RNA jest niezwykłą cząsteczką i prawdopodobnie już wkrótce znajdzie zastosowanie w terapii wielu ciężkich chorób. Jego strukturę i funkcje można badać, stosując mikromacierze izoenergetyczne.

In greenhouse trials in 1998-1999, the effects of using new spray techniques on the activity of two herbicides for broad-leaved weeds control were examined. Also retention of spray solution containing herbicides with and without addition of oil adjuvant on Chenopodium album and Sinapsis alba leaves was measured. Results showed that air induction and conventional flat fan nozzle gave similar control of tested plants, except Chenopodium album control where fine sprays applied with conventional flat fan nozzle improved efficacy compared with very course spray obtained with air induction nozzle. Also results showed that oil adjuvant addition enhanced biological efficacy for all nozzles, regardless of using herbicide and controlled plant species. Droplet size was the most important factor determining spray retention and activity of herbicides. Efficacy of spray retention depends on the wetting characteristics of the plant, spray application and solution factors.

In four-year experiments the influence of droplet size and nozzle designs on the activity of a commercial herbicides triberenuron-rnethyl (Granstar 75 WG) and mixture of2,4 D, dicamba, and mecoprop (Aminopielik Tercet 500 SL) applied ro broadleaf weeds in spring barley was examined. The recommended and half doses were applied at 200 and 280 1 ha" and at 250-570 μm (VMD) diameter droplet sizes, using air inclusion (ID 12003), low drift (TT 11003) and conventional flat fan (11003 XR) nozzles. The results showed that smaller droplet size increased herbicide performance at constant spray volume, regardless of the droplet size range investigated. A significant interaction between the droplet size and herbicide type was observed. Generally, for triberenuron-rnethyl a performance was increased at smaller droplet size (250-270 μm), but significant increase of herbicide activity only at half dose was obtained. There were no significant interactions between droplet size and performance of mixture 2,4 D, dicamba, and mecoprop.

Knowing the full sequence of the chicken genome will not only help us to breed more productive and healthier birds and to keep avian-borne diseases, such as bird flu, under control. By comparing the human and chicken genomes, we will also gain a better understanding of our own biology.

The influence of different nozzle types and adjuvants on the biological efficacy of fungicides in potato was investigated in four growing seasons in the years 1997-2000. The studied foliar plant disease was late blight (Phytophthora infestans). The biological efficacy of fungicides (alone or with adjuvants) applied with coarse air induction nozzles was comparable to fine standard flat fan nozzle. The differences between the nozzle types tested were small in control oflate blight in potato with systemic and contact fungicides. Coverage of upper side of leaf blades was from three to four times higher than lower side of leaf blades. In general, the highest coverage of upper and lower side of leaf was achieved when the full dosage rate of fungicide (copper oxychloride) was used with both the flat fan XR 110-03 and air induction DB 120-03 nozzle. Adding Atpolan 80 EC and Zero Piany 62 SL to 50% dosage rate of copper oxychloride decreased the spray coverage on lower side ofleaf as well as with both the XR 110-03 and DB 120-03 nozzles. However, addition of adjuvants to spray solution did not decrease the deposition on upper side of leaf blade. In general, adjuvants did not considerably influence the biological efficacy of the fungicide treatments sprayed with both the flat fan and the air induction nozzles but had favourable influence on potato yield.

Znajomość pełnej sekwencji genomu kury pozwoli nie tylko na hodowlę drobiu o lepszych właściwościach, czy na lepszą kontrolę nad chorobami ptaków (być może nawet nad ptasią grypą). Porównując DNA kury i człowieka możemy się także wiele dowiedzieć o naszej własnej biologii.

Field experiments were conducted to determine quizalofop-Puefuryl (Pantera 040 EC) efficacy for control of couchgrass (E repensi at crop rotation peas-spring cereals. The results showed that herbicides applied at 4-8 leaf stage of E repens enhanced weed control effect. Subsequent treatments i.e. at I 0-12 leaf stage of E repens were less effective. In the following years, the yield of spring cereals depended on efficacy ofE repens control in forecrop i.e. pea. Spring cereals (wheat and barley) gave better yield when higher level ofE repens control was observed.

Between 2004 and 2017, multiple studies on the herbicide resistance of weeds were conducted by the Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute in Poland. Weed seeds, collected from fields located in various regions of Poland where herbicide use was ineffective, were used in studies conducted under greenhouse conditions. A total of 261 loose silky bent (Apera spica-venti L.) samples were found to be herbicide resistant, which translates to 52.4% of the fields under study. Nearly 50% of the analyzed samples exhibited resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides. Resistance to acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors was found in 18 fields, whereas resistance to photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors (isoproturon) was found in 12 fields. Herbicide resistance of blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) occurred in 26 of the fields under study. In addition, resistance of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) to acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitors occurred in 10 spring cereal crops. In the case of winter wheat, resistance of cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) to tribenuron-methyl occurred in 23 fields. Scentless chamomile (Matricaria inodora L.) and field poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) were resistant to tribenuron-methyl in four and three fields, respectively, of winter wheat. In the case of sugar beet, three biotypes of fat hen (Chenopodium album L.) and two biotypes of redroot amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) were resistant to metamitron. Horseweed (Conyza canadensis L.), which grows on railway tracks, exhibited resistance to glyphosate. This paper reviews all studies conducted in Poland on weed resistance. Based on the results, maps of weed resistance in Poland were created.