@ARTICLE{Grygier_Tomasz_Modelling_2026,
 author={Grygier, Tomasz and Grabowski, Maciej and Kijak, Edward and Trusek, Anna},
 volume={vol. 47},
 number={No 1},
 pages={e126},
 journal={Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2026},
 publisher={Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Chemical and Process Engineering},
 abstract={The paper presents a model of drug penetration into infected gingival mucosa via hydrogel overlays, which can be fully or partially covered with a polymer with limited permeability. The general geometry of the single drug carrier (single hydrogel overlay) was proposed as a flat cuboid with a triangular base. The number of overlays depends on the size of the infected area. The model assumptions were formulated to account for the unsteady diffusion of the component within the carrier, the tissue, and the biofilm formed by pathogens, as well as for diffusion and convective transport in the liquid phase. The system of corresponding differential equations was solved using CFD methods. Based on the modelling, the influence of key parameters such as polymer coverage of the carrier and hydrogel layer thickness was determined. It was demonstrated that external carrier coverage is crucial for effective, long-term therapy. Simulations showed that impermeable surfaces facing saliva slowed release by over 9-fold. Rendering those surfaces impermeable is especially desirable as the flow velocity increases. The distribution of the ingredient mass between system domains depends substantially on geometry, with hydrogel thickness influencing release dynamics.},
 title={Modelling drug release from a hydrogel carrier into the infected gingival mucosa},
 type={Article},
 URL={http://www.czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/138685/PDF/e126_2k-OK.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/cpe.2026.158124},
 keywords={drug release, hydrogel carrier, mathematical modelling, CFD, periodontitis},
}