Applied sciences

Metrology and Measurement Systems

Content

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2021 | vol. 28 | No 3

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Abstract

Surface roughness has an important influence on the service performance and life of parts. Areal surface roughness has the advantage of accurately and comprehensively characterizing surface microtopography. Understanding the relationship and distinction between profile and areal surface roughness is conducive to deepening the study of areal surface roughness and improving its application. In this paper, the concepts, development, and applications of surface roughness in the profile and the areal are summarized from the aspect of evaluation parameters. The relationships and differences between surface roughness in the profile and the areal are analyzed for each aspect, and future development trends are identified.
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Authors and Affiliations

Baofeng He
1
Siyuan Ding
1
Zhaoyao Shi
1

  1. Beijing University of Technology, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
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Abstract

Geographic trajectory of a pipeline is important information for pipeline maintenance and leak detection. Although accurate trajectory of a ground pipeline usually can be directly measured by using global positioning system technology, it is much difficult to determine trajectory for an underground pipeline where global positioning system signal cannot be received. In this paper, a new method to determine trajectory for an underground pipeline by using a pipeline inspection robot is proposed. The robot is equipped with a low-cost inertial measurement unit and odometers. The kinematic model, measurement model and error propagation model are established for estimating position, velocity and attitude of the robot. The path reconstruction algorithm for the robot is proposed to improve accuracy of trajectory determination based on pipeline features. The experiment is given to illustrate that the position errors of the proposed method are less than 40% of that of the standard extended Kalman filter.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Shuo Zhang
1
Stevan Dubljevic
1

  1. University of Alberta, Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, T6G 2R3 Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract

In this paper, we present an experimental setup developed for the calibration of dynamic force transducers which is based on the drop mass method. The traceability to SI units is realized through well-known mass characteristics and a reference shock accelerometer attached to that mass. Two approaches are proposed to analyse dynamic force employing a drop mass system. One approach depends on the inertial force of a falling mass while the other deals with the work-energy principle. Results of both approaches are then compared to the response of a statically calibrated force transducer. It is shown that the obtained maximum relative deviations between the response of force transducer and the first approach results are 1% while those of the second approach are 2%.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Shaker A. Gelany
1
Gouda M. Mahmoud
1

  1. National Institute of Standards (NIS), Tersa St, El-Haram, PO Box 136, Code 12211, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract

A dynamic weighing system or a checkweigher is an automated inspection system that measures the weight of objects while transferring them between processes. In our previous study, we developed a new electromagnetic force compensation (EMFC) weighing cell using magnetic springs and air bearings. This weighing cell is free from flexure hinges which are vulnerable to shock and fatigue and also eliminates the resonance characteristics and implements a very low stiffness of only a few N/m due to the nature of the Halbach array magnetic spring. In this study, we implemented a checkweigher with the weighing cell including a loading and unloading conveyor to evaluate its dynamic weighing performances. The magnetic springs are optimized and re-designed to compensate for the weight of a weighing conveyor on the weighing cell. The checkweigher has a weighing repeatability of 23 mg (1σ) in static situation. Since there is no lowfrequency resonance in our checkweigher that influences the dynamic weighing signal, we could measure the weight by using only a notch filter at high conveyor speeds. To determine the effective measurement time, a dynamic weighing process model is used. Finally, the proposed checkweigher meets Class XIII of OIML R51-1 of verification scale e 0.5 g at a conveyor speed of up to 2.7 m/s.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyun-Ho Lee
1
Kyung-Taek Yoon
1
Young-Man Choi
1

  1. Ajou University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

A laser measurement system for measuring straightness and parallelism error using a semiconductor laser was proposed. The designing principle of the developed system was analyzed. Addressing at the question of the divergence angle of the semiconductor laser being quite large and the reduction of measurement accuracy caused by the diffraction effect of the light spot at the longworking distance, the optical structure of the system was optimized through a series of simulations and experiments. A plano-convex lens was used to collimate the laser beam and concentrate the energy distribution of the diffraction effect. The working distance of the system was increased from 2.6 m to 4.6 m after the optical optimization, and the repeatability of the displacement measurement is kept within 2.2 m in the total measurement range. The performance of the developed system was verified by measuring the straightness of a machine tool through the comparison tests with two commercial multi-degree-of-freedom measurement systems. Two different measurement methods were used to verify the measurement accuracy. The comparison results show that during the straightness measurement of the machine tool, the laser head should be fixed in front of the moving axis, and the sensing part should move with the moving table of the machine tool. Results also show that the measurement error of the straightness measurement is less than 3 m compared with the commercial systems. The developed laser measurement system has the advantages of high precision, long working distance, low cost, and suitability for straightness and parallelism error measurement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Peng Xu
1
Rui Jun Li
1
Wen Kai Zhao
1
Zhen Xin Chang
1
Shao Hua Ma
1
Kuang Chao Fan
1

  1. Hefei University of Technology, School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei, China
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Abstract

Optical vortices are getting attention in modern optical metrology. Because of their unique features, they can be used as precise position markers. In this paper, we show that an artificial neural network can be used to improve vortex localization. A deep neural network with several hidden layers was trained to find subpixel vortex positions on the spiral phase maps. Several thousand training samples, differing by spiral density, its orientation, and vortex position, were generated numerically for teaching purposes. As a result, Best Validation Performance of the order of 10��5 pixel has been reached. To verify the usefulness of the proposed method, a related experiment in the setup of an optical vortex scanning microscope has been reported. It is shown that the vortex can be localized with subpixel accuracy also on experimental phase maps.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Popiołek-Masajada
1
Ewa Frączek
2
Emilia Burnecka
1

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Department of Optics and Photonics, Poland
  2. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Department of Telecommunication and Teleinformatics, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents a new technique for measuring paper deformation in unidirectional tensile tests, based on recording and analysis of a series of specimen images. The proposed technique differs from the DIC-based deformation measurement in that the cross-correlation of image data has been replaced with linear filtering. For this purpose, a regular grid of markers is printed on the sample. Filtering the image creates local maxima in the places where markers occur. The developed algorithm finds their location with sub-pixel accuracy. Printing a grid of markers on tested paper and use of reference objects visible in the same image as the paper sample, freed from the need to mechanically connect the camera and the universal testing machine and from the necessity to electronically synchronize their work. The obtained deformation distributions and Poisson’s ratios are in accordance with the literature data which confirms the correctness of the developed measurement technique.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Pełczyński
1
Włodzimierz Szewczyk
1
Maria Bieńkowska
1

  1. Centre of Papermaking and Printing, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Wolczanska 223, Poland
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Abstract

NTC thermistors are frequently used low in cost temperature sensors which provide some of the most desirable sensing features. However, due to the nonlinear static transfer function their sensitivity decreases with temperature increase, causing lower measurement accuracy in some regions of the measurement range. This paper proposes a method for NTC thermistor nonlinearity compensation using a Wheatstone bridge and a novel dual-stage single-flash piecewise-linear ADC. Both conversion stages are performed using the same flash ADC of a novel design based on a reduced number of comparators employed. In this manner, simpler design, lower production costs, higher compactness and lower power consumption of the linearizing ADC, are achieved. The proposed linearizing method is tested on the Vishay NTCLE413E2103F520L thermistor, in the range from 0°C to 100°C, and the obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of the method in measurement accuracy improvement: when the flash ADC of 10-bit resolution is employed the accuracy obtained is 7:4747 10-5°C.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jelena Jovanović
1
Dragan Denić
1

  1. University of Niš, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Measurements Department, Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, 18000 Niš, Serbia
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Abstract

We present two main ways to precisely create the equivalent transfer function of picosecond time-to-digital converters based on commonly used method with tapped time coding delay lines. The ways consist either in evaluation of the quantization steps boundaries of the delay lines or in summation of numbers of the line quantization steps. The paper contains results of comprehensive analysis of both methods. The advantage and high versatility of the addition method is demonstrated.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Dominik Sondej
1
Rafał Szymanowski
1
Ryszard Szplet
1

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Communication Systems, gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw 46, Poland
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Abstract

A mathematical method for nonlinear surrogate synthesis of frame surface eddy current probes providing a uniform eddy current density distribution in the testing object area is proposed. A metamodel of a frame movable eddy-current probe with a planar excitation system structure, used in the algorithm for surrogate optimal synthesis was created. The examples of a nonlinear synthesis of excitation systems with the application of the modern metaheuristic stochastic algorithms for finding the global extremum are considered. The numerical findings of the problem analyses are presented. The efficiency of the synthesized excitation structures was demonstrated on the basis of the eddy current density distribution graphs on the surface of the control zone of the object in comparison with classical analogues.
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Authors and Affiliations

Volodymyr Ya. Halchenko
1
Ruslana Trembovetska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Volodymyr Tychkov
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cherkasy State Technological University, Instrumentation, Mechatronics and Computer Technologies Department, Blvd. Shevchenka, 460, 18006, Cherkasy, Ukraine
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Abstract

This paper proposes an evaluation method for the observable trap depth range of space charge when using the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method and its complementarity with the current integration charge (Q(t)) method. Based on the measurement process of the PEA method and the hopping conduction principle of space charge, the relationship between the trap depth and the residence time of charge is analysed. A method to analyse the effect of the measurement speed and the spatial resolution of the PEA system on the observable trap depth is then proposed. Further results show when the single measurement time needs 1 s and the resolution is 10 µm at room temperature, the corresponding trap depth is larger than 0.68 eV. Meanwhile, under high temperature or with voltage applied, the depth can further increase. The combined measurement results of the PEA and Q(t) methods indicate that the former focuses on charge distribution in deep traps, which allows to calculate the distorted electric field. The latter can measure the changing process of the total charge involved in all traps, which is applicable to analysing the leakage current. Therefore, the evaluation of HVDC insulation properties based on the joint application of the two methods is more reliable.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hanwen Ren
1
Tatsuo Takada
2
Yasuhiro Tanaka
2
Qingmin Li
1

  1. North China Electric Power University, State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, Beijing 102206, China
  2. Tokyo City University, 1-28-1 Tamazutsumi, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158-8557, Japan
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Abstract

Electrical properties of semiconductor materials depend on their defect structure. Point defects, impurities or admixture contained in a semiconductor material, strongly affect its properties and determine the performance parameters of devices made on its basis. The results of the currently used methods of examining the defect structure of semiconductor material are imprecise due to solution of ill-posed equations. These methods do not allow for determination of concentration of the defect centers examined. Improving the resolution of the obtained parameters of defect centers, determining their concentration and studying changes in the resistivity of semi-insulating materials can be carried out, among others, by modelling changes in the concentration of carriers in the conduction and valence bands. This method allows to determine how charge compensation in the material affects the changes in its resistivity. Calculations based on the Fermi-Dirac statistics can complement the experiment and serve as a prediction tool for identifying and characterizing defect centers. Using the material models (GaP, 4H–SiC) presented in the article, it is possible to calculate their resistivity for various concentrations of defect centers in the temperature range assumed by the experimenter. The models of semi-insulating materials presented in the article were built on the basis of results of testing parameters of defect centers with high-resolution photoinduced transient spectroscopy (HRPITS). The current research will allow the use of modelling to determine optimal parameters of semi-insulating semiconductor materials for use in photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS).
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Suproniuk
1

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Electronic Systems, gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, Warsaw
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Abstract

The Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico del Gas developed a static expansion system to enable the calibration of medium and high vacuum pressure gauges in Colombia. The system can generate pressures between 0.1 Pa and 100 kPa. The characterization tests included the evaluation of pressure stability and desorption rate, a trueness test, and the analysis of the uncertainty budget of the calibration result. The pressure stability test was successfully completed and showed the positive effect of baking on the final pressure in the system. The trueness test allowed concluding that the calibration results with the system are comparable with those obtained with a reference meter traceable to a national metrology institute. The uncertainty budget analysis indicated the dominance of the pressure of the unit under calibration and of the initial pressure in the small tank in different pressure ranges on the uncertainty of the result. A comparison with a Monte Carlo simulation led to the conclusion that in this situation, the GUM (Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement) method is not ideal for estimating the uncertainty of the results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jonathan Javier Duarte Franco
1
Carlos Mauricio Villamizar Mora
2
Carlos Eduardo García Sánchez
1

  1. Corporación Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico del Gas, Grupo de Investigación en Fluidos y Energía, Carrera 23# 106-08, ZIP 680004, Bucaramanga, Colombia
  2. Universidad Industrial de Santander, Escuela de Ingeniería Mecánica, Grupo de Investigación en Energía y MedioAmbiente, Carrera 27 calle 9, ZIP 680002, Bucaramanga, Colombia

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Manuscript preparation

General The text of a manuscript should be written in clear and concise English. The camera-ready format – with attached separate files containing illustrations, tables and photographs – is required. A cover letter with clear explanation of scientific novelty of the paper is strongly recommended. Papers based on extended and updated contributions presented at scientific conferences, or strongly related to previous authors’ works, must be accompanied with a cover letter file, which should explain in details changes made in the manuscript in comparison with the original conference paper and highlight the novelty in reference to other authors’ works.
The main text of a manuscript should be printed on an A4 page (with margins of 2.5 cm) using Times New Roman style with a font size of 12 pt; the paragraphs should start with the indentation of 5 mm, and titles should be written in bold. That text can be divided into sections (numbered 1, 2, …), first-order subsections (numbered 1.1., 1.2., …, written in italics), and – if needed – second-order subsections (numbered 1.1.1., 1.1.2., …, written same as first-order subsections). The only acceptable manuscript formats are in Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx).

The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors. The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors.


Figures
Figures (illustrations, photographs) and tables, provided in the camera-ready form suitable for reproduction (which may include reduction), should be additionally submitted (one per page), larger than the final size. While preparing figures we encourage to start with defining expected size and minimum font size that fit to all graphics in the manuscript – using the same style in all of your graphics visually improves the article. Final figure formats must be in one of the following: (vectors) .eps, .pdf, .ai or .cdr, and (bitmaps) .bmp, .gif, .tif or .jpg.
As far as plots, block diagrams, schematics etc. are concerned, we suggest to use one of vector formats to improve quality and scalability. Figures in vector formats must be saved using RGB colours and with fully white background (0% K). Hidden layers are unacceptable. Minimum line thickness printed in a single colour is 0.25 pt (0.09 mm), and 1 pt (0.36 mm) when using more colours. Typically we suggest 0.2-0.5 mm but in particular cases the range 0.1–1.0 mm will be accepted. Lines in plots should be distinguished not only by using different colours but also using different line types and markers, if needed.


Equation
All equations must be numbered consecutively throughout the text. Each equation should be preceded and followed by a 6-point spacing. Punctuate equations when they are part of a sentence. Equation numbers should be enclosed in parentheses. Equations should be prepared with the use of MathType or Microsoft Equation editors. The type size in the equation is the same as for the text. To make your equations more compact, you may use the appropriate mathematical symbols or expressions. The symbols used in an equation have to be defined before that equation or immediately after it. Use italics for variables (e.g. i, x, n), physical quantity symbol (e.g. voltage U, temperature T), letter pointers and general function symbols. Do not use italics for constants, indexes, minimum, maximum and trigonometric functions, mathematical operators, differentials, etc. To refer to the equation use “(1)”, not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, except at the beginning of a sentence where “Equation (1)” should be used. We recommend to use International System of Units SI i.e. metre-kilogram-second system of units. As a decimal separator dot should be used in the entire manuscript (text, figures, tables).


References
The paper has to be clearly positioned in the context of relevant literature in the field of measurements and instrumentation. Note that lack of references from the main field of Metrology and Measurement Systems interest may suggest that the content of manuscript does not exactly correspond to the scope of metrological journals. It may reduce possibility that a proposed paper will be read by audience society. In such a case our Editorial Board may suggest to send the manuscript to a more appropriate journal. Also note that the use of possibly up-to-date references may indicate importance of your work. Table below gives examples of some relevant and renewable journals related to widely understood metrology.


Journal

Publisher

ISSN

Metrologia

IOP Publishing

0026-1394

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

IEEE

0018-9456

Measurement

Elsevier

0263-2241

Measurement Science and Technology

IOP Publishing

0957-0233

Metrology and Measurement Systems

PAS

0860-8229

Review of Scientific Instruments

IOP Publishing

0034-6748

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

IEEE

1557-9948

IET Science, Measurement & Technology

IET

1751-8822

Journal of Instrumentation

SISSA, IOP Publishing

1748-0221

Measurement Science Review

Walter de Gruyter

1335-8871

IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine

IEEE

1094-6969

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences

PAS

2300-1917

Opto-Electronics Review

PAS

1896-3757

IEEE Sensors Journal

IEEE

1558-1748

Sensors

MDPI

1424-8220




References should be inserted in the text in square brackets, i.e. [1]; their list, numbered in citation order, should appear at the end of the manuscript. The format of the references should follow the APA 7th edition formatting style, i.e.: for an journal paper – surname(s) and initial(s) of author(s), year in brackets, title of the paper, full journal name, volume, issue (in brackets) and page numbers. Put all author names unless there are more than 20. Otherwise, after the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author’s name (do not place an ampersand before it).


Submission process
Manuscript should be submitted via the Internet Editorial System (IES) – an online submission and peer review system. In order to submit the manuscript via the IES, the authors (first-time users) must create an author account to obtain a user ID and password required to enter the system. The submission of the manuscript in a single file, i.e. “Article File” containing the complete manuscript (with all figures of high quality and tables embedded in the text), is preferred. All figures have to be uploaded in separate files. The generated PDF file has to be approved. The PDF file has lower quality of the embedded figures to limit its size only.
The submission of a manuscript means that its content has not been published previously, it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that – if accepted – it will not be published elsewhere. The Author hereby grants the Polish Academy of Sciences (the Journal Owner) the license for commercial use of the article according to the Open Access License ( CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which has to be signed before publication. The copyright form is available in the IES.
The Authors are urged to suggest 4 to 5 reviewers in their application (with names, affiliations and addresses) with whom the Editorial Board could co-operate while processing the paper. Proposed reviewers should be experts deeply involved in issues related to the subject matter of the paper and they are intended to come from different universities or research centres.
Each submitted manuscript is subject to a single-blind peer-review procedure, and the publication decision is based on the reviewers’ comments. If necessary, the authors may be invited to revise their manuscripts. On acceptance, manuscripts are subject to editorial amendment to exactly fit the journal style.
An essential criterion for the evaluation of submitted manuscripts is their potential impact on the research field, measured by the number of repeated quotations. Such papers are preferred at the evaluation and publication stages.
Proofs will be sent to the corresponding author by e-mail and should be returned within 48 hours from receipt. The publication in the journal is free of charge. A sample copy of the journal will be sent to the corresponding author free of charge. For colour pages the authors will be charged at the rate of 160 PLN or 80 EUR per page. The payment to the bank account of the main distributor (given in “Subscription Information”) must be completed before the date indicated by the Editorial Office.


Other information
It is possible to include supplementary files related to the article content, such as e.g. developed databases. These files can be then used by other researchers to compare their algorithms using the same input data. For more details about supplementary files please contact the Editorial Board: metrology@wat.edu.pl. The biographical statements, at the very end of the article, are not obligatory, however, they are kindly recommended. Each statement should include the author’s full name and brief personal history focused on areas of research and scientific achievements. The biographical statement may not exceed 100 words and should be written using Times New Roman style with a font size of 8 pt.
The publication of your article is a great achievement but then it needs to be further promoted to make it more visible to the research community. Responsibility for this task lies with the Authors and our Editorial Board. We guarantee free access to the article in the Journals PAN of the Polish Academy of Science, including articles in Early Access form (published just after acceptance decision), indexing in popular and renewable databases (e.g. Thomson Scientific Master Journal List, Elsevier’s Scopus, Google Scholar). Furthermore, selected articles are highlighted on the journal website and are reprinted for promotion at conferences and other events. The Authors can share the final form of the article on various social networks and research-sharing platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, SciProfiles. They are also encouraged to update personal and institutional webpages by adding the title and a link of the article. Feel free also to share your work with your colleagues using any other methods that do not conflict with the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.
For more detailed description about how to write a paper for the Metrology and Measurement Systems journal please look at the Author guidelines for manuscript preparation. We strongly recommend using this file as a template for manuscript preparation.


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