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Abstract

The paper presents results of tests carried out on ausferrite carbide matrix alloyed ductile cast iron. The ausferrite was obtained via addition of Cu and Mo alloying elements. This eliminated heat treatment from the alloy production cycle. The article presents results of tests of the quality of the obtained material. Emphasis was put on metallographic analysis using light and scanning microscopy. Works also included chemical composition tests and EDS analysis. Strength tests were executed in an accredited laboratory. It is possible to create a raw ausferrite carbide matrix without subjecting an alloy to heat treatment. However, it turned out that quality parameters of cast iron were insufficient. The obtained material hardness was 515 HB, while Rm strength and A5 ductility were very low. The low tensile strength of the analyzed alloy resulted from the presence of degenerate graphite secretion (of flake or vermicular shape) in the cast iron. The tests also demonstrated that the alloy was prone to shrinkage-related porosity, which further weakened the material. Alloys made of alloyed ductile iron of ausferrite matrix micro-structure are very attractive due to elimination of the heat treatment process. However, their production process and chemical composition must be optimized.
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Bibliography

[1] Ahmed, M., Riedel, E., Kovalko, M., Volochko, A., Bähr, R. & Nofal, A. (2022). Ultrafine ductile and austempered ductile irons by solidification in ultrasonic field. International Journal of Metalcasting. 16(3), 1463-1477. DOI: 10.1007/s40962-021-00683-8.
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[7] Ibrahim, M.M., Negm, A.M., Mohamed, S.S. & Ibrahim. K.M. (2022). Fatigue properties and simulation of thin wall ADI and IADI castings. International Journal of Metalcasting. 16(4), 1693-1708. DOI: 10.1007/s40962-021-00711-7.
[8] Gumienny, G. & Kacprzyk. B. (2018). Copper in ausferritic compacted graphite iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(1), 162-166. DOI: 10.24425/118831.
[9] Abdullah, B., Alias, S. K., Jaffar, A., Rashid, A.A., Ramli, A. (2010). Mechanical properties and microstructure analysis of 0.5% niobium alloyed ductile iron under austempered process in salt bath treatment. International Conference on Mechanical and Electrical Technology, (pp. 610-614). DOI: 10.1109/ICMET.2010.5598431.
[10] Akinribide, O.J., Ogundare, O.D., Oluwafemi, O.M., Ebisike, K., Nageri, A.K., Akinwamide, S.O., Gamaoun, F. & Olubambi, P.A. (2022). A review on heat treatment of cast iron: phase evolution and mechanical characterization. Materials. 15(20), 1-38. DOI: 10.3390/ma15207109. [11] Samaddar, S., Das, T., Chowdhury, A.K., & Singh, M. (2018). Manufacturing of engineering components with Austempered ductile iron - A review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 5(11), 2561525624. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.11.001.
[12] Stachowiak, A., Wieczorek, A.N., Nuckowski, P., Staszuk, M. & Kowalski, M. (2022). Effect of spheroidal ausferritic cast iron structure on tribocorrosion resistance. Tribology International. 173. DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2022.107688.
[13] Myszka, D. & Wieczorek, A. (2015). Effect of phenomena accompanying wear in dry corundum abrasive on the properties and microstructure of austempered ductile iron with different chemical composition. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(1), 483-490. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2015-0078.
[14] Pimentel, A.S.O., Guesser, W.L., Portella, P.D., Woydt, M. & Burbank. J. (2019). Slip-rolling behavior of ductile and austempered ductile iron containing niobium or chromium. Materials Performance and Characterization. 8(1), 402-418. DOI: 10.1520/MPC20180188.
[15] Machado, H.D., Aristizabal-Sierra, R., Garcia-Mateo, C. & Toda-Caraballo, I. (2020). Effect of the starting microstructure in the formation of austenite at the intercritical range in ductile iron alloyed with nickel and copper. International Journal of Metalcasting. 14(3), 836-845. DOI: 10.1007/s40962-020-00450-1.
[16] Janowak, J.F. & Gundlach. R.B. (1985). Approaching austempered ductile iron properties by controlled cooling in the foundry. Journal of Heat Treating. 4(1), 25-31. DOI: 10.1007/BF02835486.
[17] Gumienny, G. & Kurowska, B. (2018). Alternative technology of obtaining ausferrite in the matrix of spheroidal cast iron. Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute. 58(1), 13-29. DOI: 10.7356/iod.2018.02.
[18] Gumienny, G., Kacprzyk, B., Mrzygłód, B. & Regulski. K. (2022). Data-driven model selection for compacted graphite iron microstructure prediction. Coatings. 12(11). DOI: 10.3390/coatings12111676.
[19] Tenaglia, N.E., Pedro, D.I., Boeri, R.E. & Basso. A.D. (2020). Influence of silicon content on mechanical properties of IADI obtained from as cast microstructures. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 33(2-3), 72-79. DOI: 10.1080/13640461.2020.1756082.
[20] Méndez, S., De La Torre, U., González-Martínez, R. & Súarez. R. (2017). Advanced properties of ausferritic ductile iron obtained in as-cast conditions. International Journal of Metalcasting. 11(1), 116-122. DOI: 10.1007/s40962-016-0092-9.
[21] Kashani, S.M. & Boutorabi. S. (2009). As-cast acicular ductile aluminum cast iron. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International. 16(6), 23-28. DOI: 10.1016/S1006-706X(10)60022-2.
[22] Ferry, M. & Xu. W. (2004). Microstructural and crystallographic features of ausferrite in as-cast gray iron. Materials Characterization. 53(1), 43-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2004.07.008.
[23] Stawarz, M. & Nuckowski. P. M. (2022). Corrosion behavior of simo cast iron under controlled conditions. Materials. 15(9), 1-14. DOI: 10.3390/ma15093225.
[24] Stawarz, M. (2018). Crystallization process of silicon molybdenum cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(2), 100-104. DOI: 10.24425/122509.
[25] Vaško, A., Belan, J. & Tillová. E. (2018). Effect of copper and molybdenum on microstructure and fatigue properties of nodular cast irons. Manufacturing Technology. 18(6), 1049-1052. DOI: 10.21062/ujep/222.2018/a/1213-2489/mt/18/6/1048.
[26] Silman, G.I., Kamynin, V.V. & Tarasov. A.A. (2003). Effect of copper on structure formation in cast iron. Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 45(7-8), 254-258. DOI: 10.1023/A:1027320116132.
[27] Gumienny, G., Kacprzyk, B. & Gawroński, J. (2017). Effect of copper on the crystallization process, microstructure and selected properties of CGI. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(1), 51-56. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0010.
[28] Vaško, A. (2017). Fatigue properties of nodular cast iron at low frequency cyclic loading. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(4), 2205-2210. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0325.
[29] Stawarz, M. & Nuckowski. P.M. (2020). Effect of Mo addition on the chemical corrosion process of SiMo cast iron. Materials. 13(7), 1-10. DOI: 10.3390/ma13071745.
[30] Stawarz, M. (2017). SiMo ductile iron crystallization process. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(1), 147-152. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0027.
[31] Zych, J., Myszka, M. & Kaźnica, N. (2019). Control of selected properties of „Vari-morph” (VM) cast iron by means of the graphite form influence, described by the mean shape indicator. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(3), 43-48. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2019.127137.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Stawarz
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Lenert
1
K. Piasecki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Foundry Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Towarowa 7 St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

In this contribution, new light is thrown on a detail in the Ugaritic KTU 1.18 IV 20ff. The bird motive will be of crucial importance. The birds are designated as vultures and taken as a bad omen. The explanation can be supported by a rough parallel in the Coptic-Manichaean book of Psalms.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stefan Bojowald
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universität Bonn
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Abstract

In the article the Author presents the typology of alternative history and in its light he characterises the historical writings of Jerzy Łojek, in particular his approach towards history of November Uprising, 1830–1831.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Brzechczyn
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The term peritonitis is relatively new in medical language, however some of its symptoms were observed and noted even in antiquity. The proper recognition of peritonitis as a distinct pathological entity was made possible when progress in the clinical and experimental sciences give birth to the methodology needed for the investigation of the etiology and mechanism of peritoneal inflammation. Research con-cerning this clinical topic began to yield significant results in the second half of 19th century. This paper aims to give some insight into this pioneering period of scientific investigation focused on the etiology and pathology of peritonitis. From the work of von Recklinghausen in the 1860s, through the later research of Wegner and Gravitz, the next major step in this field was made by the Polish experimental pathologist and pathophysiologist Karol Klecki.
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Bibliography

1. Hau T.: The History of Peritonitis. Acta Chirurgica Austriaca. 2000; 32: 157–161.
2. Hau T.: Biology and treatment of peritonitis: the historic development of current concepts. J Am Coll Surg 1998; 186: 475–484.
3. Recklinghausen F.v.: Zur Fettresorption. Archiv f pathol Anat. 1863; 26: 172–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01930770.
4. Wegner G.: Chirurgische Bermekungen über die Peritonealhöle, mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Ovariotomie. Arch Klin Chir. 1877; 20: 51–145.
5. Curtis B.F.: I. The Pathology of Peritonitis. Ann Surg. 1887; 5 (2): 120–124. doi: 10.1097/00000658-188701000-00026.
6. Dubar L., Remy Ch.: Sur l’absorption par le péritoine. Journal de l’anatomie et de la physiologie normales et pathologiques de l’homme et des animaux. 1882; 18: 60–106, 342–372.
7. Grawitz P.: Statistischer und experimentell-pathologischer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Peritonitis. Charité-Annalen. 1886; 11: 770–823.
8. Grawitz P.: Beitrag zur Theorie der Eiterung. Virchows Archiv. 1889; 116: 116–153.
9. Guzek J.W.: Karol Klecki (1866–1931). Acta Phisiologica Polonia. 1987; 38: 272–278.
10. Klecki C.: Recherches sur la pathogénie de la péritonite d’origine intestinale; étudo de la virulence du coli bacille. Annales de l’Institut Pasteur. Paris. 1895; 9: 710–735.
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12. Pawlowsky A.D.: Zur Lehre von der Aetiologie, der Entstehungsweise und den Formen der acuten Peritonitis. Virchows Archiv. 1889; 117: 469–530.
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23. Haas W.: Über den Bakteriengehalt des Pfortaderblutes und die Entstehung von Leberabszessen. Deutsche Zeitschrift f Chirurgie. 1922; 173: 239–293.
24. Dieulafoy G.: A Text-book of medicine. New York. 1912; 1: 780.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard W. Gryglewski
1

  1. Department of the History of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College
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Abstract

The current technological development is SD-WAN (Software-Defined Wide Area Network) which provides highperformance access for users located far from the head office so as to allow faster network connections and has been facilitated automation techniques for branch offices. This research solves the problem of XYZ company because it is known that the company requires network connectivity with a high SLA (Service Level Agreement) and no downtime in the information exchange process. This research hypothesis assumes that using SD-WAN would be ideal and the problems with XYZ company were resolved. The purpose of this research is the implementation of a WAN network using SD-WAN technology against two ISPs on the FortiGate router, as well as testing QoS (Quality of Service) that has been configured using the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) routing method. This research plan consists of ISP-A using IP-VPN (Internet Protocol-Virtual Private Network) and ISP-B using broadband Internet. The test scenario was carried out using 3 methods, namely Full Service Scenario, Fail Over Scenario-1 when the IP VPN service is down and Fail Over Scenario-2 when the broadband Internet service is down. The final results of the research have obtained "Satisfactory" results for both services, including the average index on ISP-A and ISP-B of 3.7.
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Authors and Affiliations

Lukman Medriavin Silalahi
1
Vahira Amaada
2
Setiyo Budiyanto
1
Imelda Uli Vistalina Simanjuntak
1
Agus Dendi Rochendi
1 3

  1. Universitas Mercu Buana, Indonesia
  2. PT Aplikanusa Lintasarta Indonesia, Indonesia
  3. Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional RepublikIndonesia, Indonesia
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Abstract

Monoculture of modern cereal crops are popular due to the technical and organizationa lreasons. They are easier in crop husbandry, qua lity and product use. However, in monoculture chemical protection of crops is a norm, due to the fact that they are more susceptible to diseases, pests and sometimes weed infestation. In order to keep high and stable grain yields and quality in monoculture one has to use high inputs. Experimentally and practically it has been proved that cultivar and species mixtures can constitute an alternative to cultivar growing in pure stands. It has been found that in mixtures opperate different epidemiological and ecological factors, which lead to considerable disease reduction, pest and weed control, which finally result in higher and more stable grain yields than in barley varietes grown in pure stands. The results of two years field experiment designed to evaluate epidemiological and economical effects of winter barley cultivar mixtures are presented. The studies were carried out in two sites – experimental lStation for Variety Testing Słupia Wielka (in Wielkopolska region) and Plant Breeding Station Bąków (Opole District). This two sites were 300 km away from each other, and had different soi land meteorological conditions. In the experiment impact of different barley cultivars and their different two- and three-component mixtures were tested with reduced dosages of fungicidies on grain yield in the mixtures compared with pure stands were evaluated.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Tratwal
Jadwiga Nadziak
Magdalena Jakubowska
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of the research whose aim was to establish the sensitivity degree of Betu/a pendula pollen, seeds and seedlings in the adverse conditions of the zinc-lead waste from "Silesia" Steelworks in Katowice. The pollen and the seeds of the birch (from the dump and unpolluted region - Mirów) were tested by taking into condition: pollen capacity and seeds germination capacity. For the pot cultures metallurgical wastes and the soil from Mirów were placed in plastic boxes. For each kind of seeds a different soil variant was applied: Dump soil, Soil from Mirów, Garden soil (control group), 8 seeds were put into each box (total number of seeds for each variant was 96). The seeds of Betu/a pendula growing on smelter waste dumps had been collected in the vicinity of the dumps. The results of the experiment showed that the soil pollution has a significant impact on generative phase of Betu/a pendula.
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Authors and Affiliations

Izabella Franiel
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Abstract

This paper discusses issues related to optimising the technological parameters of the process of brazing gold in a vacuum

furnace. An investigation of the brazing process was carried out for materials used in constructing components for aircraft engine

fuel systems. The vacuum brazed material was AMS 5510 stainless steel (in the form of plates and pipes). AMS 4787 (BAu-4) was

used as the brazing filler. In particular, the influence of the method of preparing the surface on solder spreading and the thickness

of the diffusion zone were analysed. The best spreading of solder was obtained for nickel plated surfaces. When the sample surface

was more rough or scratched, the effect of the spreading of solder was limited and the diffusion process of the solder into the base

material became dominant. Moreover, the influence of the brazing temperature on microstructure changes and on interdiffusion

of the AMS 5510 stainless steel/BAu-4 solder system was determined. It was observed that an increase in the brazing temperature

modifies the morphology of the formed joint by forming a massive and rounded phase. Furthermore, an increase in the brazing

temperature enhances the exchange of components.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Hebda
P. Kaczor
K. Miernik

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