@ARTICLE{Sobota_Ireneusz_The_2009,
 author={Sobota, Ireneusz},
 volume={vol. 30},
 number={No 4},
 journal={Polish Polar Research},
 pages={317-338},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2009},
 publisher={Polish Academy of Sciences},
 publisher={Committee on Polar Research},
 abstract={The near-surface ice thermal structure of the Waldemarbreen, a 2.5-square km glacier located at 78°N 12°E in Spitsbergen, Svalbard , is described here. Traditional glaciological mass balance measurements by stake readings and snow surveying have been conducted annually since 1996. The near-surface ice temperature was investigated with automatic borehole thermistors in the ablation and accumulation areas in 2007-2008. The mean annual surface ice temperatures (September-June) of the ablation area were determined to be -4.7°C at 1 m depth and -2.5°C at 9 m . For the accumulation area, they were -3.0°C at 2 m , and -2.3°C at 10 m depth between September and August. On the Waldemarbreen, at 10 m depth, the mean annual near-surface ice temperature was 4.0°C above the mean annual air temperature in the accumulation area. The Waldemarbreen may thus be classified as a polythermal type with cold ice which is below the pressure melting point and a temperate ice layer in the bottom sections of the glacier and with a temperate surface layer only during summer seasons. At a depth of 10 m , temperatures are of the order of -2°C to -3°C.},
 type={Article},
 title={The near-surface ice thermal structure of the Waldemarbreen, Svalbard},
 URL={http://www.czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/110556/PDF-MASTER/PPR30-317.pdf},
 keywords={Arctic, Spitsbergen, ice temperature, thermal regime, glacier},
}