@ARTICLE{Cetin_Erhan_The_2022,
 author={Cetin, Erhan and Dalgic, Abdurrahman},
 volume={vol. 38},
 number={No 1},
 journal={Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management},
 pages={107-122},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2022},
 publisher={Komitet Zrównoważonej Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi PAN},
 publisher={Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN},
 abstract={Cut-off grades optimization is a fundamental issue for mineral deposits. A cut-off grade is any grade that is used to separate two courses of action; to mine or not to mine, to process or to dump. In order to achieve the maximum discounted cash flow, generally a decreasing order of cut-off grades schedule takes place. Variable mining costs are applied to the extracted material, not to all of the depletion rate as some of the depletion can be left in-situ. B ecause of access constraints, some of the blocks that have an average grade less than the determined cut-off grade are left in-situ, some of them are excavated and dumped as waste material. The probability density function of an exponential distribution is used to find the portion of the material below the cut-off used that is left in situ. The parts of a mineral deposit that are excavated but will be dumped as waste material and tailings of ore incur some additional cost of rehabilitation. The method of memetic algorithms is a very robust optimization tool. It is a step further from the genetic algorithms. The crossover, mutation and natural selection behavior of the method ensures it escape from a local optimum point, and a further local search improves the optimum further. This paper describes the general problem of cut-off grades optimization, outlines the use of memetic algorithms in cut-off grades optimization and further extension of the method including partial depletion rates and variable rehabilitation cost. This paper is the first application of memetic algorithms to cut-off grades optimization in this context.},
 type={Article},
 title={The optimization of cut-off grades by means of memetic algorithms},
 URL={http://www.czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/122473/PDF/Cetin%20i%20Dalgic.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/gsm.2022.140607},
 keywords={memetic algorithms, optimization, cut-off grades, depletion rate, rehabilitation cost},
}