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Abstract

An aim of this article was to analyze and interpret multifaceted semantic of motives for lying in the novel Women’s Lies by Lyudmila Ulitskaya mainly on the basis of the text’s content as well as related to it preceded annotations, essayistic and journalistic utterances of an actress. We declare that the “laboratory analyze” of women’s lies in its various scenes makes a leading opinion and basic motive of the novel. At the beginning of the conclusion we are concentrating on the author`s definition of lie, so we can later refer to mythological-historical-literary roots. In the context of above mentioned facts, it is interesting that Ulitskaya divides lie on masculine and feminine. Ulitskaya, in her typical way, referring to cultural-religious archetypes and symbols, indicates the roots of masculine lie pertaining even to the Old Testament, as contrary to “pleasant feminine lie”. In this regard, the mythological characters of Odysseus and Penelope are also recognized as representatives. After all, in the content of the analyzed piece are only presented various examples of female lies, and, in our opinion, exposed as an element of the third plane, which unites natural sciences and literature.

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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Tarkowska
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Abstract

The objective of the paper is to use the model of Complexity Scales and Licensing (Cyran 2003, 2010) to account for the existence of two prosodic types: ‘syllable’ and ‘word’ languages (Auer 1993, Szczepaniak 2007), which roughly correspond to syllable-timed and stress-timed languages. We will postulate that these categories are not primitive and that many of their phonological characteristics can be derived from simpler mechanisms of licensing. It will be also argued that the phenomenon of contrast plays an important role in prosodic typology and may infl uence syllable structure. Languages use more marked syllabic confi gurations in order to optimise contrast expression. We will carry out an analysis on a simple hypothetical language in order to demonstrate the interdependence of syllabic complexity and the contrastive potential of a syllabic unit.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Fortuna
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Abstract

This article shows that Classical Arabic expresses verbal number. Arabic, of all the Semitic language family, meets the typological tests of the languages expressing verbal number. In addition, I will show that Classical Arabic provides a morphological verb form to express number. I will, however, show that for the form to express verbal number it requires a combination of morphological and semantic conditions. Without which the designated form does not express number, but expresses transitivity or the transfer of agency. These conditions are: form II must come from a root that has a form I, form I must be the transitive meaning of the root and the root must express an instant action. Form II, therefore, does not exclusively express number. Verbal number in Arabic is conditional. However, I will also propose that when form II verb expresses number, it does not express the transfer of agency.

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Authors and Affiliations

Muhammad Al-Sharkawi
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Abstract

Identification of agriculture types in Poland with analysis of spatial associations. The aims of the paper were to identify and characterize contemporary agriculture types in Poland, and evaluate the suitability of the typology used. The analysis was performed on the basis of territorial units (communes, LAU2). The study involved a total of 68 variables characterizing agriculture. Spatial associations found in the data were identified. As the next step, an analysis of local spatial autocorrelation was performed and spatial clusters were identified by LISA and cluster analysis performed by the method of k-means clustering, which identified a total of five agriculture types. The study presented the spatial distribution of individual types of agriculture and their characteristics. Furthermore, the method was shown to be especially useful for investigating agricultural phenomena characterized by a large number of traits in relation to a large number of territorial units.
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Authors and Affiliations

Benicjusz Głębocki
Ewa Kacprzak
Tomasz Kossowski
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Abstract

The present article demonstrates that languages tend to contain dispersals – a subtype of conative calls used to chase animals – that are built around voiceless sibilants. This tendency is both quantitative (i.e., voiceless-sibilant dispersals are common across languages and in a single language) and qualitative (i.e., sibilants contribute very significantly to the phonetic substance of such dispersals). This fact, together with a range of formal similarities exhibited by voiceless-sibilant dispersals encapsulated by the pattern [kI/Uʃ] suggests that the presence of voiceless sibilants in dispersals is not arbitrary. Overall, voiceless-sibilant dispersals tend to comply with the general phonetic profile associated with the prototype of CACs and dispersals, postulated recently in scholarship, thus corroborating the validity of this prototype.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alexander Andrason
1 2

  1. Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages (Salem, USA)
  2. University of Cape Town (South Africa)
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Abstract

The ultrasound (US) imaging market is fast-changing in terms of needs, trends and tendencies as it undergoes rapid innovations. Due to technological improvements, a variety of US probe types is available to cover a wide range of clinical applications. The aim of this paper is to provide information to healthcare professionals to select the appropriate probe for the intended use and the desired performance/price ratio. This work describes the majority of conventional, special and unique US probe types currently available on the market, together with technological insights that are responsible for image quality and a list of some of their clinical applications. The description of the inner transducer technologies allows to understand what contributes to different prices, features, quality level and breadth of applications. The comparison of current US probes and the analysis of advanced performances arising from the latest innovations, may help physicians, biomedical and clinical engineers, sonographers and other stakeholders with purchasing and maintenance commitments, enabling them to select the appropriate probe according to their clinical and economical needs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ramona De Luca
1
Leonoardo Forzoni
1
Francesca Gelli
1
Jeffrey Bamber
2

  1. Esaote S.p.A. Florence, 50127, Italy
  2. Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust London, SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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Abstract

This paper reviews theoretical considerations and empirical evidence on the comprehension of counterfactuals. The author sheds light on the issue of fake past and dual meaning. The theories of counterfactuals comprehension are assessed in light of empirical findings. The author supports the view that people hold in mind two meanings of counterfactuals. Based on this account, it is highlighted to differentiate three types of conditionals: suppositional, factual and counterfactual.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ainur Kakimova
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski
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Abstract

The current literature on personality types—understood as basic configurations of the Big Five’s personality traits—provides inconsistent results. The most commonly reported, three-type RUO (Resilient-Undercontrolled- Overcontrolled) solution is not definitive, as other solutions are also" often obtained. The current paper starts from reviewing and discussing the inconsistencies found in the previous results as well as in the RUO typology itself. The prevalence of an exploratory orientation in research on personality type was interpreted as the main cause of these problems. Then, we proposed a solution by using the Two Factor Model of personality and its extension—the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits—as the theoretical foundation for a four-type RUNO typology (Resilient- Undercontrolled-Nonresilient-Overcontrolled). The paper presents the RUNO personality typology and its theoretical consequences – in particular, we argue that the RUNO (a) is the most theoretically justified, and therefore, empirically expected solution, (b) allows us to explain why the three-type RUO solution is so commonly obtained, and (c) helps to solve some other problems that have arisen in the literature (e.g., with “typeness”).
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Xie, X., Chen,W., Lei, L., Xing, C. & Zhang, Y. (2016). The relationship between personality types and prosocial behavior and aggression in Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 56– 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.002
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Authors and Affiliations

Włodzimierz Strus
1
Natalia Cybis
1
Jan Cieciuch
1
Tomasz Rowiński
1

  1. Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw
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Abstract

On the Transylvanian territory 19 axes have been recorded that date to different times during the 7th and 8th c. AD, and which create a chronological sequence that will be shown in the text below. These 19 artefacts were retrieved from: 6 cemeteries — 10 finds; 1 military guard post / observation post for the surveillance of the area — 1 find; a settlement / house — 1 find; and discovered as stray finds: at 3 specified sites — 4 finds, within the territory of the county — 3 finds. The shape of the artefacts is the main criterion used to develop the typological groups of axes found in the Transylvanian plateau. Accordingly, five main types have been defined: 1st type — Axe with a poll, hammer type; 2nd type — Axe with a long poll in the shape of a rectangular bar; 3rd type — Axe with a fan-shaped blade and a long poll in the shape of a rectangular bar; 4th type — Axe with a round poll; 5th type — pole-axe. Taking into consideration the contexts of the discoveries and known analogies, these axes can be dated to different points in time creating a chronological sequence spanning over the 7th and 8th centuries. Most of the axes dated from the 7th and 8th centuries in Transylvania were found in warrior graves or funerary contexts, or together with other weapons, thus providing grounds for their inclusion within the category of weapons. This fact, combined with the series of typological features, allows to include these artifacts in the category of battle axes.

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Cosma Călin
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Depopulation is understood as a real population loss in an area represented by a negative population change. In the present-day Poland, the process is particularly distinct in the economically underperforming areas situated on the peripheries of large urban centres, but some of the most populous cities are also affected by it. The purpose of the presented research using Webb’s typology was to identify Polish poviats that were depopulating in all the years from 2002 to 2014 as a result of natural population decline and negative migration balance (two-factor depopulation). In the research, special attention was given to the rate of change in the number of population (total and by age group) and to a net natural and migration loss in the selected poviats. Selected characteristics of the 2014 population age structure in Poland were also evaluated. The basis for all findings presented in the paper is vital and migratory statistics for the years 2002 to 2014 and the data on poviats’ population age structure from 2002 and 2014 published by the Central Statistical Office.

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Anna Majdzińska
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The article aims at demonstrating that authority is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. An overview of numerous definitions and theories of authority serves as a point of departure that leads to the reconstruction of the typologies of authority existing in social sciences and to qualifying the functions of authority. The place of the phenomenon in social life is revealed by the analysis of its key operation mechanisms and impact areas. Theoretical definitions and typologies form the background for concentrating on authority in local communities, since its social role (e.g. inspirational, regulatory and integrative) at this level is exceptionally important from the perspective of social order maintenance and local communities’ development.

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Bożena Tuziak
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Which lexical typology does the Italian language have? A comparative study with French – This paper sets out to show the lexical and typological differences between the French and Italian languages. French is the only Romance language without morphology in words. Italian continues to build words while including morphology. This phenomenon can be explained by the diacronic process of deflexivity, which is more advanced in French. The consequence is that French words are more compact and unanalyzable. French is becoming a “neoisolating” language.

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Louis Begioni
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This contribution presents some results from a comparison of a sample of Italian texts, specifically those produced by native Italian informants, with: 1) on one side, a parallel sample of written productions by native Polish speakers; 2) on the other side, a sample of parallel texts produced in Italian by a group of Polish native speakers learning Italian as a second language. The presence of main and secondary sequences identified according to the Quaestio model is investigated, as well as the use of faithful and unfaithful anaphoras.
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Maciej Durkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski
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The Author disusses Ernst Bernheim’s idea of historical source as it was presented in his “Lehrbuch der historischen Methode und der Geschichtsphilosophie”.
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Aleksandra Kuligowska
ORCID: ORCID
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Contemporary design of food labels use different landscape pictures. Using the landscape in trade and market as a way of serving the message has long history and is very common. It was the main reason to create the concept of consumers landscape. According to research results two basic landscape images were observed — images of real landscape (pictures of recognizable and existing places, sites, cities, buildings, etc.) and images of imaginary landscape (imaginary view suggesting the certain type of landscape). The results of conducted researches could be helpful in recognizing the difference between real landscape and imaginary landscape. Conducted researches could be used not only in landscape architecture, but also in trade and marketing. Wide range of phenomenon called consumers landscape allows for expanding the studies on the dependency between a landscape vista and recognizing and selling the product.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Gałecka-Drozda
1
Ewa De Mezer
2

  1. Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Landscape Architecture
  2. Association of Polish Landscape Architects, Greater Poland Branch
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Abstract

Personality types are currently understood as basic configurations of personality traits from the Big Five model. However, to date, research has provided inconsistent results as to the number and content of personality types. The broadest support was found for the three-type RUO (Resilient-Undercontrolled-Overcontrolled) typology, but many studies indicate the existence of four or five basic personality types. The prevalence of an exploratory orientation in research on personality types was identified as the main cause of these inconsistencies, and the need for a well-justified theoretical basis for the personality typology was observed. The current study examines the predictions resulting from the four-type RUNO (Resilient-Undercontrolled-Nonresilient-Overcontrolled) typology – a proposal built on the Two Factor Model of personality and its extension: the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits. We used various measurement instruments (11 questionnaires to measure Big Five traits), samples (five samples with a total of 4430 respondents) and statistical procedures (cluster analyses on row and standardized data) testing the three-type, four-type and five-type solutions. We expected that although the robustness of the empirically derived type-solutions across different research conditions will be limited (in accordance with the previous studies), the configurations of each type found in the Big Five data will be in a concordance with the RUNO typology. Obtained results roughly confirmed our expectations. We conclude that a renewed focus on the theoretical basis of personality typology seems to be necessary to further advance this field of research and the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits enables the essential turn from an exploratory approach (usually used in the previous studies) to a theoretically driven approach (proposed by us in the current study) to personality typology.
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Authors and Affiliations

Włodzimierz Strus
1
Natalia Cybis
1
Jan Cieciuch
1
Tomasz Rowiński
1

  1. Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw
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Abstract

The author discusses systematization of scientific disciplines. He presents two methods of systematization, namely: classification which uses logical divisions, and typologization which relies on Weberian method of defining ideal types. Faced with certain weaknesses of the classification and typologization, the author proposes still another method of science systematization, which he calls ‘theoretical positioning’. Such systematization is accomplished by defining a selected theory with respect to the research processes employed in it. At the time when interdisciplinary studies are becoming more and more popular, theoretical positioning is a useful method of systematization for research purposes. It arranges scientific disciplines in an order that displays their theoretical affinities. That method of systematization not only organizes the multitude of scientific disciplines but also indicates which areas of cooperation can be most promising. Alongside that study, the author also discusses the possibility of theoretical positioning of sciences by employing conceptual categories used in theory of action which, appropriately conceptualized, could serve as effective interdisciplinary instruments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mieszko Ciesielski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Instytut Kultury Europejskiej, ul. Kostrzewskiego 5–7, 62‑200 Gniezno
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Abstract

For the Mariology of Joseph Ratzinger/Benedict XVI it is fundamental that the Mother of the Lord is not viewed in isolation, but is seen in the totality of the Christian faith. To the Marian texts of the New Testament he added the lines of the great feminine saviour figures of the Old Testament, which have drawn down the power of God by their faith and inspired salvific histories. In Mary these women are revisited, in her “Fiat” the people of Israel experience a concrete personification. Ratzinger traces Maria as a “church in the origin”, in her the church receives a personal centre with corresponding consequences. His Marian dogmatics is based on his own biblical theological approach, and especially gives the teachings of the recent church history its own well-comprehensible depth structure.

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Authors and Affiliations

Rainer Hangler
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Abstract

Currently, due to reduced water resources, there is a need to build reservoirs in Poland. Reservoirs perform important economic, natural and recreational functions in the environment, improve water balance and contribute to fl ood protection. In the construction of reservoirs, it is necessary to consider not only hydrological issues related to water quantity, but also its quality, silting, and many other factors. Therefore, the physiographic, hydrological, hydrochemical, and hydrogeological conditions of the projected reservoirs have to be taken into account to limit the potential negative eff ects of decisions to build them. In order to assess the suitability of eight projected small water retention reservoirs (to increase water resources in the Barycz River catchment in Lower Silesia and Greater Poland provinces, this article takes into account hydrological indicators (efficiency of the reservoir, operation time, dependence on the intensity of silting, and flood hazard indicator), water quality (phosphorus load and nitrogen load), hydrogeological conditions (type of geological substratum for the reservoir basin and filtration losses), and safety of the reservoir dam. To develop a theoretical model describing the regularities between the indicators, multivariate statistical techniques were used, including the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Factor Analysis (FA). In order to assess the reservoirs, a synthetic indicator was developed to compare the reservoirs with each other in relation to the conditions. The Cluster Analysis (CA) was used for typological classification of homogeneous locations of projected small retention reservoirs. Own research procedure for identification of the most advantageous water reservoirs, with the use of multivariate statistical techniques, may be used as a tool supporting decision making in other facilities intended for implementation in provincial projects of small retention.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław Wiatkowski
1
Barbara Wiatkowska
2
Łukasz Gruss
1
Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
3
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Tomczyk
1
Dawid Chłopek
1

  1. Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poland
  2. University of Opole, Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, Poland
  3. Institute of Environmental Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences in Zabrze
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Abstract

This paper focuses on three issues. First, it is about the context and environment of pre-Nicene theology. It is emphasized that pre-Nicene theology did not neglect ca-techetical and liturgical reflection (ad intra) while at the same time successfully ente-red into a critical and creative dialogue with both the Semitic and Greco-Roman world where first Christians lived (ad extra). For contemporary theology its means that it cannot reject historical reasoning, placed in space and time. The second part stresses that, in spite of different situations and all historical and cultural contexts, theology before Nicea was above all an understanding of Sacred Scripture to which the key is the Risen Christ as the source and definitive fulfilment of the inspired writings. Finally, the third part of the paper focuses on the existential and spiritual experience from which pre-Nicene theology originated. For this theology the Gospel of Christ is not just the rule of faith but also the rule of life. This leads to a conclusion that a contem-porary theologian is a to take up an existential-personalistic reflection on Revelation using the historical-hermeneutic method .

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Authors and Affiliations

Ks. Krzysztof Witko

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