. Arko, Mater. Today: Proc. 26 (2), 2379-2387 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.510
[24] M. Gostimirovic, P. Kovac, M. Sekulic, B. Skoric, J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 26 (1), 173-179 (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-011-0922-x
[25] M. Ghoreishi, C. Tabari, Mater. Manuf. Processes, 22 (7-8), 833- 841 (2007). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10426910701446812
[26] M. Kiyak, B.E. Aldemir, E. Altan, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 79 (1-4), 513-518 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-6840-9
[27] B.M. Schumacher, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 149 (1-3), 376-381 (2004). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2003.11.060
[28] L . Srinivasan, K. Mohammad Chand, T. Deepan Bharathi Kannan, P. Sathiya, S. Biju, Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 71 (2), 373-382 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-017-1166-y
[29] S. Tripathy, D.K. Tripathy, Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 19 (1), 62-70 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.07.010
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Tajdeen
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Megalingam
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyamangalam, Erode-638401, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract

In this investigation, the effective mechanical, coupling and dielectric properties of Macro-fiber-composites (MFCs) consisting of piezo-rod-element constituents are determined using representative volume element method combined with finite element analysis. Experiments are conducted on piezo-bar-element MFCs to understand the applicability of the proposed approach which would later be extended to composites with modified geometric pattern. The longitudinal strains with respect to static deflections of beam and forced displacements under varying electrical loads are measured for the MFCs, and compared with the numerical simulations. Based on the good agreement from the result comparisons of piezo-bar-element MFCs, the effective material properties of piezo-rod-element MFCs are numerically determined based on the RVE approach.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

M.P. Saravanan
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Marimuthu
2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Jayabal
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mohamed Sathak AJ College of Engineering, Chennai, India
  2. Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India
  3. Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram, Chennai, India
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Abstract

The use of cold forging is a widely used solution in many industries. One application is the manufacture of bolts and fasteners. The largest amounts of bolts are used in the automotive and machine industry. Those customers demand high standards of quality and reliability from producers based on ISO 9001 and IATF 16949. Also, the construction, agriculture and furniture industries are raising their expectations for deliveries from year to year.
Automotive companies issue their standards specifying specific requirements for products. One of these standards is the aviation standard SAE USCAR 8-4; 2019, which speaks of a compatible arrangement of fibers in the bolt head and in the area of transition into the mandrel.
The article presents the cold forging process of flange bolts. Obtaining a compatible, acceptable and incompatible grain flow pattern based of the above mantioned standard was presented. Then the results of FEM simulation were correlated with the performed experiment.
The effect of incompatible grain flow system was discussed and presented as the crack initiating factor due to delta ferrite, hydrogen embrittlement, tempering embrittlement. The reliability of the connections was confirmed in the assembly test for yield stress on a Schatz machine. The advantages of this method and the difference compared to the tensile test were presented.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Dubiel
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Balawender
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Osetek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Koelner Rawlplug IP Sp. z o. o. Oddział w Łańcucie / Rzeszów University of Technology, Poland
  2. Rzeszów University of Technology, 12 Powstańców Warszawy Av., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents preliminary results of research on the use of certain smelting slags in the process of modification of casting alloys, leading to a change in the structure of these alloys and improvement of their mechanical and operational properties. The positive effect of ground copper slag with a fraction below 0.1 mm on the effect of modifying the hypoeutectic silumin AlSi7Mg towards changing the morphology of coarse-grained eutectic to fine-dispersive was demonstrated. The modifying effect also applies to the pre-eutectic α phase and results in the formation of additional crystallization sites (nucleation process), which was demonstrated by the thermal ATD solidification analysis, showing an increase in the temperature Tliq and TEmax. The positive and noticeable influence of the mixture of copper and steel slag on the surface modifying effect of fragmentation of the structure was demonstrated in casting nickel superalloy IN-713C. Based on the results of research conducted so far on the modifying effect of cobalt aluminate, a hypothetical model of the impact of reduced metallic components of the applied metallurgical slags on the nucleation process and shaping of the microstructure of nickel alloys was developed.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Sitko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Production Engineering, 26-28 Roosevelta Str., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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Abstract

Much zinc residue is produced during the traditional processes involved in zinc hydrometallurgy in the leaching stage: its composition is complex and valuable metals are difficult to recover therefrom. If not handled properly, it can lead to a waste of resources and environmental pollution. To solve this problem, zinc leach residue specimens were treated using the carbothermal reduction method (CTR) that is easy to operate and has a high energy utilisation rate. The methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) were used for analytical characterisation. Based on this, this research investigated a structure-function relationship between microstructures and microwave-absorbing properties of ZnO smoke from CTR-treated zinc leach residue. The results demonstrate that microstructures and macro-properties of ZnO smoke obtained at different temperatures differ greatly. Under conditions including a calcination temperature of 1250°C, holding time of 60 min, and addition of 50% and 10% of powdered coal and CaO separately, the ZnO content in the obtained smoke is 99.14%, with regular micron-sized ZnO particles therein. For these particles, the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) reached –25.56 dB at a frequency of 15.84 GHz with a matching thickness of 5 mm. Moreover, frequency bandwidth corresponding to RL < –10 dB can reach 2.0 GHz. ZnO smoke obtained using this method is found to have excellent microwave-absorbing performance, which provides a new idea for high-value applications of zinc-rich residue.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Zhiwei Ma
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sheng Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xueyan Du
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ji Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ruifeng Zhao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shengquan Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lanzhou University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou 730050, China
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Abstract

β-FeSi2 with the addition of B4C nanoparticles was manufactured by sintering mechanically alloyed Fe and Si powders with Mn, Co, Al, P as p and n-type dopants. The consolidated samples were subsequently annealed at 1123 K for 36 ks. XRD analysis of sinters after annealing confirmed nearly full transformation from α and ε into thermoelectric β-FeSi2 phase. SEM observations of samples surface were compliant with the diffraction curves. TEM observations allowed to depict evenly distributed B4C nanoparticles thorough material, with no visible aggregates and establish grain size parameter d2 < 500 nm. All dopants contributed to lower thermal conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, with Co having strongest influence on increasing electrical conductivity in relation to reference FeSi2. Combination of the addition of Co as dopant and B4C nanoparticles as phonon scatterer resulted in dimensionless figure of merit ZT reaching 7.6 × 10–2 at 773 K for Fe0.97Co0.03Si2 compound.
Comparison of the thermoelectric properties of examined sinters to the previously manufactured of the same stoichiometry but without B4C nanoparticles revealed theirs overall negative influence.
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Authors and Affiliations

F. Dąbrowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ł. Ciupiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Zdunek
1
ORCID: ORCID
W. Chromiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kruszewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Zybała
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Michalski
1
K.J. Kurzydłowski
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 141 Wołoska Str., 02-507 Warszawa, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, 32/46, Lotników Str., 02-668 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

On the basis of research, the mechanisms of dissolution and erosion during brazing of aluminium alloys and the influence of these phenomena on brazed joints of heat exchangers are presented. A number of factors have been identified that affect the formation of these phenomena during brazing aluminium alloys, these include : the maximum temperature and holding time at brazing temperature, and the type and amount of filler metal. The research was supported by examples of dissolution and erosion phenomena during series production of aluminium heat exchangers using three brazing profiles (normal, hot and very hot). It has been found that the dissolution of the engine radiator components during brazing, is from 18 to 68%, depending on the brazing profile used. For a very hot profile, erosion in part of the brazed exchanger, even destroys (removes) thin elements of the cooling fins.
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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Mirski
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Pabian
2
ORCID: ORCID
T. Wojdat
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Metal Forming, Welding and Metrology, 27 Wybrzeże Wypiańskiego, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
  2. Research & Development, MAHLE Behr Ostrów Wielkopolski
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Abstract

In this research, the carbon particle dispersions are made in two different levels as carbon nano tube (CNT) and carbon particle in microns range. The mechanical strength is evaluated for the composites developed by axial loading and bending test analysis. In addition, the air jet abrasive particle erosion study is performed for different angle of impingement. The dispersion of carbon particle in the matrix material has reduced the mechanical strength. The sample with 4% of CNT dispersion in the composite has a maximum strength of 143 MPa and a minimum strength of 112 MPa. For the same combination (4% of CNT composite), the maximum flexural strength is 116 MPa. It is clear to infer that the strength of CNT in matrix materials is superior to the increase in length of carbon particle. The dispersion of carbon particle in the matrix material increases the brittleness and the strength is diminished. During the flexural bending, the fiber delamination occurred with severe deformation in the plain composite. When the materials are subjected to impingement of solid particle, the attrition effect on the exposed surfaces is vulnerable towards erosive mechanism. The presence of carbon in the matrix material has significantly increased the surface property. The results are appreciable for 4% of CNT composite. Especially at 30º, the minimum erosive wear 0.0033 g/g has been recorded. Erosive wear is less at minimum impingement angle and the wear is found increasing at higher impingement angle. Therefore, it is recommended not to add carbon particle to a higher weight percentage, since it leads to brittleness.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Sravanthi
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
V. Mahesh
3
ORCID: ORCID
B. Nageswara Rao
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Deemed to be University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur522 502, India
  2. Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology and Management, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hyderabad, India
  3. SR Engineering College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Warangal 506371, India
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Abstract

The impact of Garnet addition into the AL7075 Aluminium matrix on the physical, mechanical and corrosion properties are studied in this research paper. Al 7075/garnet composites are fabricated by using two-stage stir casting method in different (0, 5, 10, 15) volume percentages. Photomicrograph of prepared samples revealed the uniform distribution of garnet reinforcement into the base matrix. The corrosion rate is calculated by potentiodynamic polarization method. The actual density is increased by around 1.2% for Al 7075 / garnet (15%) composite as compared to base alloy. Micro hardness of Al 7075 / garnet (15%) composite is raised by around 47 (34%) compare to as cast base matrix. Al7075 / garnet (15%) composite tensile strength stood at 252 Mpa, which is 40% greater than the base alloy. Al 7075 / 15% garnet composites reduce around 97% of corrosion rate than the base matrix. Alloy elements influenced the corrosion than Garnet reinforcement.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Sambathkumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Navaneethakrishnan
1
ORCID: ORCID
K.S.K. Sasikumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Gukendran
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Ponappa
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kongu Engineering College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erode, Tamilnadu, India
  2. Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jabalpur, India
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Abstract

Metal-intermetallic layered (MIL) composites attract considerable attention due to their remarkable structural and ballistic performance. This study aimed to develop a Ti/Al-based multilayered MIL material by adding ceramic powders, since they can improve the composite’s impact resistance. To this end, an experiment was conducted which a stack of alternating Ti and Al sheets bonded by hot pressing; Ti/Al multilayers containing additional layers of Al2O3 and SiC powders were also produced. The samples obtained were examined using electron microscopy techniques. The clads’ mechanical properties were investigated using a Charpy hammer. In the reaction zone, only one intermetallic phase occurred: the Al3Ti phase. The model with an additional Al2O3 layer showed the highest impact energy. None of the Ti/Al clads broke during the Charpy impact test, a result proving their high ductility.
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Authors and Affiliations

W. Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Paul
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Petrzak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ł. Maj
1
ORCID: ORCID
I. Mania
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Faryna
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science , Polish Academy of Sciences , 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

A n-type semiconductor ZnO has high transmittance features, excellent chemical stability and electrical properties. It is also commonly used in a range of fields, such as gas sensors, photocatalysts, optoelectronics, and solar photocell. Magnesium-doped zinc oxide (Mg-ZnO) nano powders were effectively produced using a basic chemical precipitation process at 45°C. Calcined Mg-ZnO nano powders have been characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX and PL studies. XRD measurements from Mg-ZnO revealed development of a crystalline structure with an average particle size of 85 nm and SEM analysis confirmed the spherical morphology. Electrochemical property of produced Mg-ZnO nanoparticles was analyzed and the specific capacitance value of 729 F g–1 at 0.5 A g–1 current density was recorded and retained a specific capacitance ~100 percent at 2 A g–1 current density.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Arul
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Senthilnathan
2
ORCID: ORCID
V. Jeevanantham
3
ORCID: ORCID
K.V. Satheesh Kumar
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jai Shriram Engineering College, Department of Physics, Tirupur-638660, Tamilnadu, India
  2. Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Department of Applied Physics, Sriperumbudur-602117, Tamilnadu, India
  3. Vivekanandha College of Arts & Sciences for Women, Department of Chemistry, Tiruchengode 637205, Tamilnadu, India
  4. Kongu Engineering College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erode-638060, Tamilnadu, India
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Abstract

In this study, a novel composite was fabricated by adding the Hafnium diboride (HfB2) to conventional WC-Co cemented carbides to enhance the high-temperature properties while retaining the intrinsic high hardness. Using spark plasma sintering, high density (up to 99.4%) WC-6Co-(1, 2.5, 4, and 5.5 wt. %) HfB2 composites were consolidated at 1300℃ (100℃/min) under 60 MPa pressure. The microstructural evolution, oxidation layer, and phase constitution of WC-Co-HfB2 were investigated in the distribution of WC grain and solid solution phases by X-ray diffraction and FE-SEM. The WC-Co-HfB2 composite exhibited improved mechanical properties (approximately 2,180.7 kg/mm2) than those of conventional WC-Co cemented carbides. The high strength of the fabricated composites was caused by the fine-grade HfB2 precipitate and the solid solution, which enabled the tailoring of mechanical properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyun-Kuk Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ik-Hyun Oh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ju-Hun Kim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Sung-Kil Hong
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jeong-Han Lee
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Smart Mobility Materials and Components R&D Group, 6, Cheomdan-gwa giro 208-gil, Buk-gu, Gwan g-Ju, 61012, Korea
  2. Chonnam National University, Materials Science & Engineering, 77, Yong-bongro, Buk-gu, Gwan g-ju, 61186, Korea
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Abstract

In this paper, synthesize MoO3 particles with various particle properties by control growth influence factors was mainly studied. The experimental conditions were established in molar ratio of Mo:urea and pH levels. The plate-type of MoO3 particles were formed without proceeding any established conditions, but the rod-shape particles were formed by adjusting molar ratio of Mo:urea. Also, different ranges of the particle size were formed by adjusting experimental conditions. Through the results, it was confirmed that particles with a size in the range of 300 ~ 400 nm were obtained by adjusting precursor concentration and the micrometer size of particles were formed by increase pH levels. The properties of the particles formed accordingly by setting various factors that can affect the growth process of MoO3 particle was analyzed as variables and the particle growth behavior was also observed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Namhun Kwon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seyoung Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jaeseok Roh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kun-Jae Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Dankook University, Department of Energy Engineering, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

The microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-rolled Fe-9Mn-0.2C medium-manganese steels with different Al, Cu, and Ni contents were investigated in this study. Based on the SEM, XRD, and EBSD analysis results, the microstructure was composed of martensite, band-type delta ferrite, and retained austenite phases depending on the Al, Cu, and Ni additions. The tensile and Charpy impact test results showed that the sole addition of Al reduced significantly impact toughness by the presence of delta-ferrite and the decrease of austenite stability although it increased yield strength. However, the combined addition of Al and Cu or Ni provided the best combination of high yield strength and good impact toughness because of solid solution strengthening and increased austenite stability.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Young-Chul Yoon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Gyu Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Hyeok Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byoungchul Hwang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 232, Gongneung-Ro., Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea
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Abstract

Liquid Metal Extraction process using molten Mg was carried out to obtain Nd-Mg alloys from Nd based permanent magnets at 900oC for 24 h. with a magnet to magnesium mass ratio of 1:10. Nd was successfully extracted from magnet into Mg resulting in ~4 wt.% Nd-Mg alloy. Nd was recovered from the obtained Nd-Mg alloys based on the difference in their vapor pressures using vacuum distillation. Vacuum distillation experiments were carried out at 800oC under vacuum of 2.67 Pa at various times for the recovery of high purity Nd. Nd having a purity of more than 99% was recovered at distillation time of 120 min and above. The phase transformations of the Nd-Mg alloy during the process, from Mg12Nd to α-Nd, were confirmed as per the phase diagram at different distillation times. Pure Nd was recovered as a result of two step recycling process; Liquid Metal Extraction followed by Vacuum Distillation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammad Zarar Rasheed
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Sun-Woo Nam
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Hoon Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Min Park
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ju-Young Cho
2
ORCID: ORCID
Taek-Soo Kim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Science and Technology, Industrial Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
  2. Korea Institute for Rare Metals, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

As a wafer cleaning process, RCA (Radio Corporation of America) cleaning is mainly used. However, RCA cleaning has problems such as instability of bath life, re-adsorption of impurities and high-temperature cleaning. Herein, we tried to improve the purity of silicon wafers by using a chelating agent (oxalic acid) to solve these problems. Compounds produced by the reaction between the cleaning solution and each metal powder were identified by referring to the pourbaix diagram. All metals exhibited a particle size distribution of 10 μm or more before reaction, but a particle size distribution of 500 nm or less after reaction. In addition, it was confirmed that the metals before and after the reaction showed different absorbances. As a result of elemental analysis on the surface of the reclaimed silicon wafer cleaned through such a cleaning solution, it was confirmed that no secondary phase was detected other than Si.
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Authors and Affiliations

Keunhyuk Ryu
1
Myungsuk Kim
1
Jaeseok Roh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kun-Jae Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Dankook University, Department of Energy Engineering, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

This study investigates the effects of grain boundary structures on mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Al-0.7Mg-1.0Cu alloy using nanoindentation system. Grain boundary structure transforms to high angle grain boundaries from low angle ones with increase of heat treatment temperature and the transformation temperature is about 400℃. Young’s modulus and hardness are higher in sample with low angle grain boundaries, while creep length is larger in sample with high angle ones. These results indicate that progress of plastic deformation at room temperature is more difficult in sample with low angle ones. During compression test at 200℃, strain softening occurs in all samples. However, yield strength in sample with low angle grain boundaries is higher twice than that with high angle ones due to higher activation energy for grain boundary sliding.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jin Man Jang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Wonsik Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Se-Hyun Ko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
  2. Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

As the amount of high-capacity secondary battery waste gradually increased, waste secondary batteries for industry (high-speed train & HEV) were recycled and materialization studies were carried out. The precipitation experiment was carried out with various conditions in the synthesis of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 material using a Taylor reactor. The raw material used in this study was a leaching solution generated from waste nickel-based batteries. The nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) precursor was prepared by the Taylor reaction process. Material analysis indicated that spherical powder was formed, and the particle size of the precursor was decreased as the reaction speed was increased during the preparation of the NCM. The spherical NCM powder having a particle size of 10 µm was synthesized using reaction conditions, stirring speed of 1000 rpm for 24 hours. The NCM precursor prepared by the Taylor reaction was synthesized as a cathode material for the LIB, and then a coin-cell was manufactured to perform the capacity evaluation.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Hang-Chul Jung
1
ORCID: ORCID
Deokhyun Han
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dae-Weon Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byungmin Ahn
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE), Yongin, Korea
  2. Ajou University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Energy Systems Research, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16499, Korea
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Abstract

This study investigated the recovery behavior of valuable metals (Co, Ni, Cu and Mn) in spent lithium ion-batteries based on Al2O3-SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 slag system via DC submerged arc smelting process. The valuable metals were recovered by 93.9% at the 1250℃ for 30 min on the 20Al2O3-40SiO2-20CaO-20Fe2O3 (mass%) slag system. From the analysis of the slag by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, it was considered that Fe2O3 and Al2O3 acted as basic oxides to depolymerize SiO4 and AlO4 under the addition of critical 20 mass% Fe2O3 in 20Al2O3-40SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 (CaO + Fe2O3 = 40 mass%). In addition, it was observed that the addition of Fe2O3 ranging between 20 and 30 mass% lowers the melting point of the slag system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tae Boong Moon
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Chulwoong Han
2
ORCID: ORCID
Soong Keun Hyun
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sung Cheol Park
2
ORCID: ORCID
Seong Ho Son
2
ORCID: ORCID
Man Seung Lee
3
ORCID: ORCID
Yong Hwan Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon, Korea
  2. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Technology Incheon, 156, Gaetbeol Rd., Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-840, Korea
  3. Mokpo National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Mokpo, Korea
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Abstract

Deposition defects like porosity, crack and lack of fusion in additive manufacturing process is a major obstacle to commercialization of the process. Thus, metallurgical microscopy analysis has been mainly conducted to optimize process conditions by detecting and investigating the defects. However, these defect detection methods indicate a deviation from the operator’s experience. In this study, artificial intelligence based YOLOv3 of object detection algorithm was applied to avoid the human dependency. The algorithm aims to automatically find and label the defects. To enable the aim, 80 training images and 20 verification images were prepared, and they were amplified into 640 training images and 160 verification images using augmentation algorithm of rotation, movement and scale down, randomly. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, total loss was derived as the sum of localization loss, confidence loss, and classification loss. In the training process, the total loss was 8.672 for the initial 100 sample images. However, the total loss was reduced to 5.841 after training with additional 800 images. For the verification of the proposed method, new defect images were input and then the mean Average Precision (mAP) in terms of precision and recall was 0.3795. Therefore, the detection performance with high accuracy can be applied to industry for avoiding human errors.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Byungjoo Choi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yongjun Choi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Moon Gu Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jung Sub Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sang Won Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Yongho Jeon
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Ajou University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi 16499, Republic of Korea
  2. Sungkyunkwan University School of Mechanical Engineering, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Laser cladding is a method that can be applied to repair the crack and break on the mold and die surfaces, as well as generate new attributes on the surface to improve toughness, hardness, and corrosion resistance. It is used to extend the life of the mold. It also has the advantages of superior bonding strength and precision coating on a local area compared with the conventional thermal spraying technology. In this study, we investigated the effect of cladding on low carbon alloy steel using 18%Cr-2.5%Ni-Fe powder (Rockit404), which showed high hardness on the die surface. The process conditions were performed in an argon atmosphere using a diode laser source specialized for 900-1070 nm, and the output conditions were 5, 6, and 10 kW, respectively. After the cladding was completed, the surface coating layer’s shape, the hardness according to the cross-section’s thickness, and the microstructure were analyzed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cheol-Woo Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyo-Sang Yoo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jae-Yeol Jeon
1
Kyun-Taek Cho
1
Se-Weon Choi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Smart Mobility Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 1110-9 Ory ong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwan gju, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In this study, stainless steel 316L and Inconel 625 alloy powders were additively manufactured by using directed energy deposition process. And heat treatment effect on hardness and microstructures of the bonded stainless steel 316L/Inconel 625 sample was investigated. The microstructures shows there are no secondary phases and big inclusions near interfacial region between stainless steel 316L and Inconel 625 except several small cracks. The results of TEM and Vickers Hardness show the interfacial area have a few tens of micrometers in thickness. Interestingly, as the heat treatment temperature increases, the cracks in the stainless steel region does not change in morphology while both hardness values of stainless steel 316L and Inconel 625 decrease. These results can be used for designing pipes and valves with surface treatment of Inconel material based on stainless steel 316L material using the directed energy deposition.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yeong Seong Eom
1 2
Kyung Tae Kim
1
Dong Won Kim
1
Ji Hun Yu
1
Chul Yong Sim
3
Seung Jun An
3
Yong-Ha Park
4
Injoon Son
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Changwon, Republic of Korea
  2. Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
  3. Insstek, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
  4. Samsung Heavy Industries, Geoje-si, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

An alternative fabrication method for metallic fuel in Gen-IV reactor was introduced with vibration packing of nuclear fuel particles to facilitate remote fabrication in a hot cell and reduce the generation of long-lived radioactive wastes. Vibration packing experiments on metallic particulate fuel using a surrogate 316L stainless steel powder were done to investigate the packing density and the uniformity of the simulated fuel according to the filling method and the vibration condition. Metallic particulate fuel filled with a pre-mixed power over all particles had the highest packing fraction and the most uniform distribution among the filling methods. The vibration packing method showed that it could fabricate the metallic particulate fuel having uniform distribution of spherical fuel particles through the adjustment of the filling method of the metallic powder and the vibration condition of the metallic particulate fuel.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ki-Hwan Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seong-Jun Ha
1
Sang-Gyu Park
1
Seoung-Woo Kuk
1
Jeong-Yong Park
1

  1. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Next-Generation Fuel Technology Development Division, 989-111, Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In-situ study on the high-temperature fracture behaviour of 347 stainless steel was carried out by using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The welding microstructures of the 347 stainless steel were simulated by subjecting the steel specimen to solution and aging treatments. Undissolved NbC carbides were present within grains after solution treatment, and M23C6 carbides were preferentially formed at grain boundaries after subsequent aging treatment. The M23C6 carbides formed at grain boundaries worked as stress concentration sites and thus generated larger cracks during high-temperature tensile testing. In addition, grain boundary embrittlement was found to be a dominant mechanism for the high-temperature fracture of the 347 stainless steel because vacancy diffusion in the Cr-depleted zones enhances intergranular fracture due to the precipitation of M23C6 carbides at grain boundaries.
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Authors and Affiliations

Seok-Woo Ko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyeonwoo Park
2
ORCID: ORCID
Il Yoo
3
ORCID: ORCID
Hansoo Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Joonho Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Byoungchul Hwang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
  2. Korea University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
  3. ADNOC LNG, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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