@ARTICLE{Pawlak_Nina_Grammatical_vol.,
 author={Pawlak, Nina},
 journal={Folia Orientalia},
 pages={293-304},
 howpublished={online},
 year={vol. LII},
 publisher={Commission of Oriental Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences – Kraków Branch},
 abstract={The paper presents the results of diachronic analysis of independent grammatical morphemes which function in the grammatical systems of Chadic languages. The following markers are being considered: genitive-linking morpheme, subject and object markers, copula, focus marker. Etymologically, the markers are traced back to Chadic (and Afroasiatic) system of determiners identified by the three phonological elements, namely *n, *t, and *k which have their vestiges in contemporary systems. It is claimed that what is a retention on phonological ground, contributes to innovation processes on the grammatical level.},
 type={Artykuły / Articles},
 title={Grammatical meaning of determiners in Chadic. Common retentions or common innovations?},
 URL={http://www.czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/109629/PDF-MASTER/FoliaOrientalia%2052-15%2020%20Pawlak.pdf},
 keywords={reconstruction, determiners, grammatical morphemes, grammaticalization, Chadic},
}