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Number of results: 165
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Trawczyński
Krzysztof Trzciński
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Abstract

This essay presents the legal concept of a "second register" in the Polish Republic, called the Register of International Shipping. The author analyses the phenomenon of "second registers" as forms of supporting national fleets and draws attention to the fact that this is a reaction of traditional maritime states to the development of open registers in flag-of-convenience states. The author attempts to classify various maritime registers in shipping practice. He places particular emphasis on the register policy of the EU. This is an expression of support for their own fleets by member states. The author refers to international principles relating to the registration of ships contained in the 1986 UNCTAD Convention relating to conditions of registering vessels. In detail the essay discusses Polish regulations concerning the affiliation of ship and register, contained in the new maritime Code of 18 September 2001. He sets out clearly the "openness" of the Polish shipping register and the potential ease with which a vessel may assume the Polish flag. Part of this study is made up of extracts from the author's own project for legislation concerning a Register of International Shipping. In the light of this project, a Polish "second register" would become a supplementary register of a special kind, closely linked with the basic, national shipping register. The basic purpose of the register would be to increase the international competitiveness of Polish ship-owners, by creating for them a range of tax advantages and other preferential treatment. The owners of vessels in the register of International Shipping would only pay tonnage tax on their use, and a range of Polish work regulations would not apply to the crews of those ships.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław H. Koziński
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Abstract

In 1851 the US Congress passed a bill limiting liability in relation to maritime claims. This legislation has remained in force almost unchanged until today. However, the institution of limitation of liability owes its development mainly to US judicial decisions. In comparison to the 1957 and 1976 international conventions relating to the limited liability of the owners of sea-going vessels, the range of the US legislation is relatively narrow. The author argues that - because of their too low limits - neither of the acts she discusses ensures satisfactory damages to those making claims. US courts seem to realize this because they frequently refuse the right to limited liability.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata A. Nesterowicz
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Abstract

In the light of the London Convention of 1989 concerning sea-rescue and salvage, the recovery of property lost at sea may be the subject of a salvage agreement, to the extent that the person deciding on the matter of salvage considers that those objects are threatened by some danger. The situation concerning salvage of property that has already sunk is quite different. Usually haste is not a factor here and the possibility exists of concluding an appropriate agreement. One of the main purposes for beginning work on the London Convention concerning Sea-rescue and Salvage - besides the need to create a willingness among salvagers to work to protect the natural environment - was a desire to expand the scope of maritime salvage. This aim was certainly achieved. In light of the decisions of this convention, almost any property may be the subject of salvage operations, including sunken property.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Adamczak
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Abstract

One of the most important challenges of our times is to attain balanced development. The author of this article considers issues connected with balanced development in the context ofprotecting the maritime environment. Two principles are most important here: the principle of prevention and the principle that the polluter pays. The principle of prevention has the highest place in the catalogue of the principles of international environmental protection law. It is based on the concept that environmental protection aims are best achieved through proactive policies. Alongside prevention, the principle that the polluter pays has an important role in trying to attain balanced development. This principle refers to the fact that the person that causes environmental damage must cover the costs of this.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Pyć
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

New Polish legislation has been passed concerning sea fishing. It regulates certain matters differently from previous legislation. This article deals with this topic, but also goes beyond it. It points to the necessity of defining sea fishing sea fishing more broadly than this legislation does.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Godecki
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Abstract

The i 982 UN Convention on the law of the sea came into force on i 6 November i 994. international Tribunal for the Law of the Sea established on the basis of this convention. The Tribune's official languages are English and French. On 18 October 1996, the Tribunal began its activities in Hamburg. The Tribunal is made up of 21 independent judges elected for 9 years. While performing their duties, Tribunal members enjoy diplomatic immunity. The judges choose from their own number a president, Vice-president and Secretary for a term of 5 years. Beginning from the first judgement issued on 4 December 1997 relating to the "Saiga ", the Tribunal of the Law of the Sea has considered to date ten cases, most of which concerned the immediate freeing of ships and temporary funds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Symonides
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Abstract

This essay is a general discussion of the most important changes in Polish maritime civil law introduced by the Maritime Code of 19 September 2001. The new Code has been in force since 5 June 2002. The author discusses the scope of the modifications contained in the new Code in relation to the previous Code of 1961. In consideration of the fact that the majority of norms of former maritime law have remained in force under the new Code, the author defines the new legislation as a recodification, rather than a wholly new legal act. He emphasizes and discusses in detail the good points of the new systematization of the maritime Code. In his discussion of particular regulations of the new legislation the author points to a series of dubious or, indeed, mistaken solutions. An example of such is, perhaps, the introduction of a new institution - the Polish Yacht Register. The most important changes in maritime law include the modification of the system of realizing the mortgage of ships. Mainly modelled on British law, the modified system attempts to avoid difficulties stemming from the realization of a mortgage in the course of the execution of a court judgement. It introduces the possibility of seizure of a ship covered by a mortgage and even its sale by the mortgager. The final part of the essay is a list of executive acts added to the Maritime Code that should be swiftly published. The author makes a selection of these instruments, indicating the sequence of their introduction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław H. Koziński
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Abstract

The new Polish Maritime Code is an inspiration to look at Polish maritime law as a value in itself. The article marks a beginning of such an inspection. It is designed to provoke further discussion on the topic.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Godecki
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Abstract

In the paper the model of the disturbing potential based on the lower-degree harmonic spherical polynomials and the local density model of topographic masses has been proposed. Topographic masses are represented by DTM. The model parameters are fixed by the use of quasigeoid heights as well as a dense network of gravity points. Preliminary analyses of the model's robustness of gravimetric data errors have also been included.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Trojanowicz
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

In this paper there are presented results of applying the methods of the time series analysis to the problem of recognizing small boats. It has been showed that the acoustic signals of the boats can be classified by means of clustering algorithms.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Przyborski
Andrzej Stateczny
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Abstract

The paper presents such a method of distribution of observations in a surveying network, which allows to meet requirements concerning the network with the possibly lowest direct costs of survey. As a result, a set of azimuths, sides, angles and GPS chords which can be measured in a given network is obtained; then the selection of a subset, which meets the above criteria may be performed. The OPTY98 computer system, which time of calculation may be accepted by an arbitrary network, has been developed for the proposed algorithm. Required data as well as obtained results are presented using the example of the Refe network.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Lisiewicz
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Abstract

The paper presents a suggestion of modification of Otrebski' s theorem for some special structures of geodetic networks. The modification leads to forming up the conditional equation system with unknowns. A new parameter as a global criterion of evaluation of the quality of the networks characterized by an inhomogenous observation system, has been introduced as well.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Gargula
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The paper gives a strategy of geographic information modelling, being comprised in the European Standards (as formulated by the CENffC 287) and also subjected to national standardisation. Main goals of the standardisation are formulated, which include proper arrangement of this domain, as well as formation of prerequisites for reasonabel development of GIS in diversified environments. The last one is necessary to provide effective transfer of geographic data between different GIS installations. There are formulated and defined basic concepts of information modelling, such as conceptual schema, application schema, entity - relationship method, as well as of the EXPRESS language, being the main formal means of the presented methodology. The present state of the national standardisation activities is outlined.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Pachelski
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Abstract

The paper is organized into two sections. The first sets the background for data integration, and identifies some of the key issues that need to be considered. The second describes possible solutions of problems connected with the data integration. The steps of integrating data coming from different databases, datasets and data files are described in order to create a seamless geodatabase.
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Authors and Affiliations

Elzbieta Bielecka
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

In theory of regular projection of a surface into another surface, the term of the indicator of projection deformations, as a topological substitute of an infinitesimal circle of a unit radius is known. In the case of regular projection of a three-dimensional space into a three-dimensional space, a three-axis ellipsoid is the indicator of projection deformations, being the topological substitute of an infinitesimal unit sphere. This paper presents the attempt to analytically describe the infinitesimal unit sphere in the original space and its topological substitute in the projected space.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Balcerzak
Jan Panasiuk
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Abstract

Simplification of a shape of a coastline is one of the best-described issues of quantitative generalisation. Schematisation of a coastline shape is a process, which may be relatively easily described by means of an algorithmic formula. However, the majority of algorithms consider only geometric aspects and river and road networks are generalised by means of the same parameters. Many described methods of direct transfer of subjective ways of manual generalisation to computer systems have turned out to be ineffective. Application of fractal analysis is an attempt aiming at objective implementation of a process of automated cartographic generalisation by means of selection of parameters of algorithms of simplification of lines, preceded by analysis of local geometric features of modelled objects. The, so-called mono-fractal dimension of objects, commonly used in cartometric analysis, DJ, specifies the averaged level of filling of available space only. The multi-fractal dimension of analysed objects, as, for example of a coastline, determined by means of a method proposed by the author, specifies the multi-fractal spectrum of dimensions, D(q). The range of obtained values of the parameter DJ( l .05-e- 1.42) allows for assumption that the coastline has multi-fractal properties. In this paper the author proposes development of new descriptive and research tools, which may be used for investigation of local geometric features of objects presented on a map, as well as for simplification of shapes of objects in the process of cartographic generalisation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Olszewski

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