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Analysis of mechanical properties and structure of samples filled with continuous glass fiber produced in composite filament fabrication technology

Dawid Marciniak Dariusz Sykutera Piotr Czyżewski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 2 | e148841 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.148841
Keywords CFF composite filament fabrication mechanical properties structure specific strenght specific stiffness CT Onyx
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Abstract

The purpose of the study was to evaluate selected mechanical properties and structural characteristics of samples manufactured using composite filament fabrication (CFF) technology from Onyx material, whichwas filled with continuous glass fiber. Selected mechanical properties were correlated with the density of the resulting composite to determine the specific strength of the fabricated parts. The test specimens were manufactured on a Mark Two Enterprise machine (Markforged, USA) using composite filament fabrication (CFF) technology. The material used was polyamide 6.6 with a 20% short carbon fiber content with the trade name Onyx. Continuous glass fiber was used to reinforce the fabrication. The density of the manufactured samples was determined using a hydrostatic method. Methanol was used as the liquid. By determining the density of the samples, it was possible to estimate through appropriate calculations what specific strength and specific modulus the obtained composites would have. Determination of tensile and flexural strengths was carried out in accordance with ISO 527-1:2012 and ISO 178:2003. Determination of the impact tensile strength of the samples was carried out in accordance with ISO 8256, the beams were tested using the A method. Due to the high impact tensile strength, two 1 mm notches with an angle of 45°were made on the specimens. The image of the sample structure obtained by the CFF method was recorded using a CT scanner. A thermogravimetric test (TG) of the Onyx matrix material was carried out. The samples were tested approximately 72 hours after fabrication. Filling the samples with continuous glass fiber above 50% leads to a slight increase in impact resistance. The density of the composite increased by only 16% relative to the reference samples, resulting in a 389% increase in the maximum average flexural strength. Despite significant discontinuities in the structure of the produced composite, it was possible to record an increase in tensile strength and Young’s modulus by 606% and 370%, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dawid Marciniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Sykutera
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Czyżewski
1
  1. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Manufacturing Techniques, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Poland

The effectiveness of impregnation of building materials of cellulose origin and its impact on selected properties

Paweł Niewiadomski Anna Karolak Marta Oleksiak Agnieszka Chowaniec-Michalak
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 2 | e148876 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.148876
Keywords cardboard impregnations tensile strength contact angle
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Abstract

One of the biggest challenges facing a designer of paper structures is its low resistance to moisture and water. Paper is a hydrophilic material that absorbs moisture from the outside. This causes the hydrogen bonds between the cellulose molecules to loosen and as a result a rapid decrease in strength parameters. In order to be able to use paper as a construction material, there is a need to select and evaluate the effectiveness of the appropriate impregnant, as well as to know its impact on the mechanical properties of the impregnated paper. The paper analyzes the effect of the use of various impregnations, including wood oil, yacht lacquer, and fire-retardant agent impregnation, on the tensile strength of several types of cellulose-derived materials, e.g. corrugated board, solid board, paper cores, and honeycomb board. The effectiveness of the impregnation was also assessed using the method of measuring the contact angle of the reference and impregnated surfaces.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Niewiadomski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Karolak
1
Marta Oleksiak
1
Agnieszka Chowaniec-Michalak
1
  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrze˙ze Wyspia´nskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

The Use of 3D Printed Sand Molds and Cores in the Castings Production

Dawid Halejcio Katarzyna Major-Gabryś
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 1 | 32-39 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149249
Keywords Additive technologies Molding and core sands 3D printing Mold technology Castings quality
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Abstract

As a part of this work, an analysis of the current state of knowledge regarding the use of additive technology - binder jetting in the production of castings was made. The binder jetting (so-called 3D printing) has become the leading method of sand mold and core production. Within this paper types of molding and core sands with organic and inorganic binders that are and can be used in technology were analyzed. The need to carry out works aimed at developing pro-ecological molding / core sands with inorganic binders and organic binders with reduced harmfulness to the environment dedicated to binder jetting technology was noticed. The influence of technology parameters on the properties of molding / core sands and the properties of cast components was analyzed. It was shown that thanks to the unlimited shapes of the systems obtained with the use of additive technologies, it is possible to influence the rate of heat dissipation through the mold, which positively effects the process of solidification and crystallization of the castings.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Dawid Halejcio
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering Department of Moulding Materials, Mould Technology and Non-ferrous Metals al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow

The potential of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 for phenol degradation under exposure to heavy metal

Agnieszka Gąszczak Elżbieta Szczyrba Anna Szczotka
Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e64 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.149459
Keywords phenol heavy metal biodegradation kinetic equations synergism
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Abstract

The large diversity of chemical substances present in air, water, or soil makes it necessary tostudy their mutual impact on the effectiveness of microbiological decomposition ofcontaminants. This publication presents the results of the studies aimed at evaluating the effect of two biogenic heavy metals - zinc and copper - on the phenol biodegradation by the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 strain. The tests were carried out for concentrations ofmetals significantly exceeding the legally permitted wastewater values: for zinc up to13.3 g·m -3, and copper up to 3.33 g·m -3. In the tested metal concentration range, phenol biodegradation by the S. maltophilia KB2 strain was not significantly influenced by theintroduced dose of zinc. While the presence of copper inhibited both biomass growth andsubstrate degradation. Kinetic data of metal and phenol mixtures were analyzed and very goodcorrelations were obtained for the proposed equations. An equation consistents with the Hanand Levenspiel model was proposed for the system S. maltophilia KB2-phenol-copper, whilean equation consistents with the Kai model for the system St. maltophilia KB2-phenol-zinc. The simultaneous presence of Zn and Cu ions in the culture resulted in a stronger inhibition ofphenol biodegradation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Gąszczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta Szczyrba
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Szczotka
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Baltycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

UAS and a virtual environment as possible response tools to the incidents involving uncontrolled release of dangerous gases – a case study

Anna Rabajczyk Jacek Zboina Maria Zielecka Radosław Fellner Piotr Kaczmarzyk Dariusz Pietrzela Grzegorz Zawistowski
Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e65 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.149460
Keywords unmanned aerial system (UAS) Ammonia emergency situations ALOHA
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Abstract

Various types of events and emergency situations have a significant impact on the safety of people and the environment. This especially refers to the incidents involving the emission of pollutants, such as ammonia, into the atmosphere. The article presents the concept of combining unmanned aerial vehicles with contamination plume modelling. Such a solution allows for mapping negative effects of ammonia release caused by the damage to a tank (with set parameters) during its transport as well as by the point leakage (such as unsealing in the installation). Simulation based on the ALOHA model makes it possible to indicate the direction of pollution spread and constitutes the basis for taking action. And, the use of a drone allows to control contamination in real time and verify the probability of a threat occurring in a given area.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Rabajczyk
1
Jacek Zboina
1
Maria Zielecka
1
Radosław Fellner
2
Piotr Kaczmarzyk
1
Dariusz Pietrzela
1
Grzegorz Zawistowski
1
  1. Scientific and Research Centre for Fire Protection, National Research Institute, Nadwiślańska 213, 05-420 Józefów, Poland
  2. Fire University of Warsaw, Słowackiego 52/54, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland

The influence of inoculum source and pretreatment on the biohydrogen production in the dark fermentation process

Marlena Domińska Katarzyna Paździor Radosław Ślęzak Stanisław Ledakowicz
Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e63 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.149458
Keywords dark fermentation hydrogen inoculum pretreatment food waste
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Abstract

The production of biohydrogen from food waste (FW) by dark fermentation (DF) is a promising technology for commercialisation, as it is both a clean fuel and a suitable means of sustainable waste management. The described experiments compared the biohydrogen production yields obtained after the use of inoculum from two different sources: digested sludge from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Lodz and sludge from the anaerobic treatment of dairy industry wastewater (DIW) (unconcentrated and double-concentrated). In addition, the effect of different temperatures (70, 90 and 121°C) of inoculum pretreatment on the biohydrogen production in DF was tested. The process was carried out batchwise at 37°C. The highest yield of hydrogen production was obtained after the inoculum pretreatment at 70°C. In addition, a higher amount of hydrogen could be obtained by using sludge from the WWTP as the inoculum (96 cm3 H2/gTVSFW) than unthickened sludge from the DIW (85 cm 3 H 2/g TVSFW). However, after thickening the sludge from the dairy industry, and at the same time balancing the dry matter of both sludges, the hydrogen production potential was comparable for bothsludges (for the WWTP sludge – 96 and for the DIW sludge – 93 cm 3 H 2/g TVSFW). The kinetics of hydrogen production was described by modified Gompertz equation, which showed a good fit (determination coefficient R2 between 0.909 and 0.999) to the experimental data.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marlena Domińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Paździor
1
ORCID: ORCID
Radosław Ślęzak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stanisław Ledakowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 213 Wolczanska Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland

Separation and purification of phycobiliproteins from Thermosynechococcus PCC 6715 by foam fractionation and aqueous twophase extraction

Anna Antecka Rafał Szeląg Stanisław Ledakowicz
Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e62 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.149457
Keywords phycobiliproteins purification aqueous two-phase extraction foam fractionation
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Abstract

The use of foam fractionation followed by aqueous two-phase extraction has emerged as a potential alternative to traditional liquid chromatography, hitherto irreplaceable in the purification of phycobiliproteins. The crude extracts of C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were obtained after Thermosynechococcus PCC 6715 biomass disintegration. The FF process with air flow of 2.4 L·h -1 resulted in purification factors up to 1.47 and partitioning coefficients of about 39, and did not require the addition of surfactants. A temperature of 35˚C allowed for the highest partitioning coefficient of 67.6 and yield of 76%; however, the purity of C-PC in condensate at this temperature was lower than at 25˚C. ATPE was tested in 20 different systems consisting of polyethylene glycol and phosphate or citrate salts, of which PEG1500-citrate gave the highest purification factor value of 2.31. Conversely, a partitioning coefficient of 2416 and 1094 were obtained for the PEG1500-phosphate and PEG3000-phosphate systems, respectively. Interestingly, the use of FF condensate in subsequent ATPE step resulted, for the first time, in the separation of the polymer phase into two fractions, one contained C-phycocyanin and the other allophycocyanin. It can be concluded that the use of a two-step system of FF and ATPE is a viable way to separate phycobiliproteins.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Antecka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Szeląg
1
Stanisław Ledakowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wolczanska 213, 93-005 Lodz, Poland

Influence of yeast size on the kinetics of cell disruption in an ultrasonic homogenizer

Anna Kacprowicz Marek Solecki
Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | Accepted articles | e61 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2024.149456
Keywords microorganisms disintegration process Ultrasounds process kinetics
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Abstract

The results of studies on the disintegration kinetics of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are presented. The process was carried out in a 500 W ultrasonic homogenizer equipped with a spherical working chamber with a volume of 100 cm 3. The concentration of the suspension of microorganisms was 0.05 g d.m./cm 3. The continuous phase was water solution containing 0.15 M NaCl and 4 mM K 2HPO 4. The kinetics of cell disruption were studied by the direct method. The theory of random transformation of dispersed matter was used to analyze the process. There was significant variation in the size of yeast cells. The range of changes in the values of parameters describing the size of microorganisms was divided into size classes. The kinetics of cell disruption in individual classes was described by a first-order linear differential equation. During the implosion of cavitation bubbles, the transformation volume of individual microorganisms is generated. It has been shown that as the volume of cells in subsequent size classes increases, their transformation volumes do not increase significantly. The safe volume for cells remains unchanged. As the size of the microorganisms increased, there was no increase in the constant rate of cell disruption.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Kacprowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Solecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Wolczanska 213, 93-005 Lodz, Poland

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