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Four commercial disinfectants were chosen for being generally accepted as effective against ASFV. Only two of them, based on sodium hypochlorite and potassium peroxymonosulfate, confirmed their effectiveness in selected concentrations. Taken together, our data supports the effectivenes of chemical disinfectants containing sodium hypochlorite (1%, 0.5% in low level soiling) and potassium peroxymonosulfate (1% in high level soiling). Furthermore, these results highlight the importance of pre-cleaning steps to remove soiling before proper disinfection which improves the effectiveness of tested disinfectants.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Juszkiewicz

M. Walczak

N. Mazur-Panasiuk

G. Woźniakowski

Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium injection in swine

H.F. Yang Y.J. Li Y.Y. Li C. Huang L.X. Huang S.J. Bu

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2019 | vol.22 | No 2 | 423-426 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2019.129217

Keywords diclofenac sodium injection pharmacokinetics bioavailability swine HPLC

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Abstract

The pharmacokinetics of a diclofenac sodium was investigated in swine. A single intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) injection of 5% diclofenac sodium (concentration = 2.5 mg · kg-1) was administered to 8 healthy pigs according to a two-period crossover design. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis with DAS2.1.1 software. After a single i.v. administration, the main pharmacokinetic parameters of diclofenac sodium injection in swine were as follows: the elimination half-time (T1/2β) was 1.32±0.34 h; the area under the curve (AUC) was (55.50±5.50 μg · mL-1 h; the mean residence time (MRT) was 1.60±0.28 h; the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) was 0.50±0.05 L · kg-1; and the body clearance (CLB) was 0.26±0.04 L · (h · kg)-1. After the single i.m. administration, the pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: peak time (Tmax) was 1.19±0.26 h; and peak concentration (Cmax) was 11.61±5.99 μg mL-1. The diclofenac sodium has the following pharmacokinetic characteristics in swine: rapid absorption and elimination; high peak concentration; and bioavailability.

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Authors and Affiliations

H.F. Yang

Y.J. Li

Y.Y. Li

C. Huang

L.X. Huang

S.J. Bu

Electricity generation in a ceramic separator microbial fuel cell employing a bacterial consortium for penicillin removal

Pimprapa Chaijak Alisa Kongthong Junjira Thipraksa Panisa Michu

Archives of Environmental Protection | 2023 | vol. 49 | No 4 | 27-36 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2023.148683

Keywords bioelectricity generation biodegradation laccase microbial fuel cell penicillin swine wastewater

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Abstract

The contamination of the environment by antibiotics has become a serious problem, supported by abundant scientific evidence of its negative impact on both aquatic ecosystems and human health. Therefore, it is crucial to intensify research efforts towards developing effective and efficient processes for removing antibiotics from the aquatic environment. In this study, a bacterial consortium capable of breaking down penicillin was employed in a ceramic separator microbial fuel cell (MFC) to generate electricity. The consortium’s properties such as laccase activity, penicillin removal and microbial structure were studied. The SF11 bacterial consortium, with a laccase activity of 6.16±0.04 U/mL, was found to be effective in breaking down penicillin. The highest rate of penicillin removal (92.15±0.27%) was achieved when the SF11 consortium was incubated at 30 °C for 48 hours. Furthermore, when used as a whole-cell biocatalyst in a low-cost upflow MFC, the Morganella morganii-rich SF11 consortium demonstrated the highest voltage and power density of 964.93±1.86 mV and 0.56±0.00 W/m3, respectively. These results suggest that the SF11 bacterial consortium has the potential for use in ceramic separator MFCs for the removal of penicillin and electricity generation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Pimprapa Chaijak

1

e-mail: chaijak.pimprapa@gmail.com

ORCID:

Alisa Kongthong

1

e-mail: saalisa210245@gmail.com

ORCID:

Junjira Thipraksa

1

e-mail: amptipraksa@gmail.com

ORCID:

Panisa Michu

1

e-mail: kamontip.id46@gmail.com

ORCID:

Thaksin University, Thailand

Four years of African swine fever in Poland. New insights into epidemiology and prognosis of future disease spread

Z. Pejsak K. Niemczuk M. Frant M. Pomorska-Mól A. Ziętek-Barszcz Ł. Bocian M. Łyjak D. Borowska G. Woźniakowski

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2018 | vol. 21 | No 4 | 835–841 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2018.125598

Keywords African swine fever wild boar epidemiology prognosis biosecurity measures

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Abstract

Four and a half years of African Swine Fever (ASF) in population of free-ranging wild boars and domestic pigs revealed a number of novel insights into the disease epidemiology. Until November 20th, 2018, in total 3048 cases in wild boars and 213 outbreaks in domestic pigs have been confirmed. In spite of low contagiosity as well as low rate of ASF spread in wild boars the disease has an enormous socio-economical impact on the production of pigs in Poland. One of the most important aspects which directly influences the dynamics of ASF spread is the unpredictable hu- man activity. Another important factor responsible for continuous ASF spread is fast recovery of wild boar population in spite of efforts taken by hunters. Assuming our scientific opinion ASF seems to be present in wildlife for the incoming few or several years. Therefore, extraordinary measures should be prepared and undertaken to limit the risk of the occurrence of future out- breaks in domestic pigs. One of the most crucial issues is implementation of strict biosecurity measures in all domestic pigs holdings.

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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Pejsak

K. Niemczuk

M. Frant

M. Pomorska-Mól

A. Ziętek-Barszcz

Ł. Bocian

M. Łyjak

D. Borowska

G. Woźniakowski

Wild boar as the most important reservoir and vector of transmission of the African swine fever virus; why do we have to restrict their population

Zygmunt Pejsak Marian Truszczyński

Nauka | 2019 | No 1 | 85-92 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2019.126181

Keywords African swine fever wild boar reservoir of ASFV control of ASF transmission

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Abstract

Basing on Polish experience of about 5 years (since the presence of the African swine fever (ASF) in this country, starting from February 17th, 2014) and in accordance with literature the importance of the disease in wild boar is charaterised. ASF belongs to the most dangerous, very contagious diseases occurring in domestic swine and wild boar in Eurasia. In Europe, including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Belgium ASF is existing at present and was diagnosed for short time in the frame of the Eurasian pandemy. There is a serious concern of spreading of the virus of ASF (ASFV) to other countries of Europe, not only by wild boar. However the reservoir of ASFV in this animal is playing a very important role in the maintenance of the virus and infection of pigs. Long lasting existence of ASFV in the environmnent is connected with the very high resistance to antiviral environmental factors. Following the lack of an effective immunogenic vaccine against ASF the disease can only be controlled by administrative measures. Additionally the important and recommended procedure is the significant reduction of the wild boar population. Probability of eradication of ASFV from wild boar is increased after adding quick carcass removal simultaneously by respecting biosecurity rules. If effectively implemented, fencing is more useful to delineating zones rather than adding substantially to increased efficiency of ASF control. However, segments of fencing will be particularly usefull in theses areas, where carcasses removal or intensive hunting is difficult to implement.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zygmunt Pejsak

Marian Truszczyński

Comparison of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and cross-priming amplification (CPA) for detection of African swine fever virus

G. Woźniakowski M. Frączyk N. Mazur

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2018 | vol. 21 | No 4 | 827–830 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2018.125597

Keywords African swine fever loop-mediated isothermal amplification cross-priming amplification comparison diagnostic evaluation

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Abstract

The reliable and rapid diagnosis of infectious animal diseases presents an exceptionally im- portant aspect when considering their control and prevention. The paper describes the compara- tive evaluation of two rapid isothermal amplification methods for diagnosis of African swine fever (ASF). The robustness of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and the cross-priming amplification (CPA) were compared using samples obtained from ASF confirmed animals. Both assays were evaluated in order to define their diagnostic capabilities in terms of ASF diagnosis and reproducibility of the results. Investigations showed no cross-reactivity for other pig patho- gens and no significant differences in the specificity of both assays. The sensitivity of LAMP reached 90%, while that of CPA was 70%. In conclusion, both methods are suitable for imple- mentation in preliminary ASF diagnosis but further improvements are required to enhance their diagnostic sensitivity.

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Authors and Affiliations

G. Woźniakowski

M. Frączyk

N. Mazur

A method for the infectivity discrimination of enveloped DNA viruses using palladium compounds pre-treatment followed by real-time PCR

M. Krzyzankova M. Krasna J. Prodelalova P. Vasickova

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 2 | 211-221 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.145024

Keywords African swine fever virus bovine herpesvirus-1 palladium compounds platinum compounds molecular methods viability PCR

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Abstract

Cultivation-based assays represent the gold standard for the assessment of virus infectivity; however, they are time-consuming and not suitable for every virus type. Pre-treatment with platinum (Pt) compounds followed by real-time PCR has been shown to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious RNA viruses. This study examined the effect of Pt and palladium (Pd) compounds on enveloped DNA viruses, paying attention to two significant pathogens of livestock – bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) and African swine fever virus (ASFV). Native or heat-treated BoHV-1 suspension was incubated with the spectrum of Pt/Pd compounds. Bis(benzonitrile)palladium(II) dichloride (BB-PdCl ₂) and dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene) palladium(II) (PdCl ₂-COD) produced the highest differences found between native and heat- -treated viruses. Optimized pre-treatment conditions (1 mM of Pd compound, 15 min, 4°C) were applied on both virus genera and the heat inactivation profiles were assessed. A significant decrease in the detected quantity of BoHV-1 DNA and ASFV DNA after heat-treatment (60°C and 95°C) and consequent incubation with Pd compounds was observed. BB-PdCl ₂ and PdCl ₂-COD could help to distinguish between infectious and non-infectious enveloped DNA viruses such as BoHV-1 or ASFV.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Krzyzankova

1

M. Krasna

1

J. Prodelalova

2

P. Vasickova

1

Food and Environmental Virology, Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic

MGF360-12L of ASFV-SY18 is an immune-evasion protein that inhibits host type I IFN, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT pathways

Q. Chen X.X. Wang S.W. Jiang X.T. Gao S.Y. Huang Y. Liang H. Jia H.F. Zhu

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 1 | 119-130 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.145013

Keywords African swine fever virus MGF360-12L type I IFN NF-κB JAK/STAT

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Abstract

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes feverous and hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs and European wild boars with high mortality, yet no commercial vaccine is currently available. Several ASFV strains with natural deletion or gene-targeted knockout of multiple MGF360 and MGF505 genes are attenuated in vitro and in vivo, and can offer full protection against homologous challenge. However, the mechanisms underlying the protection are not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the effects of MGF360-12L of ASFV-SY18 on the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and explore the potential mechanisms. We identified that ASFV-SY18 MGF360-12L could inhibit cGAS-STING, TBK1, or IRF3-5D-stimulated IFN-β expression and ISRE activation. Specifically, MGF360-12L inhibits both the activation of PRD(III-I) in a dose-dependent manner, and suppresses the exogenous expression of TBK1 and IRF3-5D. MGF360-12L could block NF-κB activation induced by overexpression of cGAS-STING, TBK1, IKKβ. Downstream of the IFN-β signaling, MGF360-12L blocks the ISRE promoter activation by reducing total protein level of IRF9. Moreover, MGF360-12L protein can inhibit IFN-β-mediated antiviral effects. In conclusion, our findings suggest that MGF360-12L is a multifunctional immune-evasion protein that inhibits both the expression and effect of IFN-β, which could partially explain the attenuation of relevant gene-deleted ASFV strains, and shed light on the development of efficient ASFV live attenuated vaccines in the future.

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Authors and Affiliations

Q. Chen

1

X.X. Wang

2

S.W. Jiang

1

X.T. Gao

3

S.Y. Huang

1

Y. Liang

1

H. Jia

2

H.F. Zhu

2

Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, 102206 Beijing, China
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, 100193 Beijing, China
Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, China

Seroprevalence of antibodies to classical swine fever virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in healthy pigs in Hunan Province, China

H. Yu L. Zhang Y. Cai Z. Hao Z. Luo T. Peng L. Liu N. Wang G. Wang Z. Deng Y. Zhan

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2022 | vol. 25 | No 3 | 375-381 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2022.142020

Keywords classical swine fever virus (CSFV) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) pig seroprevalence antibody

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Abstract

Classical swine fever (CSF) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) are responsible for major economic losses and represent a threat to the swine industry worldwide. Routine surveillance serology for CSF and PRRS viruses is critical to maintaining the health status of sow farms in Hunan Province, which is one of the top pig production provinces in China. The aim of our study was to investigate the serological statistics of CSF virus (CSFV) and PRRS virus (PRRSV) in Hunan Province. The cohort serum samples were collected from vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs. Our findings showed that the average rates of CSFV and PRRSV antibody seropositivity were 82.2% (95% CI: 80.1-84.3) and 84.8% (95% CI: 82.5-87.1), respectively, in the immunized group and that these rates were higher than those in the unvaccinated group (58.6% for CSFV and 47.8% for PRRSV). Additionally, the level of CSFV antibody in piglet serum declined gradually with age, whereas PRRSV-specific antibody level increased initially (1 to 2 weeks old) and then declined with age (2 to 4 weeks old). In summary, we investigated the difference in CSFV/PRRSV antibody levels among piglets at various weeks old (1 to 4 weeks) to further establish the duration of maternal immunity in piglets. In addition, routine monitoring of CSFV/PRRSV antibodies in immunized pigs was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

H. Yu

1

L. Zhang

1

Y. Cai

1

Z. Hao

2

Z. Luo

3

T. Peng

1

L. Liu

N. Wang

1

G. Wang

1

Z. Deng

1

Y. Zhan

1

Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), and Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
Yongzhou Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Affairs Center, Yongzhou, Hunan 425000, China
Dingcheng Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Affairs Center, Changde, Hunan 415100, China

Vertical transmission of anti-ASFV antibodies as one of potential causes of seropositive results among young wild boar population in Poland

M. Walczak M. Frant M. Juszkiewicz N. Mazur-Panasiuk K. Szymankiewicz M. Bruczyńska G. Woźniakowski

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2020 | vol. 23 | No 1 | 21-25 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2019.131415

Keywords Poland African swine fever ASF immunoglobulins antibodies seropositive wild boar surveillance

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Abstract

The present study attempted to elucidate possible routes leading to the achievement of sero- positive results, among young (aged ≤1 year) wild boar population. In the years 2017-2018, the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for African swine fever (ASF) in Poland examined nearly 27-thousand wild boar blood samples, collected during an active surveillance of ASF risk zones, for the presence of viral DNA and anti-ASFV antibodies. Out of all the examined samples, 420 were positive. However, in more than half of them (292 samples) antibodies against African swine fever virus (ASFV) were detected, while ASFV DNA was not detected in blood. Out of all 292 seropositive/PCR-negative samples, 126 belonged to young wild boars (aged ≤1 year). For this reason, the NRL in Poland has examined 10 selected seropositive wild boar carcasses to confirm or exclude post-mortem lesions for ASF as well as to investigate the presence of viral DNA in the internal organs. Neither pathological lesions for ASF nor the presence of genetic material of ASFV were found in the examined wild boars. To elucidate this outcomes, following hypotheses about possible reasons of the obtained results were drawn: the presence of convalescent animals, infection of low-virulent ASFV isolate and the vertical transmission of antibodies through the colostrum.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Walczak

M. Frant

M. Juszkiewicz

N. Mazur-Panasiuk

K. Szymankiewicz

M. Bruczyńska

G. Woźniakowski

Production and characterization of swine hyperimmune serum against recombinant, common antigens of Gram-negative outer membrane bacteria

A. Rząsa O. Pietrasina M. Czerniecki J. Bajzert T. Stefaniak

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2019 | vol.22 | No 1 | 117-125 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2019.127078

Keywords swine recombinant outer membrane proteins antibody response hyperimmune serum subunit vaccine

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Abstract

The application of immune serum is one of the most efficient method used formerly in the protection of raised piglets’/weaners’ health . The objective of the study was to determine specific antibody response during hyperimmunization of fatteners with a self-prepared subunit vaccine, and to propose production method of immune serum against Gram-negative bacteria antigens. The vaccine was administered every two weeks, 4 times. Individual and pooled serum samples were assayed for IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies against Histophilus somni recombinant Hsp60, H.somni rOMP40 and Pasteurella multocida LPS. Additionally total serum IgG and haptoglobin concentrations were measured.

Two weeks after the first vaccination IgM antibody raised significantly against H.s. rOMP40 and LPS, whereas after 4 weeks it increased against rHsp60 antigens. Anti-LPS IgM antibody raised up stepwise till the end of the observation, but IgM antibody against H.s. rHsp60 and H.s. rOMP40 decreased in further samplings. A significant raise in IgG class H.s. rHsp60-

-antibody was found 4 weeks after the first immunization and a similar raise against two remain- ing antigens after 6 weeks. The intensity of the reaction increased till the end of the experiment. The raise in IgA antibody level was observed only for H.s. rHsp60 antigen. Clinically observed, proper animal health and welfare were confirmed by haptoglobin concentration, which remained in physiological range. At least 4 booster doses were necessary to obtain hyperimmune serum containing a high level of antibodies against examined antigens. The number of immunizations influenced response profiles for specific IgM, IgG, IgA antibodies.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Rząsa

O. Pietrasina

M. Czerniecki

J. Bajzert

T. Stefaniak

Comparative analysis of CpG islands in two genotypes of African swine fever virus

Y.-Y. Yu M.-S. X Q. Liu

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2022 | vol. 25 | No 3 | 455-462 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2022.142030

Keywords African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) genotype DNA methylation CpG island

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Abstract

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, hemorrhagic, and devastating viral infectious disease that causes important economic losses to the swine industry. Currently, there are no effective vaccines or drugs available. Epigenetic mechanisms, especially cytosine methylation of cytosine- -phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands, have a significant impact on the life cycle of several viruses. Hence, drugs targeting DNA methylation may potentially be used for the treatment of ASF. Here, we selected the inner core, core shell, inner membrane, capsid, and external envelope membrane, to analyze the characteristics of CpG islands in the ASF virus (ASFV) genomes. Furthermore, we analyzed the promoters and CpG islands in the upstream regions of these genes. Results showed that the CpG islands of seven genes were conserved in the genomes of two genotype of ASFV strains, whereas the CpG islands of other genes were relatively conserved (ASFV strains differed mainly in the quantity of CpG islands). The different distribution of CpG islands in the genomes of different ASFV strains may affect their methylation status, which may in turn affect the regulation of viral gene expression, leading to different clinical outcomes. In addition, the predicted promoter regions based on the upstream sequences of most genes overlapped with CpG island positions. Methylation of the binding sites of the promoter regions inhibits the binding of the transcription factors to the promoters, thus inhibiting the activation of the promoters and limiting the synthesis of viral proteins. The results of this study provide a basis for exploring new antiviral therapeutic strategies from an epigenetic perspective.

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Authors and Affiliations

Y.-Y. Yu

1

M.-S. X

2

Q. Liu

1

Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong 637131, China
Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Wanzhou 404155, China

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