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Abstract

The aim of this study is to determine natural and anthropogenic threats and their effects concerning the lakes situated within the coastal zone of the southern Baltic. The shore zone is a place of contact of the sea waters and the inland waters. This results in the formation of special water relationships and special circulation water. Macroscale conditions overlap local hydrological conditions and morphometric features of basins and hydrological features of catchments specific to particular lakes. All the natural conditions have been affected by human activity for over eight centuries. As a result. numerous natural and anthropogenic threats occur and cause not only periodic changes in the structure of lakes but such that even endanger their existence.
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Abstract

The issues covered by the work are important and topical as sinkholes that develop in large numbers over shallow mining excavations pose a great threat to public safety. In Upper Silesia (Poland), the formation of sinkholes can be observed even for a period of over 100 years following the termination of mining works. An effective method of risk elimination consists of filling the voids with a binding material with strength properties similar to those of the rocks surrounding the void. The application of fly ash is very suitable for this purpose, the use of which also has an ecological aspect. The literature studies presented in the paper indicate the possibility of making mixtures with the use of fly ash that has the required strength parameters. The compressive strength of the mixtures after solidification is up to 3 MPa, or even up to 7 MPa, and in some cases, up to 15 MPa. Most of the voids at shallow depths are found in coal seams, in which the compressive strength at shallow depths amounts to approx. 5 MPa. Thus, by filling the void with such material, we can ensure conditions similar to those prevailing before the excavation was made. The paper presents a case study involving the formation of a sinkhole above a dog heading and an ex post forecast made with the use of two selected methods. These methods yielded results affirming that the development of a sinkhole in the considered conditions is certain. Then, using the said methods, the impact of the filling level of the void on the possibility of sinkhole development was analyzed. The obtained results indicated the necessity to fill the void to around 90% with the use of one of the methods and its complete filling with the use of the other method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Strzałkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Strzałkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

In the article a short historical outline of noise control conferences organized in Poland is given. Those conferences with the participation of Polish specialists have been organized since 1964; since 1976 they have been evolved into International Noise Control Conferences. Silhouettes of four Polish scientists, which have made a large contribution to the noise and vibration control in Poland, are presented. Also the current state of threats by noise and vibrations have been briefly mentioned. The significance of such conferences has been emphasized.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Engel
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Abstract

An analysis of sustainable development goals made it possible to distinguish three key aspects of shaping pedestrian-friendly streets: the functional, social, and environmental ones. Focusing on these selected aspects, the main threats to this group of users in the Polish streets were presented. Based on the analysis of the standards and good practices in street design from the recent years for selected Polish cites, the main directions of activities and solutions aimed at eliminating threats making up the contemporary trends in shaping urban streets were identified.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michelle Mbazuigwe
ORCID: ORCID
Kinga Kimic
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Life Sciences — SGGW, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Landscape Architecture
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Abstract

The importance of skin colour is often neglected in empirical studies of negative attitudes towards minori-ties. In this study we use data from the 2014/2015 wave of the European Social Survey to analyse explicitly racist attitudes in Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic. The data was collected before the refugee crisis of 2015–2016, which gives the study a unique opportunity to analyse these attitudes in three of the countries that were among the most hostile to migrants in the EU. The study demonstrates how theoretical perspectives commonly used in explorations of negative attitudes based on ethnicity may be effectively used to analyse racist attitudes. The results show high levels of racist attitudes in both Hungary and the Czech Republic, despite there being very few non-white immigrants in these countries, while, in Poland, the racist attitudes are less widespread. Realistic threats seem to be of little importance for understanding racist attitudes – in contrast, symbolic threats appear to be very important for understanding them. There is also the surprising result that voters for more moderate political parties are no less racist than voters for the more radical political parties in any of the three countries.
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Authors and Affiliations

David Andreas Bell
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zan Strabac
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marko Valenta
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Social Work, Norway
  2. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norway
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Abstract

The uncertainty, threats and risks are unavoidable aspects of human existence. The response to them is trust, the expectation of beneficial, future actions of others (individuals, institutions, organizations). Risk and trust take unique forms during pandemic. Risk is global, universal, hard to assess and attached to common, everyday actions. Trust, the bridge over the abyss of uncertainty, is directed toward three addressees: the government, medicine (medical science, services and products), and the other members of society. For each category the expectations are different. These theoretical considerations are applied and illustrated by the brief history of the pandemic in Poland.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Sztompka
1

  1. Uniwersytet Jagielloński
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Abstract

Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks came into force on 14th April 2015 and has been ratified by now by over 40 states across the world (among them Australia, China, India, South Africa and most of the EU countries). The convention provides legal framework for action taken by the Coastal States aiming at removal of wrecks posing danger or impediment to navigation, as well as to the marine environment, or damage to the coastline or related interests of one or more States.

The Convention fills the existing legal gap by enabling the States to remove wrecks beyond their territories (as well as within if States decide so). Beside the existing international regulations like Intervention Convention or UNCLOS, the Nairobi Convention clarifies the Costal State’s rights to remove wrecks from its EEZ if they pose a danger for safe navigation or marine environment. The Convention corresponds with mentioned conventions but also equips Coastal States with new legal instruments to deal with hazardous wrecks beyond their territory. The aim of the paper is to analyse the new rights and duties of states, as well as scope of the notion of navigational and environmental threats causes by wrecks. It will refer also to regulatory problems faced by the states implementing the Convention. Even if the Convention is to be applied to territorial sea, its multiple provisions are not. Moreover, the Convention leaves many important aspects unregulated. Those issues will be analysed from the perspective of a country which has not yet ratified the Convention, and will be confronted with the experience from other jurisdictions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Justyna Nawrot
Zuzanna Pepłowska-Dąbrowska
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Abstract

The article herein presents the method and algorithms for forming the feature space for the base of intellectualized system knowledge for the support system in the cyber threats and anomalies tasks. The system being elaborated might be used both autonomously by cyber threat services analysts and jointly with information protection complex systems. It is shown, that advised algorithms allow supplementing dynamically the knowledge base upon appearing the new threats, which permits to cut the time of their recognition and analysis, in particular, for cases of hard-to-explain features and reduce the false responses in threat recognizing systems, anomalies and attacks at informatization objects. It is stated herein, that collectively with the outcomes of previous authors investigations, the offered algorithms of forming the feature space for identifying cyber threats within decisions making support system are more effective. It is reached at the expense of the fact, that, comparing to existing decisions, the described decisions in the article, allow separate considering the task of threat recognition in the frame of the known classes, and if necessary supplementing feature space for the new threat types. It is demonstrated, that new threats features often initially are not identified within the frame of existing base of threat classes knowledge in the decision support system. As well the methods and advised algorithms allow fulfilling the time-efficient cyber threats classification for a definite informatization object.

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Authors and Affiliations

Timur Kartbayev
Bakhytzhan Akhmetov
Aliya Doszhanova
Valery Lakhno
Feruza Malikova
Sharapatdin Tolybayev
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Abstract

The purpose of this article is to identify and assess environmental risks that may have the greatest impact on the future of humanity. They were divided into two basic groups, i.e. for natural processes and resources. In addition, climate change is described as different group. The authors decided, that a holistic approach to this issue is more desirable than dividing it into two above-mentioned groups. The comparison of various threats was possible due to the application of identical assessment criteria, such as: the harmfulness, rate of spread, scope and moment of occurrence of a given group of threats. Each of the listed criteria has been evaluated on a five-point scale, where 1 has the smallest and 5 the largest impact force. The obtained results show the leading importance of natural processes in maintaining the existing Earth system. In addition, the authors point to a greater risk of problems related to renewable resources than non-renewable one. As a result, it can be assumed that the current degradation of natural processes and excessive use of resources is likely to lead to the risk of global disasters.

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Authors and Affiliations

Konrad Prandecki
Artur Michałowski
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Abstract

This paper presents the palace and park complex in Kościelec, which is currently a district of Chrzanów, and the tangible and intangible values that make up its genius loci, including various forms of the sacred present there. The historical and landscape studies focusing on the structure and a restoration design of the palace, which became a public space, were presented. Cartographic materials allowed for a partial recreation of the complex’s circulation layout and its park interiors. Due to very modest amounts of iconography and source materials, comparative studies were used as well as period garden design manuals. Potential threats to the park and the sphere of the sacred in the event of alterations and changes in use were discussed.
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Bibliography

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Zachariasz, A. ‘Przydatność archiwalnych źródeł kartograficznych dla współczesnych badań krajobrazowych’, Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego, 16/2012, pp. 63–83.
Zachariasz, A. ‘Sacrum i ogród — wzniosłość i genius loci miejsca’, Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego, 22/2013, pp. 113–127.
Zachariasz, A. ‘Zabytkowe ogrody — problemy rewaloryzacji, utrzymania i zarządzania w świetle zaleceń Karty Florenckiej’, Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego, 10/2008, pp. 150–161.
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CARTOGRAPHIC SOURCES:
Galicia and Bucovina (1861–1864), Second military survey of the Habsburg Empire, 1:28800, Österreichischen Staatsarchivs; http://mapire.eu/en/map/europe_1850, (accessed: 15.02.2017).
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ONLINE SOURCES:
Bromboszcz, S. ‘Chrzanów. Park w Kościelcu wymaga remontu’, Gazeta Krakowska, 4 September 2016, http://www.gazetakrakowska.pl/wiadomosci/malopolska-zachodnia/a/chrzanow-park-w-koscielcu-wymaga-remontu,10582116/, (accessed: 20.05.2017).
Bromboszcz, S. ‘Chrzanów. Ruszyła rozbiórka mogiły żołnierzy radzieckich w Kościelcu’, Gazeta Krakowska, 18 December 2017, http://www.gazetakrakowska.pl/wiadomosci/malopolska-zachodnia/a/chrzanow-ruszyla-rozbiorka-mogily-zolnierzy-radzieckich-w-koscielcu-zdjecia,12779285/, (accessed: 02.2018).
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LEGAL ACTS:
Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego dla terenu byłego zespołu parkowo-pałacowego w Kościelcu. Dz. Urz. Woj. Małop. (2007), no. 784, item 5157.
Program Rewitalizacji Gminy Chrzanów (2016), Uchwała Nr XXVI/234/2016 Rady Miejskiej w Chrzanowie.
Rejestr pomników przyrody powiatu chrzanowskiego, Dz.Urz. Woj.Małop. (2004), no. 85, item 1086.
Ustawa o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej (1998), Dz.U. 1998 no. 155 as amended.
Ustawa o cmentarzach i chowaniu zmarłych (1959), Dz.U. 1959, no. 11 item 62 as amended.
Ustawa o ochronie przyrody (2004), Dz.U. 2004 no. 92 item 880 as amended
Ustawa o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami (2003), Dz.U. 2003 no. 162 item 1568 as amended

UNPUBLISHED WORKS:
Anyszek, E. (1956), Zespół pałacowy w Kościelcu, term project, typescript, Archiwum Katedry Architektury Krajobrazu Wydziału Architektury Politechniki Krakowskiej.
Chrzanowski, T. (1968), Karta ewidencyjna zabytków architektury i budownictwa (so-called white chart), Archiwum Wojewódzkiego Małopolskiego Konserwatora Zabytków w Krakowie, hereinafter Archiwum WMKZ.
Górski, B. (1996), Koncepcja programowo-przestrzenna przebudowy zabytkowego założenia parkowego Chrzanów – Kościelec, Kraków, Archiwum UM Chrzanów.
Kosielski, J. (1980), Ewidencja parku w Chrzanowie Kościelcu, Kraków, typescript, Archiwum WMKZ.
Witosławska, M. (architektura), (2016), Projekt rewaloryzacji parku w Kościelcu. Etap I — Konserwacja renowacja i odtworzenie muru, konserwacja figury, projekt ścieżek parkowych oraz przebudowa schodów, Archiwum UM Chrzanów.
Zacharias, J. (2016), Inwentaryzacja zieleni i gospodarka zielenią dla parku pałacowego w Kościelcu, unpublished work, Pracownia Zieleni Kraków, Archiwum UM Chrzanów.
Zachariasz, A., Szar, K., Szar, J., (2017) Projekt rewaloryzacji parku pałacowego w Kościelcu w Chrzanowie. Etap II — projekt zieleni z uproszczonym studium historyczno-kompozycyjnym, by Hydroplant 2017, in the author’s archive.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Zachariasz
1

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture
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Abstract

The paper depicts a complex, distributed information system aimed at promoting cybersecurity awareness at the national level. The system, that is built in accordance with the Act on National Cybersecurity, passed by the Polish Parliament, enables collecting and processing in near-real time available information on the security status of essential services and digital services and, also, provides for assessment of negative impact of the identified threats concerned with the provision of those services. Advanced access control and dissemination mechanisms, for secure information sharing within the system, are provided in order to aggregate distributed knowledge and use this information for online security risk analysis and for generation and distribution of early warnings.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Amanowicz
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Abstract

In this paper we present an architecture for run-time reconfiguration of network-enabled ubiquitous devices. The whole idea is based on a policy-based system where the whole decision-making (e.g. anomaly detection-related) logic is provided in a form of an externally loaded policy file. The architecture is verified through real-life implementation on an embedded system whose sensitivity can be easily modified should a need arise in run-time without affecting network device/segment (and thus potentially a number of network services) so that they continue working while the re-configuration process is triggered.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Pelc
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Dawid Galus
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mariusz Gola
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Kawala-Sterniuk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
  2. School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
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Abstract

Almost every construction investment should contain elements of risk forecasting, whose validity depends, among other things, on the correct assessment of potential threats. These risks were defined by the Authors as risk factors that were characterized and then grouped on the basis of performed research in the scope of their identification. Due to lack of method of scheduling railway investments on the construction market, including risk assessment, a research effort was undertaken [14-17], the result of which is the proposed method. The article presents the main assumptions of the original method of rail investment planning, which on the one hand, will take into account the impact of potential threats identified previously by the Authors, and, on the other, will allow project managers to refer to the conditions in which the implementation of a specific facility is planned. The assumption was made that the method, relatively easy to implement, supported by an appropriate computational program, will encourage teams planning the implementation of railway undertakings to its application and will improve the reliability of the schedules they develop.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Kowalski
M. Poloński
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Abstract

Building upon Gasiorowska and Zaleskiewicz's (2021, 2023), we explored how a control threat and attachment style influence social relationship preferences. This experiment aimed to investigate how experiencing a control threat affects individuals with secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment patterns when they can choose between seeking assistance from the market, asking a close person for help, or coping with the situation alone. Participants with different attachment styles were randomly assigned to either the lack of control condition ( n = 290) or the having control condition ( n = 277). Individuals with an anxious attachment were more inclined to choose the market-exchange option and less likely to select the agentic and communal options when faced with a control threat. Meanwhile, those with an avoidant attachment exhibited a higher tendency to choose the agentic option, while their preference for noncontingent help decreased after exposure to the control threat. Surprisingly, secure attachment individuals showed an increased preference for noncontingent help and decreased preferences for market exchange and self-reliance when exposed to the control threat compared to when they had control. These findings suggest that participation in market relationships may meet vital psychological needs and serve as a safeguard against attachment insecurities.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Gasiorowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Zaleskiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. SWPS University SWPS University, Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

One of the most common and dangerous conflicts in contemporary democracies is related to cultural differences in understanding of the basic principles of social organization. Such conflict is developing also in Poland. Its most recent manifestation is the serious confrontation between the new appointed Minister of Education and Science of the Polish government and the large part of the Polish scientific community. In the first part of the paper, I analyze on the basis of his publication the minister’s socio-political worldview. I am implying that it may explain his conflict arousing policy. I am focusing on his concept of the natural law and his use of this concept, on his understandings of democracy and secular state, and on his interpretation of minority rights in democracy. I am concluding that he represents the ultraconservative (right-wing) version of the Roman Catholic worldview and is trying to impose its implications on the Polish education as well as scientific institutions. In the second part of the paper, I am analyzing sociopsychological preconditions of cultural conflicts and factors that may determine the radicalization of these conflicts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Reykowski
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Occupational risk is closely related to work environment. For the same positions, but in different working conditions threats and level of risk can be different. For this also estimating the degree of damage hazard the largest possible should be adopted effects. However, when estimating probability occurrence of threats should include, among others: working conditions, events from the past, or possible employee behavior (in particular those that may be the cause of an accident at work). The source of the above information may be data from statistics or observations of work stations. The article presents the assessment of occupational risk at the position of the laser cutter operator, which was carried out using the Job Safety Analysis (JSA) method. According to this method, occupational risk is determined on the basis of two parameters, i.e.: consequences of C and probability of consequences P. In turn, the probability of consequences is the sum of three factors: frequency of hazard F, probability of event O and avoidability or damage limitation A.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michal Palega

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