Applied sciences

Archives of Electrical Engineering

Content

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 71 | No 1

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Abstract

Aiming at the problems of the negative sequence governance and regenerative braking energy utilization of electrified railways, a layered compensation optimization strategy considering the power flow of energy storage systems was proposed based on the railway power conditioner. The paper introduces the topology of the energy storage type railway power conditioner, and analyzes its negative sequence compensation and regenerative braking energy utilization mechanism. Considering the influence of equipment capacity and power flow of the energy storage system on railway power conditioner compensation effect, the objective function and constraint conditions of the layered compensation optimization of the energy storage type railway power conditioner were constructed, and the sequential quadratic programming method was used to solve the problem. The feasibility of the proposed strategy is verified by a multi-condition simulation test. The results show that the proposed optimization compensation strategy can realize negative sequence compensation and regenerative braking energy utilization, improve the power factor of traction substations when the system equipment capacity is limited, and it also has good real-time performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ying Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yanqiang He
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaoqiang Chen
1
Miaomiao Zhao
1
Jing Xie
2

  1. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
  2. Xi’an Rail Transit Group Co., LTD Operation Branch Xi’an, 710000 China
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Abstract

In order to overcome the shortcoming of large switching losses caused by variable switching frequency appears in the conventional finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) algorithm, a model predictive direct power control (MP-DPC) for an energy storage quasi-Z-source inverter (ES-qZSI) is proposed. Firstly, the power prediction model of the ES-qZSI is established based on the instantaneous power theory. Then the average voltage vector in the ���� coordinate system is optimized by the power cost function. Finally, the average voltage vector is used as the modulation signal, and the corresponding switching signal with fixed frequency is generated by the shoot-through segment space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technology. The simulation results show that the ES-qZSI realizes six shoot-through actions per control cycle and achieves the constant frequency control of the system, which verifies the correctness of the proposed control strategy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Min'an Tang
1
Shangmei Yang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Kaiyue Zhang
1
Qianqian Wang
3
Chenggang Liu
4
Xuewang Dong
5

  1. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
  2. College of Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Technology, China
  3. College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, China
  4. Gansu Province Special Equipment Inspection and Testing Institute, China
  5. Jingtaichuan Electric Power Pumping Irrigation Water Resources Utilization Center of Gansu Province, China
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Abstract

Transformer efficiency and regulation, are to be maintained at maximum and minimum respectively by optimal loading, control, and compensation. Charging of electric vehicles at random charging stations will result in uncertain loading on the distribution transformer. The efficiency reduces and regulation increases as a consequence of this loading. In this work, a novel optimization strategy is proposed to map electric vehicles to a charging station, that is optimal with respect to the physical distance, traveling time, charging cost, the effect on transformer efficiency and regulation. Consumer and utility factors are considered for mapping electric vehicles to charging stations. An Internet of Things platform is used to fetch the dynamic location of electric vehicles. The dynamic locations are fed to a binary optimization problem to find an optimal routing table that maps electric vehicles to a charging station. A comparative study is carried out, with and without optimization, to validate the proposed methodology.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Venkataswamy
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Uma Rao
2
ORCID: ORCID
P. Meena
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. CHRIST (deemed to be university)
  2. RV College of Engineering©
  3. BMS College of Engineering, India
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Abstract

The aging of composite insulators in outdoor operation for a long time has a direct impact on the safe and stable operation of the power grid. To solve this problem, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of composite insulators based on level difference maximum is proposed. To verify the feasibility of this method, insulators in Xinjiang are sampled and the index evaluation system for composite insulators is established based on electrical, mechanical, hydrophobic and other properties, combined with operational years, geographical environment and other factors; Firstly, different membership functions are established according to index types. It is more likely to determine the grade of insulator by comparing measured data with the boundary value. Then, to solve the problem that weights cannot be effectively integrated in the combination weighting, level difference maximization is proposed (during the operation of insulators, the index which has a greater influence on the performance of insulators takes a higher proportion of the weight). Finally, on the basis of fully considering the clarity and ambiguity of grade division, the grade state of insulators is obtained by using the linear weighting method. The results show that compared with the traditional method, the improved method of the membership function and level difference maximum can realize the dynamic adjustment of the index based on the degree of information change. The method can better evaluate the insulator grade. The case study shows that the model can accurately and quickly judge the state of composite insulators, which can be used as a reference for manufacturing and maintenance departments.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Sihua Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Long Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lei Zhao
1
Junjun Wang
1

  1. Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Abstract

Due to the fixed rotor magnetic field, the main magnetic flux of conventional permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) cannot be flexibly adjusted. Recently, the axial-radial flux type permanent magnet synchronous machine (ARFTPMSM) based on the hybrid excitation concept is proposed, which provides a new method for the speed and magnetic field regulations for PMSMs. To analyze the mechanism of magnetic field variation inside the ARFTPMSM, in this paper, three – dimensional finite element models for electromagnetic field calculation of the ARFTPMSM are established. On this basis, the influence of the axial device on the motor is discussed, and the mechanism of flux regulation is explained. By the quantitative calculation of air-gap flux density and the noload back-electromotive force (EMF), the flux regulation capability of the ARFTPMSM is verified. In addition, the effect of the excitation magnetomotive force on the magnetic field harmonics is analyzed combined with the winding theory, and the influence of the axial magneto-motive force (MMF) on the torque fluctuation is obtained. The flux regulation performance of the motor and the validity of the numerical calculation analysis are verified by the experiments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cunxiang Yang
1
Kun Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ziyang Liu
1
Bin Xiong
2
Qiang Zhao
3

  1. Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
  2. Institute of Electrical Engineering of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  3. Wolong Electric Nanyang Explosion Protection Group Co., LTD.China
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Abstract

Among the FACTS device, the distributed power flow controller (DPFC) is a superior device. This can be evaluated after eliminating the dc capacitor between shunt and series convertors of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) and placing a number of low rating single phase type distributed series convertors in the line instant of using single large rating three phase series convertors as in the UPFC. The power flow through this dc capacitor as in the UPFC now takes place through the transmission line at a third harmonic frequency in the DPFC. The DPFC uses the D-FACTS that allows the replacement of a large three-phase converter as in the UPFC by several small-size series convertors present in the DPFC. The redundancy of several series convertors increases the system’s reliability of the power system. Also, there is no requirement for high voltage isolation as series convertors of the DPFC are hanging as well as single-phase types. Consequently, the DPFC system has a lower cost than the UPFC system. In this paper, the equivalent ABCD parameters of the latest FACTSdeviceDPFChave been formulated with the help of an equivalent circuit model of the DPFC at the fundamental frequency component. Further, the optimal location in the transmission line and maximum efficiency of the DPFC along with Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), Static Synchronous Shunt Compensator (STATCOM) and UPFC FACTS devices have been investigated using an iteration program developed in MATLAB under steady-state conditions. The results obtained depict that the DPFC when placed slightly off-center at 0.33 fraction distance from the sending end comes up with higher performance. Whereas, when the TCSC, STATCOM and UPFC are placed at 0.16, 0.2815, 0.32 fraction distances from sending end respectively give their best performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Santosh Kumar Gupta
Jayant Mani Tripathi
Mrinal Ranjan
Ravi Kumar Gupta
Dheeraj Kumar Gupta
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Abstract

A hybrid multi-infeed HVDC (HMIDC) system is composed of line-commutated converter-based high-voltage direct current (LCC-HVDC) and voltage-source converterbased high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC), whose receiving ends have electrical coupling. To solve the problem of low-frequency oscillation (LFO) caused by insufficient damping in the HMIDC system, according to the multi-objective mixed H2/H∞ output feedback control theory with regional pole assignment, an additional robust damping controller is designed in this paper, which not only has good robustness, but also has strong adaptability to the change of system operation mode. In the paper, the related oscillation modes and transfer function of the controlled plant are obtained, which are identified by the total least squares estimation of signal parameters via rotary invariance technology (TLS-ESPRIT). In addition, the control-sensitive point (CSP) for suppressing LFO based on the small disturbance test method is determined, which is suitable for determining the installation position of the controller. The results show that the control sensitivity factor of VSC-HVDC is greater than that of LCC-HVDC so that adding an additional damping controller to VSC-HVDC is better than LCC-HVDC in suppressing the LFO of HMIDC. Finally, a hybrid double infeed DC transmission system with three receiving terminals is built on PSCAD/EMTDC where the time-domain simulations are performed to verify the correctness of the CSP selection and the effectiveness of the controller.
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Authors and Affiliations

Congshan Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yan Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yikai Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ping He
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yan Fang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tingyu Sheng
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, China
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Abstract

The performance of drives with switched reluctance motors (SRMs) depends on magnetic materials used in their construction which influence static parameters such as inductance and electromagnetic torque profiles. The paper deals with simulations of switched reluctance motors in the finite element method and their comparison with measurements. Two kinds of switched reluctance motors were analysed, the modified Emerson Electric motor with a laminated steel core and a prototype, the one with a magnetic core made of iron-based powder composite materials. In the first part of the research, magnetization curves of magnetic materials were measured for static and dynamic conditions with 50 Hz. Next, simulations and measurements of inductance and developed torque were compared and analysed. In the last part of the research, simulations of magnetic flux density in motors were conducted. As the result of the research, it occurred that the simulations and measurements are quite close and two kinds of motors exhibit similar performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Przybylski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Tele and Radio Research Institute, Poland
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Abstract

The use of lithium-ion battery energy storage (BES) has grown rapidly during the past year for both mobile and stationary applications. For mobile applications, BES units are used in the range of 10–120 kWh. Power grid applications of BES are characterized by much higher capacities (range of MWh) and this area particularly has great potential regarding the expected energy system transition in the next years. The optimal operation of BES by an energy storage management system is usually predictive and based strongly on the knowledge about the state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The SOC depends on many factors (e.g. material, electrical and thermal state of the battery), so that an accurate assessment of the battery SOC is complex. The SOC intermediate prediction methods are based on the battery models. The modeling of BES is divided into three types: fundamental (based on material issues), electrical equivalent circuit (based on electrical modeling) and balancing (based on a reservoir model). Each of these models requires parameterization based on measurements of input/output parameters. These models are used for SOC modelbased calculation and in battery system simulation for optimal battery sizing and planning. Empirical SOC assessment methods currently remain the most popular because they allow practical application, but the accuracy of the assessment, which is the key factor for optimal operation, must also be strongly considered. This scientific contribution is divided into two papers. Paper part I will present a holistic overview of the main methods of SOC assessment. Physical measurement methods, battery modeling and the methodology of using the model as a digital twin of a battery are addressed and discussed. Furthermore, adaptive methods and methods of artificial intelligence, which are important for the SOC calculation, are presented. In paper part II, examples of the application areas are presented and their accuracy is discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcel Hallmann
1
ORCID: ORCID
Christoph Wenge
2
ORCID: ORCID
Przemyslaw Komarnicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stephan Balischewski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences, Germany
  2. Fraunhofer IFF Magdeburg, Germany
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Abstract

This paper takes a 50 kW interior permanent magnet brushless DC motor as an example, and explores the influence of the degree of stator slot skew on the overall motor magnetic density and air gap magnetic density; then reveals the influences of stator slot skewed structure on a series of key electromagnetic properties like no-load back electromotive force (B-EMF), cogging torque, electromagnetic torque, torque fluctuation, electromagnetic loss, input power, output power and operating efficiency. On this basis, a relatively best range of the skew degrees is obtained. The research work in this paper has direct reference value for the further improvement of design and manufacture, operation and maintenance, control and protection of such motors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xue-gui Gan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhen-nan Fan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jing-can Li
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The Key Laboratory of Fluid and Power Machinery, Ministry of Education, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
  2. State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract

The continuous drive towards electrified propulsion systems has been imposing ever more demanding performance and cost targets for the future power electronics, machines and drives (PEMDs). This is particularly evident when exploring various technology road mapping documents both for automotive and aerospace industries, e.g. Advanced Propulsion Centre (APC) UK, Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI) UK, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) USA and others. In that context, a significant improvement of the specific performance and cost measures, e.g. power density increase by a factor of 10 or more and/or cost per power unit reduction by 50% or better, is forecasted for the next 5 to 15 years. However, the existing PEMD solutions are already at their technological limits to some degree. Consequently, meeting the performance and cost step change would require a considerable development effort. This paper is focused on electrical machines and their thermal management, which has been recognised as one of key enabling factors for delivering high specific output solutions. The challenges associated with heat removal in electrical machines are discussed in detail, alongside with new concepts of thermal management systems. Several examples from the available literature are presented. These include manufacturing techniques, new materials and novel integrated designs in application to electrical machines.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafal Wrobel
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Newcastle University, United Kingdom
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Authors and Affiliations

Lin Sun
1
Jing Song
2
Yan Jin
1

  1. Wuchang University of Technology, China
  2. National University of Defense Technology, China
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Abstract

A novel magnetically-coupled energy storage inductor boost inverter circuit for renewable energy and the dual-mode control strategy with instantaneous value feedback of output voltage are proposed. In-depth research and analysis on the circuit, control strategy, voltage transmission characteristics, etc., providing the parameter design method of magnetically-coupled energy storage inductors and output filter. The circuit topology is cascaded by the input source ��in, the input filter ��in, a single-phase inverter bridge with a magnetically-coupled energy storage inductor, and a CL filter; The control strategy serves the output voltage as a reference to achieve the switch of step-down and step-up modes smoothly. The simulation results of a 1000 VA 100–200 VDC, 220 V 50 Hz AC inverter show that the proposed inverter can realize single-stage boost power conversion, which can adapt to resistive, capacitive and inductive loads, has high power density and low output waveform distortion. It has good application prospects in small and medium-capacity single-phase inverter occasions with low input voltage.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yiwen Chen
1
Sixu Luo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhiliang Huang
2
Jiahui Jiang
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Fujian Key Laboratory of New Energy Generation and Power Conversion, Fuzhou University, China
  2. Texas Instruments Semiconductor Technologies (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., China
  3. College of Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, China
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Abstract

The main objective of this article is to assess the legitimacy of using different tracking systems applied to the photovoltaic panels, for the city of Wroclaw (Poland), using 2 numerical tools: the CM SAF (Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility) and PVGIS (Photovoltaic Geographical Information System). In order to identify the solar irradiation, the CM-SAF database (based on the measurements of MFG – Meteosat First Generation – and MSG – Meteosat Second Generation – satellites) was utilised, while the PVGIS (Photovoltaic Geographical Information System) – to calculate the energy yield from PV panels. Particular attention was given to the optimisation of the annual tilt angle and the determination of the energy benefits from the implementation of the various sun tracking systems. Conducted studies showed that up to 30% more electricity yearly can be yielded after the replacement of PV cells with optimally fixed both azimuth and tilt angles by the 2-axis tracking system (179 kWh/m2 instead of 138 kWh/m2). Moreover, by the adequate decreasing of tilt angles in the summer time or obtaining the most favourable local solar exposure conditions, the supply curve of PV units may be significantly flattened, which may be beneficial when energy storage systems have low capacities.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Cholewiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jean-Marc Fąfara
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Department of Cryogenics and Aviation Engineering, Poland
  2. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Department of Energy Conversion Engineering, Poland
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Abstract

This paper proposes two high-order sliding mode algorithms to achieve highperformance control of induction motor drive. In the first approach, the super-twisting algorithm (STA) is used to reduce the chattering effect and to improve control accuracy. The second approach combines the super-twisting algorithm with a quasi-barrier function technique. While the super-twisting algorithm (STA) aims at the chattering reduction, the Barrier super-twisting algorithm (BSTA) aims to eliminate this phenomenon by providing continuous output control signals. The BSTA is designed to prevent the STA gain from being over-estimated by making these gains to decrease and increase according to system’s uncertainties. Stability and finite-time convergence are guaranteed using Lyapunov’s theory. In addition, the two controlled variables, rotor speed, and rotor flux modulus are estimated based on the second-order sliding mode (SOSM) observer. Finally, simulations are carried out to compare the performance and robustness of two control algorithms without adding the equivalent control. Tests are achieved under external load torque, varying reference speed, and parameter variations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Salah Eddine Farhi
1
Djamel Sakri
1
Noureddine Golèa
1

  1. Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Automatic, LGEA, Larbi Ben M’hidi University, Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
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Abstract

This paper presents novel discrete differential operators for periodic functions of one- and two-variables, which relate the values of the derivatives to the values of the function itself for a set of arbitrarily chosen points over the function’s area. It is very characteristic, that the values of the derivatives at each point depend on the function values at all points in that area. Such operators allow one to easily create finite-difference equations for boundaryvalue problems. The operators are addressed especially to nonlinear differential equations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Jan Sobczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska str., 31-155 Kraków, Poland

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