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Abstract

W artykule analizujemy konstruowanie męskości przez polskich migrantów zaangażowanych w działalność polskich organizacji Kościoła katolickiego za granicą. Przedstawiamy wyniki badań, które przeprowadziłyśmy w latach 2016–2018 z aktywnymi religijnie polskimi mężczyznami migrantami, w trzech krajach: Anglii, Belgii i Szwecji. Ramą heurystyczną analizy jest koncepcja męskości hybrydycznej, rozumianej jako konglomerat społecznych praktyk i reguł społecznych wywodzących się z różnych wzorców płci. Pokazujemy, jak w procesie selektywnego włączania znaczeń przypisywanych np. kobiecości konstruowany jest nowy wzór męskości. Omawiamy, w jaki sposób religia staje się mechanizmem stratyfikacji i mobilności w ramach hierarchii płci. Osadzenie męskości w znaczeniach religijnych wynosi polską religijną męskość na dominujące pozycje w porządku symbolicznym.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Leszczyńska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Zielińska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sylwia Urbańska
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH w Krakowie
  2. Uniwersytet Jagielloński
  3. Uniwersytet Warszawski
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Abstract

The presented paper describes the phenomenon of secularisation and secularism in the culture of Western Europe, and attempts to identify its sources. The first point of the paper, The meaning of secularization and secularism, explains secularisation as a social process in which religion or, more strictly, religious institutes, religious behaviour, and religiously inspired conscience, are gradually losing their control over many fields of social activity such like education, arts or politics. Secularisation can be labelled as a philosophy of life “as if there were no God”, or a kind of ideology that tries to justify not only the very fact of secularisation but declares it a source and norm for human progress and demands the proclamation of man’s absolute autonomy in shaping his own destination. Among many philosophers who have influenced development of secularisation and secularism two stand out: R. Descartes (second point) and F. Nietzsche (third point). In the philosophy of Descartes one can identify at least four sources of modern secularism. These are: his concept of philosophy, theory of cognition with the resulting departure from classical concepts of truth and rationality and development of alternative ones, Cartesian metaphysics and the arguments for the existence of God and his concept of the nature of God evolving from those arguments. The last part of the article presents Nietzsche’s move away from the faith in Christian God and his turn to atheism. At least three fundamental causes for Nietzsche’s radical autosecularisation can be discerned: the emotional religion of his home, his disbelief in the authenticity of the Bible and his growing familiarity with the philosophy of Schopenhauer.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ks. Paweł Mazanka
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Abstract

The Russian aggression against Ukraine is heavily influenced by the memory of World War II (WWII), used by the Russian Federation as a consolidation tool to mobilise Russian society for the fight against a “neo-Nazi Ukraine”. Since 2014 Russia has adopted a set of legislative initiatives aiming to preserve a government-prescribed narrative about the exceptionally heroic role of the USSR in WWII and prohibiting any other interpretation under the threat of criminal and administrative sanctions. Both laws are using the decision of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) as a reference point to justify and legally substantiate such an interpretation, as the USSR was one of “victorious” nations which rendered justice against the Nazis in 1946. This article aims to show how the IMT rulings have been turned into an instrument of Russian propaganda and which lessons can be learned for the future of international tribunals, as well as examines the overall Ukrainian quest for Russian accountability.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anastasiia Vorobiova
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznań Human Rights Centre
  2. Institute of Legal Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences

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