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Investigations of optical and thermal properties of surface layers of Cd_1−xBe_xTe samples by the photoacoustic method

Leszek Bychto Mirosław Maliński Łukasz Chrobak Jacek Zakrzewski Mohammed Boumhamdi

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 2 | e150186 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.150186

Keywords thermal parameters optical parameters surface layers photoacoustics

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Abstract

The work presents the results of a research on the photoacoustic spectra of thin surface layers of Cd_1−xBe_xTe crystals formed by grinding and polishing their surfaces. As a result of matching the theoretical and experimental photoacoustic spectra, thermal and optical parameters of these layers were determined. Thermal parameters of the surface layers, such as thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, turned out to be much worse than the analogous parameters of the substrate. The increase in the optical absorption of surface layers for photon energies below E_g was also determined.

E_g was also determined.

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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Bychto

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Mirosław Maliński

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Łukasz Chrobak

1

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Jacek Zakrzewski

2

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Mohammed Boumhamdi

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Faculty of Electronics and Computer Studies, Technical University of Koszalin, ul. Śniadeckich 2, Koszalin, Poland
Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Grudziądzka 5/7, 87-100 Torun, Poland

Laboratory investigations of sub-meter resolution telescope with segmented aperture dedicated to CubeSat platform

Paweł Knapkiewicz Tymon Janisz Grzegorz Charytoniuk Michał Partyka Tomasz Pozniak Damian Stefanow Jakub Chołodowski

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 2 | e150604 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.150604

Keywords segmented optics CubeSat satellite Earth observations

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Abstract

In current CubeSat observation satellites, the main design constraint is the available space. Standards dictating the unit dimensions of the payload severely restrict the maximum aperture and focal length of the optical instrument. In this paper, the authors present the results of work to produce a novel DeploScope optical system for a CubeSat-type observation satellite with a segmented aperture of the primary mirror deployed in space. The telescope is designed for Earth observation and is expected to find its application in the military, precision agriculture or environmental disaster prevention. The work includes a detailed analysis of the segment aperture effect on image repeatability for different numbers of main mirror segments. Based on it, the optimal configuration of the optical model of the telescope with an aperture of 188.5 mm and a focal length of 1100 mm was selected. Based on this analysis, a so-called laboratory version of the telescope was built, providing the possibility of free correction of each segment of the primary mirror while maintaining a solid stable base for other components of the module. Imaging tests were carried out on the laboratory version of the instrument and the system was optimized for a version suitable for implementation in the payload structure of the microsatellite.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Knapkiewicz

Tymon Janisz

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Grzegorz Charytoniuk

Michał Partyka

Tomasz Pozniak

Damian Stefanow

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Jakub Chołodowski

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Hot carrier photocurrent induced by 0.92 eV photon energy radiation in a Si solar cell

Ihor Zharchenko Jonas Gradauskas Oleksandr Masalskyi Aleksej Rodin

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 2 | e150181 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.150181

Keywords hot carriers solar cells photocurrent p-n junction Shockley-Queisser theory

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Abstract

Absorption of the below-bandgap solar radiation and direct pre-thermalizational impact of a hot carrier (HC) on the operation of a single-junction solar cell are ignored by the Shockley-Queisser theory. The detrimental effect of the HC is generally accepted only via the thermalization-caused heating of the lattice. Here, the authors demonstrate experimental evidence of the HC photocurrent induced by the below-bandgap 0.92 eV photon energy radiation in an industrial silicon solar cell. The carriers are heated both through direct free-carrier absorption and by residual photon energy remaining after the electron-hole pair generation. The polarity of the HC photocurrent opposes that of the conventional generation photocurrent, indicating that the total current across the p-n junction is contingent upon the interplay between these two currents. A model of current-voltage characteristics analysis allowing us to obtain a reasonable value of the HC temperature was also proposed. This work is remarkable in two ways: first, it contributes to an understanding of HC phenomena in photovoltaic devices, and second, it prompts discussion of the HC photocurrent as a new intrinsic loss mechanism in solar cells.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ihor Zharchenko

1

Jonas Gradauskas

2

Oleksandr Masalskyi

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Aleksej Rodin

1

Laboratory of Electronic Processes, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
Department of Physics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania

Characterisation of a graphene/NPB structure with Re₂O₇ as an interfacial layer for OLED application

Paweł Krukowski Michał Piskorski Maciej Rogala Paweł Dąbrowski Iaroslav Lutsyk Witold Kozłowski Dorota A. Kowalczyk Patryk Krempiński Maxime Le Ster Aleksandra Nadolska Klaudia Toczek Przemysław Przybysz Rafał Dunal Wojciech Ryś Shankhanil Sarkar Beata Łuszczyńska Paweł J. Kowalczyk

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 1 | e147913 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.148441

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Abstract

A graphene/NPB structure with Re₂O₇ as an interfacial layer in the context of its potential use in the design of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is investigated. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study shows the formation of the Re₂O₇ phase on a monolayer graphene on quartz during thermal deposition in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). The ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) study shows an enhancement of the work function of the graphene heterostructure after deposition of the Re₂O₇ layer up to 5.4 eV. The hole injection barrier between the Re₂O₇/graphene heterostructure and the N-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N-diphenyl-(1,1-biphenyl)-4,4-diamine (NPB) layer was estimated to be 0.35 eV, which is very promising for a good OLED performance.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Krukowski

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Michał Piskorski

1

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Maciej Rogala

1

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Paweł Dąbrowski

1

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Iaroslav Lutsyk

1

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Witold Kozłowski

1

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Dorota A. Kowalczyk

1

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Patryk Krempiński

1

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Maxime Le Ster

1

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Aleksandra Nadolska

1

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Klaudia Toczek

1

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Przemysław Przybysz

1

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Rafał Dunal

2

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Wojciech Ryś

1

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Shankhanil Sarkar

3

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Beata Łuszczyńska

4

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Paweł J. Kowalczyk

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Department of Solid State Physics (member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory, Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
Department of Solid State Physics (member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory, Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, 149/153 Pomorska St., 90–236 Łódź, Poland
Department of Physics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India
Department of Molecular Physics (member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory, Poland), Lodz University of Technology, ul. Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland

The method for extracting defect levels in the MCT multilayer low-bandgap heterostructures

Kinga Majkowycz Małgorzata Kopytko Krzysztof Murawski Piotr Martyniuk

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 1 | e149182 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.149182

Keywords deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) traps MOCVD MCT

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Abstract

A method for defects extraction for a mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) multilayer low-bandgap heterostructure is presented. The N⁺/T/p/T/P⁺/n⁺ epitaxial layer was deposited on a GaAs substrate by a metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). The absorber was optimized for a cut-off wavelength of λ_c = 6 μm at 230 K. Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements were conducted for the isolated junctions of the N⁺/T/p/T/P⁺/n⁺ heterostructure. Three localised point defects were extracted within the p-type active layer. Two of them were identified as electron traps and one as a hole trap, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kinga Majkowycz

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Małgorzata Kopytko

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Krzysztof Murawski

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Piotr Martyniuk

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Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland

Sareenet: saree texture classification via region-based patch generation with an optimized efficient Aquila network

Krishnan Ashok Dharmaraj Karthika Priya Appathurai Ahilan Palanisamy Jayapriya

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 1 | e149164 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.149164

Keywords Saree texture classification patch generation deep learning efficient net Aquila optimizer

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Abstract

Online saree shopping has become a popular way for adolescents to shop for fashion. Purchasing from e-commerce is a huge time-saver in this situation. Female apparel has many difficult-to-describe qualities, such as texture, form, colour, print, and length. Research involving online shopping often involves studying consumer behaviour and preferences. Fashion image analysis for product search still faces difficulties in detecting textures based on query images. To solve the above problem, a novel deep learning-based SareeNet is presented to quickly classify the tactile sensation of a saree according to the user’s query. The proposed work consists of three phases: i) saree image pre-processing phase, ii) patch generation phase, and iii) texture detection and optimization for efficient classification. The input image is first denoised using a contrast stretching adaptive bilateral (CSAB) filter. The deep learning-based mask region-based convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN) divides the region of interest into saree patches. A deep learning-based improved EfficientNet-B3 has been introduced which includes an optimized squeeze and excitation block to categorise 25 textures of saree images. The Aquila optimizer is applied within the squeeze and excitation block of the improved EfficientNet to normalise the parameters for improving the accuracy in saree texture classification. The experimental results show that SareeNet is effective in categorising texture in saree images with 98.1% accuracy. From the experimental results, the proposed improved EfficientNet-B3 improves overall accuracy by 2.54%, 0.17%, 2.06%, 1.78%, and 0.63%, for MobileNet, DenseNet201, ResNet152, and InspectionV3, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krishnan Ashok

1

Dharmaraj Karthika Priya

2

Appathurai Ahilan

3

Palanisamy Jayapriya

4

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Tamilnadu, India
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India
Centre for Future Networks and Digital Twin, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sri Eshwar Engineering College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

Intermetallic compound layer formation in indium-based micro-bump array fabrication technology for IR detectors

Paweł Kozłowski Agata Jasik Adam Łaszcz Krzysztof Czuba Krzysztof Chmielewski Krzysztof Zdunek

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 1 | e148833 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.148833

Keywords indium micro-bump under bump metallization intermetallic alloy focused ion beam energy dispersive spectrometry

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Abstract

This work reports on the investigation of homogeneity of the inside of indium micro-bumps/ columns placed on Ti/Pt/Au under bump metallisation. This is very important for connection resistivity, long-time durability, and subsequent hybridisation process (e.g., die-bonding). Gold reacts with indium to form intermetallic alloys with different chemo-physical parameters than pure indium. The geometrical and structural parameters of intermetallic alloys were analysed based on transmission electron microscope images. Distribution of elements in the investigated samples was determined using the transmission electron micro-scope with energy dispersive spectroscopy method. A thickness of intermetallic alloy was 1.02 μm and 1.67 μm in non-annealed (A) and annealed (B) indium columns, respectively. The layered and column-like interior structure of alloys was observed for both samples, respectively, with twice bigger grains in sample B. The graded chemical composition of Au-In intermetallic alloy was detected for the non-annealed In columns in contrast to the constant composition of 40% of Au and 60% of In for the annealed sample B. The atomic distribution has a minor impact on the In column mechanical stability. A yield above 99% of an In column with a 25 µm diameter and a 11 µm height is possible for a uniform columnar structure of intermetallic alloy with a thickness of 1.67 μm.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Kozłowski

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Agata Jasik

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Adam Łaszcz

1

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Krzysztof Czuba

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Krzysztof Chmielewski

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Krzysztof Zdunek

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Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, ul. Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland

Investigation of a simple energy management system of a hybrid PV-battery system

Baqer Saleh Mahdi Nasri Sulaiman Mohanad Abd Shehab Siti Lailatul Mohd Hassan Suhaidi Shafie Hashim Hizam

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 1 | e148249 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2023.148249

Keywords renewable energy grid-connected system energy management system control strategy disturbances hybrid system

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Abstract

Growing energy demands are expected to render existing energy resources insufficient. Solar energy faces challenges in terms of providing continuous and reliable power supply to consumers. However, it has become increasingly important to implement renewable energy (RE) and energy management (EM) systems to increase the supply of power, improve efficiency, and maintain the stability of energy systems. As such, this present study integrated energy storage (ES) devices; namely, batteries and direct current (DC) to DC converters; into energy systems that support battery operation and effectively manage power flow, especially during peak load demands. The proposed system also addresses low solar irradiation and sudden load change scenarios by enabling the battery to operate in a discharge state to supply power to the load. Conversely, when the demand matches or exceeds the available solar energy, the battery is charged using solar power. The proposed system highlights the significance of RE systems and EM strategies in meeting growing energy demands and ensuring a reliable supply of power during solar variability and fluctuating loads. A MATLAB® Simulink model was used to evaluate the integration of a 200 kW photovoltaic (PV) array with a 380 V grid and 150 kW battery. The loads, consisting of a 100 kW and a 150 kW unit, were parallel connected. The results indicated that boost and three-phase (3Ph) inverters can be used to successfully integrate PV systems to the power grid to supply alternating current (AC) power. The inclusion of a battery also addressed power shortages during periods of insufficient power generation and to store surplus power.

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Authors and Affiliations

Baqer Saleh Mahdi

1

Nasri Sulaiman

1

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Mohanad Abd Shehab

2

Siti Lailatul Mohd Hassan

3

Suhaidi Shafie

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Hashim Hizam

1

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Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia
Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

Development of the hybrid distributed Bragg reflectors for mid-infrared applications

Monika Mikulicz Mikołaj Badura Michał Rygała Tristan Smołka Wojciech Macherzyński Adriana Łozińska Marcin Motyka

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 1 | e149168 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.149168

Keywords distributed Bragg reflector mid-infrared meatal coating InP GaAs FTIR

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Abstract

In this study, an analysis of the optical performance of two types of distributed Bragg reflector structures based on GaAs and InP material systems was carried out. The structures were designed for maximum performance at 4 µm with their reflectivity achieving between 80 and 90% with eight pairs of constituent layers. To further enhance the performance of these structures, additional Au layers were added at the bottom of the structure with Ti pre-coating applied to improve the adhesivity of the Au to the semiconductor substrate. The optimal range of Ti layer thickness resulting in the improvement of the maximum reflectivity was determined to be in between 5 and 15 nm.

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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Mikulicz

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Mikołaj Badura

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Michał Rygała

1

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Tristan Smołka

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Wojciech Macherzyński

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Adriana Łozińska

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Marcin Motyka

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Laboratory for Optical Spectroscopy of Nanostructures, Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, ul. Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
Department of Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, ul. Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland

Reliable 5G waveform detection from an optical fibre transmitter system

Zeyad T. Yaseen Waleed Algriree

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 1 | e149181 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.149181

Keywords optical fibre 5G NOMA hybrid technique cognitive radio CR probability of detection SNR

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Abstract

The integration of optical fibre communication with multiple input multiple output-non-orthogonal multiple access (MIMO-NOMA) waveforms in cognitive radio (CR) systems is examined in this study. The proposed system leverages the advantages of optical fibre, including high bandwidth and immunity to electromagnetic interference to facilitate the transmission and reception of MIMO-NOMA signals in a CR environment. Moreover, MIMO-NOMA signal was detected and analysed by the hybrid-discrete cosine transform-Welch (H-DCT-W) method. Based on the modes results, a detection probability greater than 0.96%, a false alarm probability equal to 0.06, and a global system error probability equal to 0.09% were obtained with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) less than 0 dB, while maintaining a simple level of complexity. The results obtained in this paper indicate the potential of the optical fibre-based MIMO-NOMA system based on H-DCT-W technology in CR networks. Therefore, its suitability for practical CR applications is demonstrated by the improvements obtained in false alarms, detection probability, and error rates at low levels of SNR. This study contributes to the development of efficient and reliable wireless communication systems by linking cooperation and synergy concerning MIMO-NOMA, optical fibres, as well as the proposed detection technique (H-DCT-W).

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Authors and Affiliations

Zeyad T. Yaseen

1

Waleed Algriree

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Department of Medical Device Technology Engineering, Al Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia

Application of a deep-learning neural network for image reconstruction from a single-pixel infrared camera

Sebastian Urbaś Bogusław Więcek

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 1 | e148877 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.148877

Keywords single-pixel imaging compressive sensing thermal imaging convolutional neural network dataset augmentation

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Abstract

The article presents the simulation results of a single-pixel infrared camera image reconstruction obtained by using a convolutional neural network (CNN). Simulations were carried out for infrared images with a resolution of 80 × 80 pixels, generated by a low-cost, low-resolution thermal imaging camera. The study compares the reconstruction results using the CNN and the ℓ1 reconstruction algorithm. The results obtained using the neural network confirm a better quality of the reconstructed images with the same compression rate expressed by the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM).

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Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Urbaś

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Bogusław Więcek

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Institute of Electronics, Lodz University of Technology, Al. Politechniki 6, 90-924 Lodz, Poland

Coded GFDM with decision feedback equaliser for enhanced performance in underwater wireless optical communication

R. Hema Ananthi A. Diana D. C.

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 1 | e148697 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.148697

Keywords generalised frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) turbulence pointing error forward error correction (FEC) decision feedback equaliser (DFE)

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Abstract

Underwater wireless optical communication is the best alternative for many applications especially for high bandwidth data communication between underwater objects and vehicles. The implementation of coding scheme along with advanced modulation technique and equalisation methods is identified as a key research scope for enhancing the performance of the system. In this paper, the coded generalised frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) technology is employed to provide high-data rates and less out-of-band emission. The Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) and Reed-Solomon (RS) coding schemes along with equalisation techniques namely normalised least mean square (NLMS)-based decision feedback equalisers (DFE), minimum mean square error (MMSE) and zero forcing (ZF) are utilized to reduce inter symbol interference (ISI). The bit error rate (BER) performance is evaluated in the presence of pointing error (PE) and turbulence using Monte Carlo channel modelling simulations. The results showed that RS coding with NLMS-DFE outperforms other techniques and achieves a BER of roughly 10−5 with a signal-to-noise ratio levels below 20 dB. The simulation results demonstrate that RS code with 15 total symbols per code word and 3 data symbols, i.e., RS (15, 3) and BCH code with 31 total symbols in a code word and 6 data symbols, i.e., BCH (31, 6) provided the best error performance among other coding schemes employed. It is inferred that RS (15, 3) coded 2 × 2 multiple input multiple output systems with NLMS-DFE achieved a BER value of 1.1925 × 10−5 at 11 dB which is 16 dB less than uncoded system. Thus, the coded GFDM improves overall BER performance and has the potential to provide higher reliability for internet of underwater things (IoUT) applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Hema

1

Ananthi A.

Diana D. C.

1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, 162 Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600089, India

Delay analysis of ring resonator-based beam-forming network in z-domain

Md. Danish Nadeem Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi Ritesh Kumar

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 2 | e150184 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.150184

Keywords antenna element beam-forming network optical ring resonator

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Abstract

During the next generation of wireless cellular networks, the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectrum will bring new opportunities for exceptionally high data transfer speeds and extensive network connectivity. Millimeter waves, on the other hand, are subject to a significant loss of propagation, which is the most significant impediment. A beneficial solution to this difficulty, which can be overcome, is to use a beam-forming system that consists of many antennas. The purpose of this study is to provide a concept for an integrated photonic beam-forming system that utilises multiple ring resonators for a 1 × 4 phase array antenna operating in the Ka-Band frequency range. The waveguide technology is the foundation for a signal that operates at 28 GHz. It is through the use of the optical ring resonator that the actual time delay line may accomplish its goal. The suggested method can be imDuring the next generation of wireless cellular networks, the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectrum will bring new opportunities for exceptionally high data transfer speeds and extensive network connectivity. Millimeter waves, on the other hand, are subject to a significant loss of propagation, which is the most significant impediment. A beneficial solution to this difficulty, which can be overcome, is to use a beam-forming system that consists of many antennas. The purpose of this study is to provide a concept for an integrated photonic beam-forming system that utilises multiple ring resonators for a 1 × 4 phase array antenna operating in the Ka-Band frequency range. The waveguide technology is the foundation for a signal that operates at 28 GHz. It is through the use of the optical ring resonator that the actual time delay line may accomplish its goal. The suggested method can be implemented as a variable true time delay (TTD) line to change the radiation angle of phase array antennas (PAA). The main lobe radiated by the PAA can be directed squint-free between the angles from −28° to +28°. The mathematical analysis and design of the beam producing the structure are presented. Following that, delays of 650 ps, 350 ps, and 250 ps could be produced with coupling coefficients of κ = 0.5 , κ = 0.7, and κ = 0.9 , respectively, and the associated phase shifts were 0.469π, 0.146π, and 0.387π.plemented as a variable true time delay (TTD) line to change the radiation angle of phase array antennas (PAA). The main lobe radiated by the PAA can be directed squint-free between the angles from −28° to +28°. The mathematical analysis and design of the beam producing the structure are presented. Following that, delays of 650 ps, 350 ps, and 250 ps could be produced with coupling coefficients of κ = 0.5 , κ = 0.7, and κ = 0.9 , respectively, and the associated phase shifts were 0.469π, 0.146π, and 0.387π.

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Authors and Affiliations

Md. Danish Nadeem

1

Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi

1

Ritesh Kumar

2

Microwave Photonics Laboratory, Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad Jharkhand-826004, India
Shri Phaneshwar Nath Renu Engineering College, Araria, Bihar 854318, India

Rigorous optical modelling of long-wavelength infrared photodetector with 2D subwavelength hole array in gold film

Andrzej Janaszek Piotr Wróbel Maciej Dems Omer Ceylan Yasar Gurbuz Łukasz Kubiszyn Józef Piotrowski Rafał Kotyński

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 1 | e148831 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.148831

Keywords plasmonics infrared detector enhanced absorption surface plasmon polariton Fano resonance Sommerfeld-Zenneck wave

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Abstract

The quantum efficiency of an InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice (T2SL) high operating temperature (HOT) long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) photodetector may be significantly improved by integrating a two-dimensional subwavelength hole array in a metallic film (2DSHA) with the detector heterostructure. The role of the metallic grating is to couple incident radiation into surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes whose field overlaps the absorber region. Plasmon-enhanced infrared photodetectors have been recently demonstrated and are the subject of intensive research. Optical modelling of the three-dimensional detector structure with subwavelength metallic components is challenging, especially since its operation depends on evanescent wave coupling. Our modelling approach combines the 3D finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) and the rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) with a proposed adaptive data-point selection for calculation time reduction. We demonstrate that the 2DSHA-based detector supports SPPs in the Sommerfeld-Zenneck regime and waveguide modes that both enhance absorption in the active layer.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Janaszek

1 2

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Piotr Wróbel

2

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Maciej Dems

3

e-mail:

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Omer Ceylan

4

e-mail:

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Yasar Gurbuz

4

e-mail:

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Łukasz Kubiszyn

5

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Józef Piotrowski

6

e-mail:

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Rafał Kotyński

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Janaszek, Andrzej :VIGO Photonics, Poznańska 129/133, 05-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki, Poland
Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 217/221, 93-005 Łódź, Poland
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
Kubiszyn, Łukasz :VIGO Photonics, Poznańska 129/133, 05-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki, Poland
Piotrowski, Józef :VIGO Photonics, Poznańska 129/133, 05-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki, Poland

Heat pipe-cooled highly-concentrated multi-junction solar cell

Mohammed Al Turkestani Mohamed Sabry Abdelrahman Lashin

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 2 | e149393 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.149393

Keywords solar cell concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) heat pipe (HP) passive cooling PV performance

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Abstract

Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems have proven the capability of competing with traditional photovoltaic (PV) systems due to their high efficiency and low area occupancy. Such CPV systems require efficient heat removal auxiliary systems, especially for medium and high optical concentration ratios. Operating a CPV system under a high optical concentration (ratio > 200 X) might require active cooling techniques, which have high operating costs and maintenance. On the other hand, heat pipes (HPs) are widely used in electronic devices for cooling purposes. This work discusses the possibility of operating a CPV system coupled with HPs as a passive cooling technique. Two different HPs with different lengths are used to compare cooling efficiency. Each HP length was tested either in a single or double configuration. Long HPs showed better heat removal compared to a traditional fin-cooling system. CVP cooling with HP systems enhanced the entire electrical output of the cell, mainly at high optical concentration ratios.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammed Al Turkestani

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohamed Sabry

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Abdelrahman Lashin

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Physics Department, College of Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Solar Physics Lab, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Cairo, Egypt
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

Firmware development for the fibre-optic seismometer based on FOG

Marek Kamiński Wojciech Tylman Grzegorz Jabłoński Rafał Kotas Piotr Amrozik Bartosz Sakowicz Leszek R. Jaroszewicz

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 2 | e150179 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.150179

Keywords fibre-optic rotational seismometer Sagnac effect simulation environment field-programmable gate array high-level synthesis

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Abstract

The main goal of the article is to present the concept of using a simulation environment when designing an advanced fibre-optic seismometer (FOS) using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) computing system. The first part of the article presents the advanced requirements regarding the FOS principle of operation, as well as the measurement method using a closed-loop operation. The closed-loop control algorithm is developed using the high-level language C++ and then it is synthesised into an FPGA. The following part of the article describes the simulation environment developed to test the operation of the control algorithm. The environment includes a model of components of the measurement system, delays, and distortions in the signal processing path, and some of the measurement system surroundings. The article ends with a comparison of simulation data with measurements. The obtained results are consistent and prove correctness of the methodology adopted by the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Kamiński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wojciech Tylman

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Grzegorz Jabłoński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rafał Kotas

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Amrozik

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bartosz Sakowicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Leszek R. Jaroszewicz

2 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 221, 93-005 Lodz, Poland
Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warszawa, Poland
Elproma Elektronika Sp. z o.o., ul. Duńska 2A, 05-152 Czosnów, Poland

Non-line of sight analysis for vehicular visible light communication system: Impact of artificial light source and weather conditions

Nagwan I. Tawfik Eslam S. El-Mokadem Moustafa H. Aly Walid S. El-Deeb

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 2 | e150180 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.150180

Keywords artificial light source laser diode optical amplifier non-line of sight Q-factor vehicular communication

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Abstract

Visible light communication is seen as a crucial technology within optical wireless communication systems. The technology of vehicular visible light communication holds significant importance in the context of connected vehicles. This technology can serve as a supplementary solution to vehicular systems that are based on radio frequency. In this paper, the authors conduct an analysis of the performance of both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight vehicle-to-vehicle visible light communication systems under the effect of artificial light source and weather conditions, including clear, hazy, and foggy weather. A practical vehicular laser diode, a street lamp, and an avalanche photodiode are used to design the proposed system model. Performance enhancement for the proposed system is achieved using an optical amplifier at the receiving end. An artificial light source of light-emitting diode Corn-type is used to represent an ambient artificial light source. Different metrics such as quality factor and bit error rate are used to assess the system performance of the non-line-of-sight-vehicular communication system. The proposed line-of-sight model achieves a data rate of 25 Gbps, supporting a distance of 80 m under clear sky and hazy atmospheric conditions. For foggy weather, an attainable link distance of 70 m is achieved. The achieved results emphasize the suitability of the suggested models for vehicular applications in real world environment.

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Authors and Affiliations

Nagwan I. Tawfik

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Eslam S. El-Mokadem

1

Moustafa H. Aly

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Walid S. El-Deeb

3

Electronics and Communications Department, Higher Technological Institute, 10th of Ramadan city, Egypt
Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt
Electronics and Communications Department, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt

Optomechanical industrial-level camera modifications forrepeatable thermal image drift

Marcin Adamczyk Kohei Nimura

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 2 | e150185 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.150185

Keywords camera temperature effect temperature compensation compensation model thermal image drift

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Abstract

Thermal image drift is observed in prevalent industrial-level cameras because their optomechanical design is not optimised to reduce this phenomenon. In this paper, the effect of temperature on industrial-level cameras is investigated, focusing on the thermal image drift resulting from ambient temperature changes and warming-up process. Standard methods for reducing thermal image drift are reviewed, concentrating on the lack of repeatability aspect of this drift. Repeatable thermal image drift is crucial for applying a compensation model as random thermal deformations in sensors cannot be compensated. Moreover, the possible cause of this issue is explored, and novel optomechanical camera modifications are proposed that maintain the thermal degrees of freedom for the deforming sensor, limiting the lack of repeatability aspect of thermal image drift to a low level. The improvement is verified by conducting experiments using a specialised test stand equipped with an invar frame and thermal chamber. Considering the results from the application of the polynomial compensation model, the standard deviation of the central shifts of image drift is reduced by ×3.99, and the absolute range of image drift is reduced by ×2.53.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Adamczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kohei Nimura

1

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, ul. Andrzeja Boboli 8,02-525 Warsaw, Poland

Experimental investigation of SRS polarization pulling in depleted pump regime for various pump SOPs

Robert K. Cybulski Krzysztof Perlicki

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 1 | e149381 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.149381

Keywords stimulated Raman scattering all-optical polarization control polarization pulling

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Abstract

This article presents an experimental investigation of polarization pulling based on stimulated Raman scattering induced by a continuous, fully polarized pump wave in an optical fibre. By means of probe wave states of polarization aggregation, degree of polarization and gain analysis, an assessment of all-optical polarization control, repolarization and amplification in a standard single mode fibre in depleted pump regime is presented. Polarization pulling is proved to be dependent on fibre length, pump power, and pump state of polarization, with respect to pump depletion effect, acting oppositely to the polarization pulling effect. Authors evaluate results aiming to obtain a configuration of stimulated Raman scattering parameters, which allows for the most effective polarization pulling, with respect to statistical stability of the process measured by standard deviation of polarization degree and polarization-dependent gain of the probe wave. The highest polarization attraction efficiency was obtained for 15 km, 0.97 W and the horizontal polarization state of the pump wave.

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Authors and Affiliations

Robert K. Cybulski

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Perlicki

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dawis IT Sp. z o.o., ul. Staszica 1, 05-800 Pruszków, Poland
Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland

Comparison of selected methods for measuring the luminous flux of solid-state light sources

Krzysztof Górecki Aleksandra Kalinowska Przemysław Ptak

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 1 | e149234 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.149234

Keywords LED light sources measurement method luminous flux integrating sphere goniometer

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Abstract

The paper presents a simple method of measuring the luminous flux value dedicated to LED light sources. This method uses information about a spatial radiation pattern of the lighting source under test and the results of illuminance measurements at the axis of this source. The method is described and the results of the measurements obtained using this method and the classical method are compared and discussed. Tests have been carried out for LED modules of different geometries. The measurement error of the considered method is analysed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Górecki

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aleksandra Kalinowska

2

Przemysław Ptak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Marine Electronics, Gdynia Maritime University, ul. Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, ul. Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland

Hybrid upconverting/paramagnetic Fe₃O₄/Gd₂O₃:Er³⁺, Yb³⁺, Mg²⁺, Nd³⁺nanoparticles – synthesis, characterization and biological applications

Izabela Kamińska Kamil Sobczak Yaroslav Zhydachevskyy Tomasz Wojciechowski Roman Minikayev Bożena Sikora-Dobrowolska Sabina Lewińska Michał Chojnacki Krzysztof Fronc

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 2 | e150182 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.150182

Keywords core/shell nanoparticles upconversion co-precipitation methods HeLa tumor cells confocal microscopy paramagnetic

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Abstract

The goals of this work are to design and develop a technology for fabrication and study of multifunctional properties of core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) as magnetic/luminescent markers. The new hybrid core/shell Fe₃O₄/Gd₂O₃:1% Er³⁺, 18% Yb³⁺, 2.5% Mg²⁺, x% Nd³⁺NPs doped with different concentrations of neodymium ions, where x = 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, 4%, were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The NPs were characterised using XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, confocal microscopy and photoluminescence. Fe₃O₄ (core) consists of several 13 nm NPs. The core/shell NPs have sizes from 220 nm to 641 nm. In this latter case, the shell thicknesses were 72, 80, and 121 nm. The upconversion efficiency properties and magnetic properties of the hybrid NPs were investigated. In the core/shell NPs, the addition of Nd³⁺ quenches the luminescence. The magnetic response of core/shell samples is rather paramagnetic and does not differ significantly from that registered for the shell material alone. For Gd₂O₃:1% Er³⁺, 18% Yb³⁺ and Fe₃O₄/Gd₂O₃:1% Er³⁺, 18% Yb³⁺, 2.5% Mg²⁺, 0.5% Nd³⁺, at 300 K, the values of the magnetization registered at ~ 40 kOe are similar and equal to ~ 5.3 emu·g⁻¹. The survivability of the HeLa tumor cells with the presence of the core/shell NPs was investigated for 24 h. The NPs are non-toxic up to a concentration of 1000 µg·ml⁻¹ and penetrate cells in the process of endocytosis which has been confirmed by confocal microscope studies.

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Authors and Affiliations

Izabela Kamińska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kamil Sobczak

2

Yaroslav Zhydachevskyy

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tomasz Wojciechowski

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Roman Minikayev

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bożena Sikora-Dobrowolska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sabina Lewińska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Michał Chojnacki

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Fronc

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotników 32/46, Warsaw 02-668, Poland
Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
International Research Centre MagTop, al. Lotników 32/46, Warsaw 02-668, Poland

Interfaces-engineered M-structure for infrared detectors

Michał Marchewka Dawid Jarosz Marta Ruszała Anna Juś Piotr Krzemiński Ewa Bobko Małgorzata Trzyna-Sowa Renata Wojnarowska-Nowak Paweł Śliż Michał Rygała Marcin Motyka

Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 2 | e150183 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.150183

Keywords molecular beam epitaxy T2SL InAs/GaSb/AlSb/GaSb M-structures dyspersion relation numerical calculations

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Abstract

In this paper, the authors report strain-balanced M-structures InAs/GaSb/AlSb/GaSb superlattice growth on GaSb substrates using two kinds of interfaces (IFs): GaAs-like IFs and InSb-like IFs. The in-plane compressive strain of 60-period and 100-period InAs��/GaSb/AlSb��/GaSb with different InAs (��) and AlSb (��) monolayers are investigated. The M-structures InAs/GaSb/AlSb/GaSb represent type II superlattices (T2SL) and at present are under intensive investigation. Many authors show theoretical and experimental results that such structures can be used as a barrier material for a T2SL InAs/GaSb absorber tuned for long-wave infrared detectors (8 μm–14 μm). Beside that, M-structure can also be used as an active material for short-wave infrared detectors to replace InAs/GaSb which, for this region of infrared, are a big challenge from the point of view of balancing compression stress. The study of InAs/GaSb/AlSb/GaSb superlattice with the minimal strain for GaSb substrate can be obtained by a special procedure of molecular beam epitaxy growth through special shutters sequence to form both IFs. The authors were able to achieve smaller minimal mismatches of the lattice constants compared to literature. The high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurements prove that two types of IFs are proper for balancing the strain in such structures. Additionally, the results of Raman spectroscopy, surface analyses of atomic force microscopy, and differential interference contrast microscopy are also presented. The numerical calculations presented in this paper prove that the presence of IFs significantly changes the energy gap in the case of the investigated M-structures. The theoretical results obtained for one of the investigated structures, for a specially designed structure reveal an extra energy level inside the energy gap. Moreover, photoluminescence results obtained for this structure prove the good quality of the synthesized M-structures, as well as are in a good agreement with theoretical calculations.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Marchewka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dawid Jarosz

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marta Ruszała

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Anna Juś

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Krzemiński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ewa Bobko

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Małgorzata Trzyna-Sowa

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Renata Wojnarowska-Nowak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paweł Śliż

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Michał Rygała

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Motyka

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Center for Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Rzeszów,al. Rejtana 16, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
International Research Centre MagTop, Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
Laboratory for Optical Spectroscopy of Nanostructures, Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems ofTechnology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, ul. Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

Structurization of mining companies

Jens Kudełko

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2016 | vol. 32 | No 4 | DOI: 10.1515/gospo-2016-0031

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Authors and Affiliations

Jens Kudełko

The suitability of polish ortho-lignite deposits for clean coal technologies

Barbara Bielowicz

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2016 | vol. 32 | No 4 | DOI: 10.1515/gospo-2016-0034

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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Bielowicz

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