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Abstract

Functional urban areas (FUA) have became an important component of polycentric settlement structure of all European countries. FUAs have been defined as labour market basins, composed on large city and its surrounding areas (commuting zones). The very spatial and economic concept formed the foundation of old industrial regions. Old industrialized regions with all the spatial challenges and economic problems could be also perceived as a specific type of functional urban area. In Poland, National Spatial Development Concept 2030 (NSDC 2030 2013) describes restructuring and revitalization of degraded areas and cities in terms of spatial policy measures addressed to the supporting of cohesion in problematic areas. That is why integrated revitalization programs of functional urban areas may become key instrument of regional spatial policy and urban strategies. In response to the problems of degraded land and related land-use conflicts, it can significantly help in establishing valuable solutions, as well as ensuring connections between environmental, social and economic needs in the development of functional urban areas.

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Authors and Affiliations

Justyna Gorgoń
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Abstract

In the 2014–2020 programming period, two new tools were introduced by the EU cohesion policy, namely Smart Specialisation (SS) and Integrated Territorial Investments (ITI). Their implementation aims at contributing on the one hand to activating and strengthening endogenic potentials, including those based on knowledge and innovation, and on the other hand to territorialisation of intervention for the purpose of obtaining competitive advantages or regions. The tools are based on two concepts of the development policy: smart specialisation and place-based and territorial approach to development. The article presents the rationale and prospective impact of the implementation of the tools on development programming of selected regions of Poland. Detailed analyses cover the provisions of the ITI Strategy of the Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) of Poznań (Wielkopolskie Voivodeship), Subregion Centralny (Śląskie Voivodeship), and Lublin (Lubelskie Voivodeship), as well as regional and national operational programmes in terms of potential contribution of the implementation of ITI to the strengthening of regional SS in some of the Polish region. The analyses performed for the three groups of Thematic Objectives (TO) of ESIF 2014–2020 (corresponding with 3 pillars of the Europe 2020 Strategy), i.e. ‘smart’ – TO 1–3; ‘sustainable’ – TO 4–7; and ‘inclusive’ – TO 8–10, show that the ‘sustainable’ group (in majority represented by companies from sections F, H) refers to infrastructure projects, often of a transport network; the ‘inclusive’ group is ascribed to companies from sections Q and P to generally ‘soft’ projects related to the development of social services, and ’smart‘ is related to sections M, F, J. Only in the case of 8% of projects (out of 78 analysed) it was stipulated that preferences would be given to the existing or newly established companies the profile of activity of which corresponds to regional SS. Such projects deal with the support for companies in the scope of business incubators and expansion of vocational education infrastructure in terms of adjustment to the needs of key sectors selected in RIS3 strategies of particular regions. In all of the analysed FUAs, ITI measures support regional SS in the framework of TO 3 and TO 10. The projects will be primarily implemented by companies from PCA sections M, F and P. The proposed methodology gives prospects to the analysis of future impact of interventions on the growth of the smart specialisation potential of the analysed FUAs PC.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dagmara Kociuba
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Abstract

The paper presents a synthesis of approaches to development and functioning of Functional Urban Areas. The authors present typology of such areas and determine how they facilitate the flow of various types of potentials, paying particular attention to creativity and innovations. The emphasis is put particularly on non-spatial factors of development of such areas. The process of forming the functional area basing on common strategy of development founded on various types of potentials is presented on two examples.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Wrana
Tomasz Szulc
Marcin Budziński
Mariusz Raczek
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Abstract

Many analysis of growth poles do not refer directly to development and dynamics of propulsive activities, but rather to their effects. In this paper the author concluded that essential role may be played by fast-growing and knowledge-based small and medium enterprises (SMEs) while their intra-regional diversity of activity may be a reasonable proxy measure of a role played by specific town as a growth centre. Therefore the article has two main goals: methodical – determining the usefulness of the activity of fast-growing and (potentially) innovative small and medium enterprises as a designatum for the growth pole and cognitive – to capture the spatial differences in the distribution of this kind of SMEs in Podkarpackie region. The study showed strong diversification of the number of fast-growing and (potentially) innovative SMEs on the local level. All techniques of determining the level of economic development and it’s dynamics taken into consideration in the analysis testify to strong and rising position of Rzeszów as a regional growth pole. It indicates growing role of metropolisation processes in Poland even in case of peripheral, weakly urbanised region with a relatively small regional centre compared to the biggest Polish cities.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Sobala-Gwosdz
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Abstract

The paper deals with possibilities of innovation projects financing in the Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) in the Czech Republic. It discusses, in the emphasis on SMEs, possible approaches to innovative company financing in dependence on company life cycle. Well established and functional models of innovative companies financing as FFF, Business angels, Private equity and Venture capital funding and mezzanine financing are discussed. Inasmuch SMEs are considered the key driving force of the Czech economy and the stabilizing feature of the regional development, the government places emphasis on the development of financial instruments which would ensure an ongoing financial support of innovation projects. But managements of SMEs insufficiently use all opportunities to obtain investment resources for the growth, future competitiveness and prosperity of their companies. According to researches performed in EU it was proven that financing constraints hinder innovation among SMEs. Maintaining regional balance through sustainable performance of SMEs is the common aim of municipalities as well. It is necessary for SMEs to form long-term relationships with their municipalities in the region. Programmes which arrange financial support for institutions are provided through private investors, grants, the EU funds and national budget. The paper evaluates pros and cons of various types of financial subsidies with respect to payback periods, risk exposure and availability. The paper includes the outputs of empirical research in SMEs carried out 2014 focused on steering innovation projects in SMEs. The aim of the research was to find out if SMEs can manage, evaluate and develop innovation projects. Moreover the authors examined the effectiveness of relationships established between SMEs and municipalities and problems which the SMEs are confronted by upon the ensurance of project innovation investments. The sources procurement is a very sophisticated topic and it is beneficial for the SMEs to establish a close cooperation not only with municipalities but also with universities.

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Authors and Affiliations

Miroslav Špaček
Emil Vacík
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Abstract

The local aspect of aging is often ignored. However, municipalities, in particular cities will be affected by the consequences of population aging, in particular a decrease in tax revenues and an increase of expenditures on public goods demanded by the elderly. In this paper we use a static general equilibrium model to analyse the impact of aging on city’s finances. We show that an increase in the number of pensioners will raise the cost of public goods. However, an increase in the number of working elderly can alleviate the situation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Wąsowicz
Grzegorz Kula
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Abstract

In this work, source apportionment for unsupported 210Po was conducted. The activity size distributions of both supported and unsupported 210Po in urban aerosols were measured from February to December 2019. The results confirmed that the activity of 210Po in the atmosphere is significantly increased by additional 210Po content related to coal combustion by-product releases, especially in the cold winter season. The sources of this content are local emissions and long-range transport processes. Unsupported activity concentrations of 210Po and weather parameters (temperature, humidity, and wind velocity) were used for source apportionment from three heating systems.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Długosz-Lisiecka
1
Karolina Nowak
1

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Łódź, Poland
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Abstract

This study investigated the Octyl Phenol Ethoxylate (OPE) removal potentials of raw and treated industrial treatment sludges (ITS) at different pH. Experiments were conducted in a set of 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, into which OPE solutions of 300 ml with different initial concentrations (50–300 μg/l) were added into. Adsorption of Octyl Phenol Ethoxylate from an aqueous solution into ITS105 (T=105°C), ITS300 (T=300°C), ITS600 (T=600°C) and ITS450 (pyrolyzed, T=450°C) was carried out at a room temperature. The OPE adsorption rate increase in the treatment sludge processed at 600°C. As opposed to the sludge treated at 105°C, the adsorption rate decreased as the concentration increased. The reason for this was that the porous structure was degraded at 600°C, and the surface charge balance was disrupted. ITS300 had a lower adsorption capacity for Octyl Phenol Ethoxylate removal than ITS105, ITS600 and ITS450 (pyrolyzed). The treatment sludge pyrolyzed at 450°C conformed with the Freundlich isotherm at pH 4 (R2=0.94) and pH 7 (R2=0.89). The treatment sludge heat-treated at 600°C conformed with the Freundlich isotherm at pH 4 (R2=0.97), pH 7 (R2=0.98) and pH 10 (R2=0.99). Additionally, for ITS600, the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) isotherm was valid at neutral pH. The OPE adsorption coefficient for ITS600 at pH 4 and pH 7 was calculated as 1.05 L/μg and 1.083 L/μg, respectively. According to the BET isotherm (for ITS600) the qm values at pH 4 and pH 7 were respectively 8.21 μg/g and 2.92 μg/g. The temperature of the adsorption value obtained with the Temkin isotherm showed that the interaction between the OPE and the adsorbent substances was not a chemical or ionic interaction but probably a physical interaction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ali Rıza Dinçer
1
İbrahim Feda Aral
1

  1. Namık Kemal University, Çorlu, Tekirdağ-Turkey
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Abstract

Currently, due to reduced water resources, there is a need to build reservoirs in Poland. Reservoirs perform important economic, natural and recreational functions in the environment, improve water balance and contribute to fl ood protection. In the construction of reservoirs, it is necessary to consider not only hydrological issues related to water quantity, but also its quality, silting, and many other factors. Therefore, the physiographic, hydrological, hydrochemical, and hydrogeological conditions of the projected reservoirs have to be taken into account to limit the potential negative eff ects of decisions to build them. In order to assess the suitability of eight projected small water retention reservoirs (to increase water resources in the Barycz River catchment in Lower Silesia and Greater Poland provinces, this article takes into account hydrological indicators (efficiency of the reservoir, operation time, dependence on the intensity of silting, and flood hazard indicator), water quality (phosphorus load and nitrogen load), hydrogeological conditions (type of geological substratum for the reservoir basin and filtration losses), and safety of the reservoir dam. To develop a theoretical model describing the regularities between the indicators, multivariate statistical techniques were used, including the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Factor Analysis (FA). In order to assess the reservoirs, a synthetic indicator was developed to compare the reservoirs with each other in relation to the conditions. The Cluster Analysis (CA) was used for typological classification of homogeneous locations of projected small retention reservoirs. Own research procedure for identification of the most advantageous water reservoirs, with the use of multivariate statistical techniques, may be used as a tool supporting decision making in other facilities intended for implementation in provincial projects of small retention.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław Wiatkowski
1
Barbara Wiatkowska
2
Łukasz Gruss
1
Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
3
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Tomczyk
1
Dawid Chłopek
1

  1. Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poland
  2. University of Opole, Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, Poland
  3. Institute of Environmental Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences in Zabrze

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