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Abstract

β-FeSi2 with the addition of B4C nanoparticles was manufactured by sintering mechanically alloyed Fe and Si powders with Mn, Co, Al, P as p and n-type dopants. The consolidated samples were subsequently annealed at 1123 K for 36 ks. XRD analysis of sinters after annealing confirmed nearly full transformation from α and ε into thermoelectric β-FeSi2 phase. SEM observations of samples surface were compliant with the diffraction curves. TEM observations allowed to depict evenly distributed B4C nanoparticles thorough material, with no visible aggregates and establish grain size parameter d2 < 500 nm. All dopants contributed to lower thermal conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, with Co having strongest influence on increasing electrical conductivity in relation to reference FeSi2. Combination of the addition of Co as dopant and B4C nanoparticles as phonon scatterer resulted in dimensionless figure of merit ZT reaching 7.6 × 10–2 at 773 K for Fe0.97Co0.03Si2 compound.
Comparison of the thermoelectric properties of examined sinters to the previously manufactured of the same stoichiometry but without B4C nanoparticles revealed theirs overall negative influence.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

F. Dąbrowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ł. Ciupiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Zdunek
1
ORCID: ORCID
W. Chromiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kruszewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Zybała
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Michalski
1
K.J. Kurzydłowski
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 141 Wołoska Str., 02-507 Warszawa, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, 32/46, Lotników Str., 02-668 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

In this study, an oxide reduction process and a reduction-sintering process were employed to synthesize a thermoelectric alloy from three thermoelectric composite oxide powders, and the thermoelectric properties were investigated as a function of the milling duration. Fine grain sizes were analyzed by via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, to investigate the influence of the milling duration on the synthesized samples. It was found that microstructural changes, the Seebeck coefficient, and the electrical resistivity of the compounds were highly dependent on the sample milling duration. Additionally, the carrier concentration considerably increased in the samples milled for 6 h; this was attributed to the formation of antisite defects introduced by the accumulated thermal energy. Moreover, the highest value of ZT (=1.05) was achieved at 373K by the 6-h milled samples. The temperature at which the ZT value maximized varied according to the milling duration, which implies that the milling duration of the three thermoelectric composite oxide powders should be carefully optimized for their effective application.

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Authors and Affiliations

Min-Soo Park
Hye-Young Koo
Yonh-Ho Park
Gook-Hyun Ha
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Abstract

In this article, the authors present a model and a method of determining thermal parameters of a single point of the thermal touch screen for the blind and thermal parameters of selected parts of a human hand. Blind people, by using this device can “see” a pattern of dots by feeling hot spots. The thermal touch screen for the blind was used as a calorimeter and enables to calculate the amount of heat provided to a finger at a temperature ranging from 8°C to 52°C, that is the full range of temperature detected by humans. The authors designated thermal conductivity and heat capacity of both Peltier micromodule and parts of the user's hand. Results of the presented research allow optimizing the construction of the thermal touch screen for the blind and may be helpful for thermal modelling of the human body.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Boroń
Andrzej Kos
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Abstract

In this study, a theoretical model is presented to investigate the performance of a thermoelectric (TE) radiant cooling system combined with photovoltaic (PV) modules as a power supply in a building with an ambient temperature reaching more than 45ºC. The combined system TE/PV performance is studied under different solar radiation by using the hourly analysis program and photovoltaic system software. The thermal and electric characteristics of TE are theoretically investigated under various supplied voltages using the multi-paradigm programming language and numerical computing environment. Also, a theoretical analysis of heat transfer between the TE radiant cooling system and an occupied zone from the side, and the other side between the TE radiant cooling system and duct zone is presented. The maximum power consumption by TE panels and building cooling load of 130 kW is predicted for May and June. The 145 units of PV panels could provide about 50% of the power required by TE panels. The thermal and electric characteristics of TE panels results show the minimum cold surface temperature of 15ºC at a supplied voltage between 6 V and 7 V, and the maximum hot surface temperature of 62ºC at a supplied voltage of 16 V. The surface temperature difference between supplied current and supplied power increases as supplied voltage increases. At a higher supplied voltage of 16 V, the maximum surface temperature difference between supplied current, and supplied power of 150ºC, 3.2 A, and 48 W, respectively. The cooling capacity increases as supplied voltage increases, at a surface temperature difference of –10ºC and supplied voltage of 16 V, the maximum cooling capacity is founded at about 60 W. As supplied voltage decreases the coefficient of performance increases. The maximum coefficient of performance is about 5 at the surface temperature difference of –10ºC and supplied voltage of 8 V.
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Authors and Affiliations

Israa Ali Abdulghafor
1
Mohannad Jabbar Mnati
1

  1. Middle Technical University, Institute of Technology Baghdad, Al-Za’franiya, 10074, Baghdad, Iraq
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Abstract

Thermoelectric generators using the Seebeck effect to generate electricity are increasingly used in various areas of human activity, especially in cases where a cheap high-temperature heat source is available. Despite many advantages, TEG generators have one major disadvantage: very low efficiency of heat conversion into electrical power which strongly depends on the applied load resistance. There is a maximum of generated power between the short and the open circuit in which it is zero. That is why optimization of TEG modules is particularly important. In this paper a method of maximization of generated power in a single TEG module is presented for two cases. The first case concerns a problem with fixed heat flux flow into the hot side of the module whereas the second one concerns a problem with fixed heat transfer parameters in hot heat exchanger i.e. supply gas temperature and heat transfer coefficient. A number of optimization results performed for various values of these parameters are presented and discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Poświata
1
Paweł Gierycz
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, ul. Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

To improve the mechanical performance of BiTe-based thermoelectric modules, this study applies anti-diffusion layers that inhibit the generation of metal intercompounds and an electroless nickel/electrode palladium/mission gold (ENEPIG) plating layers to ensure a stable bonding interface. If a plated layer is formed only on BiTe-based thermoelectric, the diffusion of Cu in electrode substrates produces an intermetallic compound. Therefore, the ENEPIG process was applied on the Cu electrode substrate. The bonding strength highly increased from approximately 10.4 to 16.4 MPa when ENEPIG plating was conducted to the BiTe-based thermoelectric element. When ENEPIG plating was performed to both the BiTe-based thermoelectric element and the Cu electrode substrate, the bonding strength showed the highest value of approximately 17.6 MPa, suggesting that the ENEPIG process is effective in ensuring a highly reliable bonding interface of the BiTe-based thermoelectric module.
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Bibliography

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[13] Y.T. Choi, S.H. Bae, I. Son, H.S. Sohn, K.T. Kim, Y.W. Ju, fabrication of aluminum-based thermal radiation plate for thermoelectric module using aluminum anodic oxidization and copper electroplating, J Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18, 6404-6409 (2018).
[14] J . Yoon, S.H. Bae, H.S. Sohn, I. Son, K. Park, S. Cho, K.T. Kim, Fabrication of a Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric module using tin electroplating and thermocompression bonding, J Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 19, 1738-1742 (2019).
[15] K.H. Kim, I. Seo, S,H. W. Kwon, J. K. Kim, J.W. Yoon, S. Yoo, Effects of Ni-P bath on the brittle fracture of Sn-Ag-Cu solder/ ENEPIG solder joint, J. Welding and Joining. 35, 97-202 (2017).
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Authors and Affiliations

Subin Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sung Hwa Bae
2
ORCID: ORCID
Injoon Son
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kyungpook National University, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Daegu, Republic of Korea
  2. Kyushu University Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Materials Process Engineering, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract

This paper provides some information about thermoelectric technology. Some new materials with improved figures of merit are presented. These materials in Peltier modules make it possible to generate electric current thanks to a temperature difference. The paper indicates possible applications of thermoelectric modules as interesting tools for using various waste heat sources. Some zero-dimensional equations describing the conditions of electric power generation are given. Also, operating parameters of Peltier modules, such as voltage and electric current, are analyzed. The paper shows chosen characteristics of power generation parameters. Then, an experimental stand for ongoing research and experimental measurements are described. The authors consider the resistance of a receiver placed in the electric circuit with thermoelectric elements. Finally, both the analysis of experimental results and conclusions drawn from theoretical findings are presented. Voltage generation of about 1.5 to 2.5 V for the temperature difference from 65 to 85 K was observed when a bismuth telluride thermoelectric couple (traditionally used in cooling technology) was used.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Ruciński
Artur Rusowicz
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Abstract

Nanostructured thermoelectric materials receiving great attention for its high thermoelectric performance. In this research, nanostructured n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 alloys have prepared using high energy ball milling and followed by spark plasma sintering. Also, we have varied ball milling time to investigate milling time parameter on the thermoelectric properties of n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 powder. The powders were discrete at 10 min milling and later particles tend to agglomerate at higher milling time due to cold welding. The bulk fracture surface display multi-scale grains where small grains intersperse in between large grains. The maximum Seebeck coefficient value was obtained at 20-min milling time due to their lower carrier density. The κ values were decreased with increasing milling time due to the decreasing trend observed in their κL values. The highest ZT of 0.7 at 350 K was observed for 30-min milling time which was ascribed to its lower thermal conductivity. The Vickers hardness values also greatly improved due to their fine microstructure.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Sharief
B. Madavali
J.M. Koo
H.J. Kim
S. Hong
S.-J. Hong
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Abstract

This paper presents the design, fabrication and testing of an improved thin-film thermal converter based on an electro-thermally excited and piezo-resistively detected micro-bridge resonator. The resonant thermal converter comprises a bifilar heater and an opposing micro-bridge resonator. When the micro-bridge resonator absorbs the radiant heat from the heater, its axial strain changes, then its resonant frequency follows. Therefore the alternating voltage or current can be transferred to the equivalent DC quantity. A non-contact temperature sensing mechanism eliminates heat loss from thermopiles and reduces coupling capacitance between the temperature sensor and the heater compared with traditional thin-film thermal converters based on thermopiles. In addition, the quasi-digital output of the resonant thin-film thermal converter eliminates such problems as intensity fluctuations associated with analogue signals output by traditional thin-film thermal converters. Using the fast-reversed DC (FRDC) method, the thermoelectric transfer difference, which determines the frequency-independent part of the ac-dc transfer difference, is evaluated to be as low as 1.1 · 10−6. It indicates that the non-contact temperature sensing mechanism is a feasible method to develop a high-performance thermal converter.

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Authors and Affiliations

Lizhen Dong
Jianqiang Han
Peng Zhang
Zhengqian Zhao
Bing Cheng
Dong Han
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Abstract

The paper deals with an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) facilitating voltage conversion in thermoelectric energy harvesters. The chip is intended to be used to boost up the voltage coming from a thermoelectric module to a level that is required by electronic circuits constituting wireless sensor nodes. The designed charge pump does not need any external parts for its proper operation because all the capacitors, switches and oscillator are integrated on the common silicon die. The topography of the main functional blocks and post-layout simulations of the designed integrated circuit are shown in the article.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Dziurdzia
Mariusz Mysiura
Adam Gołda
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Abstract

One of the ways to decrease thermal conductivity is nano structurization. Cobalt triantimonide (CoSb3) samples with added indium or tellurium were prepared by the direct fusion technique from high purity elements. Ingots were pulverized and re-compacted to form electrodes. Then, the pulsed plasma in liquid (PPL) method was applied. All materials were consolidated using rapid spark plasma sintering (SPS). For the analysis, methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with a laser flash apparatus (LFA) were used. For density measurement, the Archimedes’ method was used. Electrical conductivity was measured using a standard four-wire method. The Seebeck coefficient was calculated to form measured Seebeck voltage in the sample placed in a temperature gradient. The preparation method allowed for obtaining CoSb3 nanomaterial with significantly lower thermal conductivity (10 Wm–1K–1 for pure CoSb3 and 3 Wm–1K–1 for the nanostructured sample in room temperature (RT)). The size of crystallites (from SEM observations) in the powders prepared was about 20 nm, joined into larger agglomerates. The Seebeck coefficient, α, was about –200 µVK–1 in the case of both dopants, In and Te, in microsized material and about –400 µVK–1 for the nanomaterial at RT. For pure CoSb3, α was about 150 µVK–1 and it stood at –50 µVK–1 for nanomaterial at RT. In bulk nanomaterial samples, due to a decrease in electrical conductivity and inversion of the Seebeck coefficient, there was no increase in ZT values and the ZT for the nanosized material was below 0.02 in the measured temperature range, while for microsized In-doped sample it reached maximum ZT = 0.7 in (600K).

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Zybała
M. Schmidt
K. Kaszyca
M. Chmielewski
M.J. Kruszewski
M. Jasiński
M. Rajska
Ł. Ciupiński
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Abstract

In this study, the effect of electroless Pd-P plating on the bonding strength of the Bi-Te thermoelectric elements was investigated. The bonding strength was approximately doubled by electroless Pd-P plating. Brittle Sn-Te intermetallic compounds were formed on the bonding interface of the thermoelectric elements without electroless Pd-P plating, and the fracture of the bond originated from these intermetallic compounds. A Pd-Sn solder reaction layer with a thickness of approximately 20 µm was formed under the Pd-P plating layer in the case of the electroless Pd-P plating, and prevented the diffusion of Bi and Te. In addition, the fracture did not occur on the bonding interface but in the thermoelectric elements for the electroless Pd-P plating because the bonding strength of the Pd-Sn reaction layer was higher than the shear strength of the thermoelectric elements.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sung Hwa Bae
Se Hun Han
Injoon Son
Kyung Tae Kim
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Abstract

The implementation of micro scale combined heat and power systems is one of the ways to improve the energy security of consumers. In fact, there are many available large and medium scale cogeneration units, which operate according to the Rankine Cycle. Due to European Union demands in the field of using renewable energy sources and increasing energy efficiency result in the importance of additionally developing systems dedicated for use in residential buildings, farms, schools and other facilities. This paper shows the concept of introducing thermoelectric generators into typical wood stoves: steel plate wood stoves and accumulative wood stoves. Electricity generated in thermoelectric generators (there were studies on both three market available units and a prototypical unit developed by the authors) may be firstly consumed by the system (to power controller, actuators, fans, pumps, etc.). Additional power (if available) may be stored in batteries and then used to power home appliances (light, small electronics and others). It should be noted that commercially available thermoelectric generators are not matched for domestic heating devices – the main problems are connected with an insufficient heat flux transmitted from the stove to the hot side of the generator (caused e.g. by the non -homogeneous temperature distribution of the surface and bad contact between the stove and the generator) and inefficient cooling. To ensure the high efficiency of micro cogeneration systems, developing a dedicated construction both of the generator and the heat source is necessary.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Sornek
Mariusz Filipowicz
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Abstract

The paper is devoted to the control of operability of Peltier modules based on the analysis of transient modes of their operation. Advantages of using low-power thermoelectric modules for the development of thermoelectric plants with adaptive control systems for the needs of the agricultural complex, which significantly reduce their cost characteristics, are shown. The problem of using the stationary mode of their operation, associated with the low efficiency of the modules, as well as the dynamic mode, associated with the presence of transient processes, is indicated. It is noted that overcoming this problem requires solution of the task of automation of reliability providing the well-known approaches to its solution are shown, for which the key advantages and disadvantages are given. An approach is proposed to complex control of the operability and quality of thermoelectric modules during their expluatation in three components of the physical process of thermoelectric conversion (Peltier thermoelectric effect, electrical and thermal transfer phenomena) by analyzing transients in the system based on identification algorithms. To justify it, the necessary equations and mathematical relations are given. Aprobating of the proposed approach was carried out experimentally by determining the time constants for operable and defective commercially available modules and showed its significant advantages over the standard verification procedure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oleg Rudolfovich Kuzichkin
1
Igor Sergeevich Konstantinov
2
Gleb Sergeevich Vasilyev
1
Dmitry Igorevich Surzhik
1

  1. Belgorod State University, Pobedy 85, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
  2. Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Listvennichnaya 5, 127550 Moscow, Russia
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Abstract

The half-metallic, mechanical, and transport properties of the quaternary Heusler compound of PdZrTiAl is discussed under hydrostatic pressures in the range of –11.4 GPa to 18.4 GPa in the framework of the density functional theory (DFT) and Boltzmann quasi-classical theory using the generalization gradient approximation (GGA). By applying the stress, the band gap in the minor spin increases so that the lowest band is obtained 0.25 eV at the pressure of –11.4 GPa while the maximum gap is calculated 0.9 eV at the pressure of 18.4 GPa. In all positive and negative pressures, the PdZrTiAl composition exhibits a half-metallic behavior 100% spin polarization at the Fermi level. It is also found that applying stress increases the Seebeck coefficient in both spin directions. In the minority spin, the n-type PdZrTiAl, the power factor (PF) for all the cases is greater in the equilibrium state than the strain and stress conditions whereas in the majority spin, the PF value of the stress state is greater than the other two. The non-dimensional figure of merit (ZT) is significant and is about one in spin down in the room temperature for the all pressure states that it remains on this value by applying pressure. The obtained elastic constants indicate that the PdZrTiAl crystalline structure has a mechanical stability. Based on the Yong (E), Bulk (B) and shear (G) modulus and Poisson (n) ratio, the brittle-ductile behavior of this compound has been investigated under pressure. The results indicate that PdZrTiAl has a ductile nature and it is a stiffness compound in which elastic and mechanical instability increases by applying strain.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Parsamehr
A. Boochani
E. Sartipi
M. Amiri
S. Solaymani
S. Naderi
A. Aminian
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Abstract

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a promising modern technology that sinters a powder, whether it is ceramic or metallic, transforming it into a solid. This technique applies both mechanical pressure and a pulsed direct electric current simultaneously. This study presents a three-dimensional (3D) numerical investigation of the thermoelectric (thermal and electric current density fields) and mechanical (strain-stress and displacement fields) couplings during the SPS process of two powders: alumina (ceramic) and copper (metallic). The ANSYS software was employed to solve the conservation equations for energy, electric potential, and mechanical equilibrium simultaneously. Initially, the numerical findings regarding the thermoelectric and mechanical coupling phenomena observed in the alumina and copper specimens were compared with existing numerical and experimental results from the literature. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to examine the influence of current intensity and applied pressure on the aforementioned coupling behavior within the SPS device. The aim was to verify and clarify specific experimental values associated with these parameters, as reported in the literature, and identify the optimal values of applied pressure (5 MPa for alumina and 8.72 MPa for copper) and electric current (1000 A for alumina and 500 A for copper) to achieve a more homogeneous material.
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Authors and Affiliations

Abdelmalek Kriba
1
ORCID: ORCID
Farid Mechighel
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. LR3MI Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, Annaba , Algeria
  2. Energy and Pollution Laboratory - Mentouri Brothers University - Constantine, Algeria
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Abstract

The present review is mainly focused on the extended analysis of the results obtained from coupled measurement techniques of a thermal imaging camera and chronoamperometry for imines in undoped and doped states. This coupled technique allows to identify the current-voltage characteristics of thin films based on imine, as well as to assess layer defects in thermal images. Additional analysis of results provides further information regarding sample parameters, such as resistance, conductivity, thermal resistance, and Joule power heat correlated with increasing temperature. As can be concluded from this review, it is possible not only to study material properties at the supramolecular level, but also to tune macroscopic properties of -conjugated systems. A detailed study of the structure-thermoelectrical properties in a series of eight unsymmetrical and symmetrical imines for the field of optoelectronics and photovoltaics has been undertaken. Apart from this molecular engineering, the imines properties were also tuned by supramolecular engineering via protonation with camphorsulfonic acid and by creation of bulk-heterojunction compositions based on poly(4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-4,6-diyl) and/or [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) towards the analysed donor or acceptor ability of imines in the active layer. The use of coupled measurement techniques of a thermal imaging camera and chronoamperometry allows obtaining comprehensive data on thermoelectric properties and defects indicating possible molecule rearrangement within the layer.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof. A. Bogdanowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Iwan
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Military Institute of Engineer Technology, 136 Obornicka St., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

The perovskites XBiO3 (X = Al, Ga, In) have been studied in terms of mechanical, optical and thermoelectric behavior for energy harvesting application. Density functional theory is applied to study electronic, optical and thermoelectric properties of the studied materials. Structural, mechanical and thermodynamic stabilities are confirmed from the tolerance factor, Born mechanical stability and formation energy/specific heat capacity. Poisson and Plough ratios show the studied materials are ductile and have ability to withstand pressure. Band structure analysis shows the indirect band gap 3.0/2.1/1.0 eV for ABO/GBO/IBO. A complete set of optical spectra is reported by dielectric constants, refractive index, optical conduction, absorption of light and optical loss energy. Shifting of maximum absorption band to visible region increases the potential of perovskites XBiO3. Transport characteristics are also investigated by electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and figure of merit.

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Authors and Affiliations

Q. Mahmood
S. A. Rouf
E. Algrafy
G. Murtaza
S. M. Ramay
A. Mahmood
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Abstract

The resistivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal diffusivity were determined for Bi2Te3 + Ag2Te composite mixtures. Subsequent measurements were carried out in the temperature range from 20 to 270°C, and for compositions from pure Bi2Te3 to xAg2Te = 0.65 selected along the pseudo-binary section of Ag-Bi-Te ternary system. It was found that conductivity vs. temperature dependence shows visible jump between 140 and 150°C in samples with highest Ag2Te content, which is due to monoclinic => cubic Ag2Te phase transformation. Measured Seebeck coefficient is negative for all samples indicating they are n-type semiconductors. Evaluated power factor is of the order 1.52·10–3 and it decreases with increasing Ag2Te content (at. %). Recalculated thermal conductivity is of the order of unity in W/(m K), and is decreasing with Ag2Te addition. Finally, evaluated Figure of Merit is 0.43 at 100°C and decreases with temperature rise.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Drzewowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tian-Wey Lan
2
ORCID: ORCID
B. Onderka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, 30 Mickiewicza Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract

The Sn-Ag-Cu-based solder paste screen-printing method has primarily been used to fabricate Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric (TE) modules, as Sn-based solder alloys have a low melting temperature (approximately 220℃) and good wettability with Cu electrodes. However, this process may result in uneven solder thickness when the printing pressure is not constant. Therefore, we suggested a novel direct-bonding method between the Bi2Te3-based TE elements and the Cu electrode by electroplating a 100 µm Sn/ 1.3 µm Pd/ 3.5 µm Ni bonding layer onto the Bi2Te3-based TE elements. It was determined that there is a problem with the amount of precipitation and composition depending on the pH change, and that the results may vary depending on the composition of Pd. Thus, double plating layers were formed, Ni/Pd, which were widely commercialized. The Sn/Pd/Ni electroplating was highly reliable, resulting in a bonding strength of 8 MPa between the thermoelectric and Cu electrode components, while the Pd and Ni electroplated layer acted as a diffusion barrier between the Sn layer and the Bi2Te3 TE. This process of electroplating Sn/Pd/Ni onto the Bi2Te3 TE elements presents a novel method for the fabrication of TE modules without using the conventional Sn-alloy-paste screen-printing method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Seok Jun Kang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sung Hwa Bae
2
ORCID: ORCID
Injoon Son
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kyungpook National University, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Daegu, Republic of Korea
  2. Kyushu University, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Materials Process Engineering, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract

The electronic, optical and thermoelectric properties of MoS2 nano-sheet in presence of the Ru impurity have been calculated by density functional theory framework with Generalized Gradient approximation. The MoRuS2 nano-sheet electronic structure was changed to the n-type semiconductor by 1.3 eV energy gap. The optical coefficients were shown that the loosing optical energy occurred in the higher ultraviolet region, so this compound is a promising candidate for optical sensing in the infrared and visible range. The thermoelectric behaviors were implied to the good merit parameter in the 100K range and room temperatures and also has high amount of power factor in 600K which made it for power generators applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Firouzeh Motamad Dezfuli
1
ORCID: ORCID
Arash Boochani
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sara Sadat Parhizgar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elham Darabi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  2. Department of Physics, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Abstract

Doping is one of the possible ways to significantly increase the thermoelectric properties of many different materials. It has been confirmed that by introducing bismuth atoms into Mg sites in the Mg2Si compound, it is possible to increase career concentration and intensify the effect of phonon scattering, which results in remarkable enhancement in the figure of merit (ZT) value. Magnesium silicide has gained scientists’ attention due to its nontoxicity, low density, and inexpensiveness. This paper reports on our latest attempt to employ ultrafast selfpropagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) followed by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) as a synthesis process of doped Mg2Si. Materials with varied bismuth doping were fabricated and then thoroughly analyzed with the laser flash method (LFA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an integrated energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). For density measurement, the Archimedes method was used. The electrical conductivity was measured using a standard four-probe method. The Seebeck coefficient was calculated from measured Seebeck voltage in the sample subjected to a temperature gradient. The structural analyses showed the Mg2Si phase as dominant and Bi2Mg3 located at grain boundaries. Bismuth doping enhanced ZT for every dopant concentration. ZT = 0:44 and ZT=0.38 were obtained for 3wt% and 2wt% at 770 K, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Bucholc
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kamil Kaszyca
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Śpiewak
2
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Mars
3
ORCID: ORCID
Mirosław J. Kruszewski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Ciupiński
2
ORCID: ORCID
Krystian Kowiorski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Zybała
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramic, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Poland
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Abstract

Due to air pollution, global warming and energy shortage demands new clean energy conversion technologies. The conversion of industrial waste heat into useful electricity using thermoelectric (TE) technology is a promising method in recent decades. Still, its applications are limited by the low efficiency of TE materials in the operating range between 400-600 K. In this work, we have fabricated Cu0.005Bi0.5Sb1.495Te3 powder using a single step gas atomization process followed by spark plasma sintering at different temperatures (623, 673, 723, and 773 K), and their thermoelectric properties were investigated. The variation of sintering temperature showed a significant impact on the grain size. The Seebeck coefficient values at room temperature increased significantly from 127 μVK to 151 μV/K with increasing sintering temperature from 623 K to 723 K due to decreased carrier concentration. The maximum ZT values for the four samples were similar in the range between 1.15 to 1.18 at 450 K, which suggest these materials could be used for power generation in the mid-temperature range (400-600 K).

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Authors and Affiliations

Chul-Hee Lee
Peyala Dharmaiah
Jun-Woo Song
Kwang-Yong Jeong
Soon-Jik Hong
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Abstract

In this paper, structural, electronic, thermal, and thermoelectric properties of Al 0.25B 0.75As alloy, under pressures 0 GPa, 4 GPa and 8 GPa, have been calculated. The value of band gap at present work under 0 GPa, with GGA(PBE) exchange-correlation potential, is very close to other works with TB-mBJ method. This is a result of equal selection of muffin-tin radius spheres that are bigger than usual size for Al and B atoms. The values of band gap decrease by increasing pressure. In thermal properties, phonon contribution of heat capacity at constant volume and Debye temperature have been calculated in the range of 0K to 1000K temperatures and under 0 GPa, 4 GPa and 8 GPa pressures. Thermoelectric properties, under the same pressures and in the range of 100K to 1000K temperatures have been investigated.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Fazeli Kisomi
1
ORCID: ORCID
S.J. Mousavi
2
ORCID: ORCID
B. Nedaee-Shakarab
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Physics, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
  2. Department of Physics, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

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