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Thermal Andoxygen Conditions of Lake Ińsko

Jan Trojanowski Agnieszka Parzych

Archives of Environmental Protection | 2004 | vol. 30 | No 3 | 147-160

Keywords Oxygen temperature suspension epilimnion lake

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Abstract

The oxygen and thermal conditions in Lake Ińsko were examined in years 1999-2000. Lake Ińsko is one of a dynamictic type and its waters are mixed twice a year. This lake has a strong thermal and oxygen stratification. The oxygen conditions in the lake are very good because the total deficiency of oxygen appears only in summer, on the depth below 30 m, and only in the areas where the influence of town of Ińsko is the strongest. During autumn and winter circulation the concentration of oxygen near the bottom reaches 5 mg O2 dm-3. The concentration of oxygen in the water reflects favorable conditions of biomass production, including primary production of phytoplankton in epilimnion of Lake Ińsko. The intensive development of algas has considerably influenced the transparency of water. On the background of vertical thermal and oxygen differences during the summer there were also differences in the reactions of water.

Authors and Affiliations

Jan Trojanowski

Agnieszka Parzych

Optimizing of Work Arc Furnace to Decopperisation of Flash Slag

W. Wołczyński A.W. Bydałek S. Biernat A. Bydałek

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2015 | No 3 | DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0052

Keywords Electrorefining Decopperisation Slag suspension Furnace

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Abstract

Discusses an attempt to optimize the operation of an electric furnace slag to be decopperisation suspension of the internal recycling

process for the production of copper. The paper presents a new method to recover copper from metallurgical slags in arc-resistance electric

furnace. It involves the use of alternating current for a first period reduction, constant or pulsed DC in the final stage of processing. Even

distribution of the electric field density in the final phase of melting caused to achieve an extremely low content of metallic copper in the

slag phase. They achieved by including the economic effects by reducing the time reduction.

Authors and Affiliations

W. Wołczyński

A.W. Bydałek

S. Biernat

A. Bydałek

New model of the sedimentation process of polydisperse post-coagulation suspension

Mariusz Rząsa Ewelina Łukasiewicz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 6 | e139004 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.139004

Keywords sedimentation modelling polydisperse suspension iterative model

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Abstract

Coagulation is a process during which a flocculent suspension may sediment. It is characterized by its polydisperse structure. There are three main fractions of sedimentation particles after coagulation: spherical, non-spherical and porous agglomerates. Each of the fractions sediments in a different manner, for different forces act on them, due to interactions between the particles, inhibition or entrainment of neighboring particles. The existing sedimentation models of polydisperse suspension do not consider the flocculation process, i.e. the change of one particle into another during sedimentation, resulting from their agglomeration. The presented model considers the shape of particles and flocculation, which is a new approach to the description of the mathematical process of sedimentation. The velocity of sedimentation depends on the concentration of particles of a given fraction in a specific time step. Following the time step, the heights of individual fractions are calculated. Subsequently, new concentration values of individual fractions are determined for the correspondingly reduced volume of occurrence of a given fraction in the volume analyzed, taking particle flocculation into consideration. The new concentration values obtained in this way allow to recalculate the total sedimentation rates for the next time step. Subsequent iterations allow for numerical simulation of the sedimentation process.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Rząsa

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ewelina Łukasiewicz

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Computer Science, Opole University of Technology, ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland
Department of Thermal Engineering and Industrial Facilities, Opole University of Technology, ul. St. Mikołajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole, Poland

Vibrations of the non-linear three-body wheeled vehicle model. Bifukatoins and chaotic

Ryszard Andrzejewski Jerzy Werner

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2002 | vol. 49 | No 1 | 81-95

Keywords vibrations bifurkation numerical simulation vehicle suspension

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Abstract

The paper presents theoretical analysis of excited vibrations of the vehicle in a wide range of excitation frequencies (from I to 80 Hz). The mathematical model and calculations were prepared for the accepted physical model of the vehicle. The model was used to simulate the excited vertical vibrations. The bifurcation figures with an excitation frequency as a bifurcation parameter were determined on the basis of the simulation results - the changes of kinematics values in time. Bifurcation diagrams give a picture of vehicle vibrations. This picture gives the possibility of identification of characteristic parameters of sprigs and dumping elements and can be used for control, diagnostic aims, and for making technical investigations of vehicle suspension.

Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Andrzejewski

Jerzy Werner

Design and analysis of an interconnected suspension for a small off-road vehicle

Bruce P. Minaker Zheng Yao

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2017 | vol. 64 | No 1 | 5-21 | DOI: 10.1515/meceng-2017-0001

Keywords vehicle dynamics interconnected suspension multibody dynamics

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Abstract

The paper describes the design and multibody dynamic analysis of a mechanically interconnected suspension, as applied to a small off-road vehicle. Interconnected suspensions use some sort of connection between the axles of a vehicle in order improve ride quality or vehicle handling. In principle, the connection may be hydraulic, pneumatic, or mechanical, but for installation in a typical passenger car, a mechanical connection would likely be impractical due to weight and complexity. In this paper, the vehicle in question is the University of Windsor SAE Baja off-road competition vehicle, and novel mechanical design is proposed. A multibody dynamic analysis is performed on the proposed design using the EoM open source multibody software developed by theUniversity ofWindsorVehicle Dynamics and Control research group in order to assess any potential performance improvements.

Bibliography

[1] E. Zapletal. Balanced suspension. SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-3572, 2000.
[2] J.F. Buj. Integral suspension system for motor vehicles based on passive components. SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-3105, 2002.
[3] G. Rideout, R.J. Anderson. Experimental testing and mathematical modeling of the interconnected hydragas suspension system. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0312, 2003.
[4] J.R. Wilde, G.J. Heydinger, D.A. Guenther, T.P. Mallin, A.M. Devenish. Experimental evaluation of fishhook maneuver performance of a kinetic suspension system. SAE Technical Paper 2005- 01-0392, 2005.
[5] J.R. Wilde, G.J. Heydinger, D.A. Guenther. ADAMS simulation of ride and handling performance of the Kinetic™ suspension system. SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-1972, 2006.
[6] M.C. Smith, G.W. Walker. Interconnected vehicle suspension. Journal of Automobile Engineering, 219(3):295–307, 2005. doi: 10.1243/095440705X6578.
[7] B. Mavroudakis, P. Eberhard. Mode decoupling in vehicle suspensions applied to race cars. In Proceedings of the III European Conference on Computational Mechanics Solids, Structures and Coupled Problems in Engineering, Lisbon 2006.
[8] D. Cao, S. Rakheja, C.Y. Su. Roll and pitch-plane coupled hydro-pneumatic suspension. Vehicle System Dynamics, 48(3):361–386, 2010. doi: 10.1080/00423110902883251.
[9] B.P. Minaker, X. Yang, S. Li. Design optimization of an SAE Baja vehicle using the EoM open source multibody dynamics code. Proceedings of The Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering International Congress, 2014

Authors and Affiliations

Bruce P. Minaker

1

Zheng Yao

1

Department of Mechanical,Automotive & Materials Engineering, University of Windsor, Canada

Preliminary report on mineral suspension in the North Atlantic, the Baltic and the Norway Seas in summer

Henryk Gurgul

Polish Polar Research | 2001 | vol. 22 | No 3-4 | 249-268

Keywords North Atlantic mineral suspension concentration dispersion distribution

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Abstract

During the cruise of the research ship r/v Oceania owned by the Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Sopot a research on mineral suspension concentration and dispersion distributions was conducted. The research area included the western part of the Baltic Sea, the Danish Straits, the Norwegian Sea, the waters around Spitsbergen and the North Atlantic Ocean. Samples of water were collected from the surface layer. They were subjected to microscopic analysis. Measurements were done with a projection microscope (magnification lOOOx) and using the Burker's table. After counting the particles dispersion distribution was determined. The largest concentration of mineral suspension was noted offshore in the Norwegian Sea and around Spitsbergen and the smallest in the central Atlantic Ocean.

Authors and Affiliations

Henryk Gurgul

Preliminary determination of concentration and distribution of suspension and roily oil emulsion in Kongsfiord, Spitsbergen

Henryk Gurgul Waldemar Staroń

Polish Polar Research | 2000 | vol. 21 | No 1 | 33-41

Keywords Arctica Spitsbergen suspension roily oil emulsion

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Abstract

Concentration and dispersion distributions of mineral suspension and crude-oil particles in waters of the Kongsfiord (Spitsbergen) were examined in 1997. Most suspension occurs at glacier margins and decreases towards a fiord outlet.

Authors and Affiliations

Henryk Gurgul

Waldemar Staroń

An impact of modifications an Dylągówka clay on the rheological properties of its water suspensions

Wojciech Panna Joanna Mastalska Sebastian Prewendowski Łukasz Wójcik

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 1 | 137-150 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.140610

Keywords smectite-water suspensions rheological properties clay-siliceous rocks modification of smectites

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Abstract

This paper deals with the effects of modifications to clay-siliceous raw material from Dylągówka (Dynów foothills, SE Poland), which alter the rheological properties of its water suspensions. The investigations were carried out on three samples collected from various depths of the deposit as they considerably differ in their contents of smectite and other minerals. The samples were either modified with soda or activated with sulphuric (VI) acid and used to prepare their water suspensions with various contents of solids. The suspensions were subject to determinations of viscosity and flow curves. Dependencies of three variables of the suspensions (rheological properties, mineral composition of the solid phase, and the modifications introduced) were assessed on the basis of: the contents of the solid phase in the suspensions required to obtain a viscosity of 1000 mPas; hypothetical, calculated thixotropic energy. These show that the amount of solids in the water suspension required to obtain the required viscosity is considerably lower in samples with higher contents of smectite and in those activated with sodium. In turn, the acid activation that partially alters smectite towards a protonated silica gel decreases the viscosity and thixotropy of the suspensions, which was confirmed in the studies of mid-infrared spectroscopy. The conducted studies provide important information needed in designing the mineral composition of drilling fluids and others applications.

Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Panna

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Joanna Mastalska

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sebastian Prewendowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Łukasz Wójcik

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Applied Sciences in Tarnów, Poland
AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland

The Forces Driving Streaming in the Presence of Scatterers Mimicking the Blood Cells and the Contrast Agents

Janusz Wójcik Wojciech Secomski

Archives of Acoustics | 2019 | vol. 44 | No 4 | 659–668 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2019.129722

Keywords streaming suspension scattering acoustical driving force Doppler measurements contrast agents

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Abstract

Acoustical Driving Forces (ADF), induced by propagating waves in a homogeneous and inhomogeneous lossy fluid (suspension), are determined and compared depending on the concentration of suspended particles. Using integral equations of the scattering theory, the single particle (inclusion) ADF was calculated as the integral of the flux of the momentum density tensor components over the heterogeneity surface. The possibility of negative ADF was indicated. Originally derived, the total ADF acting on inclusions only, stochastically distributed in ambient fluid, was determined as a function of its concentration. The formula for the relative increase in ADF, resulting from increased concentration was derived. Numerical ADF calculations are presented. In experiments the streaming velocities in a blood-mimicking starch suspension (2 μm radius) in water and Bracco BR14 contrast agent (SF6 gas capsules, 1 μm radius) were measured as the function of different inclusions concentration. The source of the streaming and ADF was a plane 2 mm diameter 20 MHz ultrasonic transducer. Velocity was estimated from the averaged Doppler spectrum obtained from originally developed pulsed Doppler flowmeter. Numerical calculations of the theoretically derived formula showed very good agreement with the experimental results.

Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Wójcik

Wojciech Secomski

Suspension fertilisers based on alternative raw materials - the key to sustainability and closed nutrient cycles

Katarzyna Gorazda Halyna Kominko Anna K. Nowak Adam Wiśniak

Archives of Environmental Protection | 2023 | vol. 49 | No 3 | 38-49 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2023.147327

Keywords circular economy alternative raw materials suspensions waste fertilizer nutrients recovery

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Abstract

The rapid, high increase in production costs and prices of mineral fertilizers leads to a reduction in their use by farmers, while fertilizer manufacturers consider the use of alternative raw materials and reducing the energy consumption of fertilizer production processes. Given these circumstances, special attention is warranted for suspension fertilizers. The manufacturing of suspension fertilizers is simplified and less energy intensive in comparison with solid fertilizers. This is achieved by omitting certain production stages such as granulation, drying, sifting, which usually contribute to more than half of the production costs. This paper presents the production procedure of suspension fertilizers tailored for cabbage cultivation, utilizing alternative raw materials such as sewage sludge ash and poultry litter ash. The final products are thoroughly characterized. The obtained fertilizers were rich in main nutrients (ranging from 23.38% to 30.60% NPK) as along with secondary nutrients and micronutrients. Moreover, they adhere to the stipulated standards concerning heavy metal content as outlined in the European Fertilizer Regulation. A distribution analysis has showed that suspension fertilizers contain nutrients in both liquid and solid phases. This arrangement facilitates their easy availability for plants and subsequent release upon dissolution in soil conditions. To assess process consistency, the production of the most promising fertilizer was upscaled. A preliminary technological and economic analysis was also conducted. The method of producing suspension fertilizers using alternative raw materials is a simple waste management solution offering nutrient recycling with the principles of circular economy. This approach not only encourages nutrient recycling but also curtails reliance on imported raw materials.

Bibliography

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Bogusz, P., Rusek, P. & Brodowska, M.S. (2022b). Suspension Fertilizers Based on waste Phosphates from the Production of Polyols, Molecules, 27, pp. 7916. DOI:10.3390/molecules27227916
Bogusz, P., Rusek, P. & Brodowska, M.S. (2021). Suspension Fertilizers: How to Reconcile Sustainable Fertilization and Environmental Protection, Agriculture, 11, 10, pp. 1008. DOI:10.3390/agriculture11101008
Coolong, T., Cassity-Duffey, K. & da Silva, A.L.B.R. (2022). Influence of Nitrogen Rate, Fertilizer Type, and Application Method on Cabbage Yield and Nutrient Concentrations, HortTechnology, 32, pp. 134-139. DOI:10.21273/HORTTECH04982-21
Das, D. & Mandal, M. (2015). Advanced Technology of Fertilizer Uses for Crop Production Advanced Technology of Fertilizer Uses for Crop Production. [In:] Sihna S, Pant K.K. & Bajpai, S. (eds) Fertilizer Technology-I Synthesis, 1st edn. Studium Press, LLC, USA, pp. 101-150.
EU (2019). Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 laying down rules on the making available on the market of EU fertilizing products and amending Regulations (EC) No 1069/2009 and (EC) No 1107/2009 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003. European Parliament and of the Council.
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Graphical Research (2022). Fertilizer Market Size & Share | North America, Europe, & APAC Industry Forecasts 2028.
Hauck, D., Lohr, D., Meinken, E. & Schmidhalter, U. (2021). Plant availability of secondary phosphates depending on pH in a peat-based growing medium, Acta Horticulturae, 1305, pp. 437-442. DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1305.57
Jones, K. & Nti, F. (2022). Impacts and Repercussions of Price Increases on the Global Fertilizer Market, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service.
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Kominko, H., Gorazda, K., Wzorek, Z. & Wojtas, K. (2018). Sustainable Management of Sewage Sludge for the Production of Organo-Mineral Fertilizers, Waste Biomass Valor, 9, 10, pp. 1817-1826. DOI:10.1007/s12649-017-9942-9
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Gorazda

1

Halyna Kominko

1

Anna K. Nowak

1

Adam Wiśniak

1

Cracow University of Technology, Poland

Active suspension system with integrated electrical tubular linear motor: design, control strategy and validation

Andreas Thul Daniel Eggers Björn Riemer Kay Hameyer

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2015 | vol. 64 | No 4 December | 605-616 | DOI: 10.1515/aee-2015-0045

Keywords active vehicle suspension tubular linear electric drive electric motor control

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Abstract

This paper focuses on the design and control of an active suspension system, where a tubular linear motor is integrated into a spring damper system of a vehicle. The spring takes up the weight of the vehicle. Therefore the electric linear motor can be designed very compact as it has to provide forces to adjust the damping characteristic only. Design and construction of the active suspension system, a control strategy and validation measurements at a test bench are presented.

Authors and Affiliations

Andreas Thul

Daniel Eggers

Björn Riemer

Kay Hameyer

Quantification and study of monthly variation of suspended sediment loads in Tafna basin – Algeria

Fadila Belarbi Hamid Bouchelkia Boualem Remini Abdelhalim Benmansour

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2018 | No 37

Keywords erosion sediment transport statistics, suspension Tafna basin watershed

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Authors and Affiliations

Fadila Belarbi

Hamid Bouchelkia

Boualem Remini

Abdelhalim Benmansour

An Influence of the Material Properties on the Endurance of the Self-Adjustable Rocker-Bogie Suspension

K. Sokół M. Pierzgalski

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 2 | 543-548 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.135891

Keywords rocker-boogie suspension rover mobile platform FEM analysis

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Abstract

In this paper one presents the new concept of a rocker-bogie suspension where the suspension members can change their length. As a result of this action the frame with suspension is able to adjust to the specific environmental conditions. The main problem with the designed suspension system is a fact that with an extension of the suspension members their slenderness increases as well as final displacements. The solution of this problem is not so simple because the construction must meet the specific requirements due to participation of the mobile platform in different competitions. In the presented results of numerical simulations one shows an influence of the different materials on stress and displacements magnitudes of suspension members when the mobile platform hits an obstacle. This situation allows one to test different engineering solutions in the worst case scenario when suspension elements may be damaged. Finally the optimum design is presented.

Authors and Affiliations

K. Sokół

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Pierzgalski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Czestochowa University of Technology , Department of Mechanics and Machine Design Foundations , 73 Dąbrowskiego Str., 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland

Investigations on an influence of the material properties on vibrations of active rocker-bogie suspension

Krzysztof Sokół Maciej Pierzgalski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2022 | 70 | 1 | e138239 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.138239

Keywords frequency analysis suspension rover mobile platform computational mechanics

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Abstract

Unmanned vehicles are often used in everyday life, mostly by rescue teams or scientists exploring new terrains. In those constructions, the suspension has constant dimensions, which leads to many disadvantages and limits the application area. The solution to these problems can be creating a six-wheeled mobile platform that can dynamically change the wheelbase in relation to the area of action or terrain inclination angle. The active change in location of the center of gravity gives a possibility to access sloppy obstacles not available with classical suspensions. The main scope of this study is to investigate the influence of material properties on vibration frequency at different lengths of suspension members. The obtained results will allow finding the optimum material for producing a prototype unit.

Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Sokół

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Maciej Pierzgalski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Mechanic and Machine Design Foundations, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland

An adjustable damper for cab suspension

Pasi Ruotsalainen Kalervo Nevala

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2007 | vol. 54 | No 2 | 113-124 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2007.131547

Keywords adjustable semi-active damping hydro-pneumatic cab suspension proportional valve

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to design and test an adjustable hydro-pneumatic damper for cab suspension. The goal was to make a simple and cheap solution for a damper, which is intended to be placed between the hydraulic cylinder and accumulator. Damping behaviour of different terrain types had to be taken into consideration. Terrain type varies from field to road driving and damping should react rapidly to varying conditions.

In this study, the semi-active damper has been built with a hydraulic direct acting cartridge type 2/2-way proportional flow control valve. Flow-pressure curves and dynamic tests were carried out in the laboratory. The dynamic test with forced vibration focused on stability in damping frequencies and step response between different states. Also, total damping force was measured in different damping states and the proportional valve’s precise step responses and stability were investigated in a closed hydraulic system.

As a result, this research gave a lot of new information about the proportional valve’s applicability to work as a semi-active damper and information about damping behaviour. Research showed that a proportional valve can work in a cab suspension damper as well as a multi-fixed orifice damper. Bi-directional flow in the proportional valve was found to remain stable in cab suspension working conditions. The proportional valve also has the ability to work as a continuous state damper, which could lead to better damping results with the appropriate control system.

Authors and Affiliations

Pasi Ruotsalainen

Kalervo Nevala

Dynamic analysis of the steering system of a passenger car with McPherson suspension

Andrzej Harlecki Iwona Adamiec-Wójcik Krzysztof Kubas

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2004 | vol. 51 | No 2 | 181-213

Keywords forward dynamics steering system passenger car McPherson suspension

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Abstract

The objective of this paper is to present a method of dynamic analysis of the steering system of a passenger car with McPherson suspension. The links of the system are modelled as rigid bodies; however, the method enables flexibility of the steering shaft of the car to be taken into account. The geometry of the system is described by using homogenous transformations. Equations of motion are derived on the basis of the Lagrange equations. In the method proposed, the closed loop oflinks is cut at selected joints and suitable reaction forces are introduced. Dry friction occurring in the steering system is reduced to the prismatic joint between the steering rack and guide. The method can be used in design and optimization of steering systems of passenger cars with McPherson suspension.

Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Harlecki

Iwona Adamiec-Wójcik

Krzysztof Kubas

Influence of the longitudinal and lateral suspension damping on the vibration behaviour in the railway vehicles

Mădălina Dumitriu

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2015 | vol. 62 | No 1 | 115-140 | DOI: 10.1515/meceng-2015-0008

Keywords raiway vehicle lateral vibrations suspension damping frequency-domain analysis FDA

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Abstract

The paper focuses on the influence of the longitudinal and lateral suspension damping in correlation with the velocity upon the vibration behaviour of the railway vehicles while moving on a tangent track. The numerical simulations are developed based on a linear model of a 17-degree of freedom vehicle that allows the evaluation of the dynamic behaviour of the vehicle in a sub-critical velocity. Based on the response frequency functions of the vehicle in a harmonic and in a random behaviour, a series of basic properties of the stable behaviour of the forced lateral vibrations has been made evident, as well as the opportunities to lower the level of the carbody vibrations by changing the suspension damping.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mădălina Dumitriu

Modeling and control of a simplified high-speed vehicle moving in reduced-pressure conditions

Natalia Strawa Paweł Malczyk

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2019 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 355-377 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2019.129680

Keywords electrodynamic suspension inductract loop shaping control design hyperloop

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Abstract

In times of rapidly progressing globalization, the possibility of fast long-distance travel between high traffic cities has become an extremely important issue. Currently, available transportation systems have numerous limitations, therefore, the idea of a high-speed transportation system moving in reduced-pressure conditions has emerged recently. This paper presents an approach to the modelling and simulation of the dynamic behaviour of a simplified high-speed vehicle that hovers over the track as a magnetically levitated system. The developed model is used for control system design. The purpose of passive and active suspension discussed in the text is to improve both the performance and stability of the vehicle as well as ride comfort of passengers travelling in a compartment. Comparative numerical studies are performed and the results of the simulations are reported in the paper with the intent to demonstrate the benefits of the approach employed here.

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Authors and Affiliations

Natalia Strawa

1

Paweł Malczyk

1

Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.

A nonlinear model of mix coil spring – rubber for vertical suspension of railway vehicle

Mădălina Dumitriu

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2016 | vol. 63 | No 1 | 25-44 | DOI: 10.1515/meceng-2016-0002

Keywords coil spring-rubber suspension railway vehicle stiffness damping

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Abstract

The paper focuses on a nonlinear model to represent the mechanical behaviour of a mix coil spring – rubber used in the secondary suspension of passenger rail vehicles. The principle of the model relies on overlapping of the forces corresponding to three components – the elastic component, the viscous component and the dry friction component. The model has two sources on non-linearity, in the elastic force and the friction force, respectively. The main attributes of the model are made visible by its response to an imposed displacement-type harmonic excitation. The results thus obtained from the applications of numerical simulation show a series of basic properties of the model, namely the dependence on amplitude and the excitation frequency of the model response, as well as of its stiffness and damping.

Authors and Affiliations

Mădălina Dumitriu

Analysis of cyclic combustion of the coal-water suspension

Agnieszka Kijo-Kleczkowska

Archives of Thermodynamics | 2011 | No 1 April | 45-75 | DOI: 10.2478/v10173-011-0003-7

Keywords Coal-water suspension Cyclic combustion of suspension Fluidized Bed Kinetics of combustion reaction Mechanism of fuel combustion Mathematical model of coal-water fuel cyclic combustion

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Abstract

Combustion technology of the coal-water suspension creates a number of new possibilities to organize the combustion process fulfilling contemporary requirements, e.g. in the environment protection. Therefore the in-depth analysis is necessary to examine the technical application of coal as a fuel in the form of suspension. The research undertakes the complex investigations of the continuous coal-water suspension as well as cyclic combustion. The cyclic nature of fuel combustion results from the movement of the loose material in the flow contour of the circulating fluidized bed (CFB): combustion chamber, cyclone and downcomer. The experimental results proved that the cyclic change of oxygen concentration around fuel, led to the vital change of both combustion mechanisms and combustion kinetics. The mathematical model of the process of fuel combustion has been presented. Its original concept is based on the allowance for cyclic changes of concentrations of oxygen around the fuel. It enables the prognosis for change of the surface and the centre temperatures as well as mass loss of the fuel during combustion in air, in the fluidized bed and during the cyclic combustion.

Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Kijo-Kleczkowska

The impact of bed particle size in heat transfer to membrane walls of supercritical CFB boiler

A. Błaszczuk W. Nowak S. Jagodzik

Archives of Thermodynamics | 2014 | No 3 September | 207-223

Keywords heat transfer coefficient cluster renewal approach bed particle size suspension density circulating fluidized bed

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Abstract

Experimental research has been carried out in a supercritical circulating fluidized bed combustor in order to indicate the effect of the bed particle size on bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient. The bed inventory used were 0.219, 0.246 and 0.411 mm Sauter mean particles diameter. The operating parameters of a circulating fluidized bed combustor covered a range from 3.13 to 5.11 m/s for superficial gas velocity, 23.7 to 26.2 kg/(m2s) for the circulation rate of solids, 0.33 for the secondary air fraction and 7500 to 8440 Pa pressure drop. Furthermore, the bed temperature, suspension density and the main parameters of cluster renewal approach were treated as experimental variables along the furnace height. The cluster renewal approach was used in order to predict the bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient. A simple semi-empirical method was proposed to estimate the overall heat transfer coefficient inside the furnace as a function of particle size and suspension density. The computationally obtained results were compared with the experimental data of this work.

Authors and Affiliations

A. Błaszczuk

W. Nowak

S. Jagodzik

Analysis of particle size and fractal dimensions of suspensions contained in raw sewage, treated sewage and activated sludge

Magdalena Kuśnierz Paweł Wiercik

Archives of Environmental Protection | 2016 | vol. 42 | No 3 | DOI: 10.1515/aep-2016-0031

Keywords suspension fractal dimension laser granulometer activated sludge sewage particle size distribution

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Abstract

The analysis of particle size in suspensions carried out with use of the laser diffraction method enables us to obtain not only information about the size of particles, but also about their properties, shape and spatial structure, determined basing on fractal dimension. The fractal dimension permits the evaluation of the interior of aggregates, at the same time showing the degree of complexity of the matter. In literature, much attention is paid to the evaluation of the fractal dimension of flocs in activated sludge, in the aspect of control of single processes, i.e. sedimentation, dehydration, coagulation or flocculation. However, results of research concerning the size of particles and the structure of suspensions existing in raw and treated sewage are still lacking. The study presents optical fractal dimensions D3 and particle size distributions measured with use of laser granulometer in raw and treated sewage and activated sludge collected from six mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plants located in the Lower Silesian region. The obtained test results demonstrate that wastewater treatment plants that use both sequencing batch reactors and continuous flow reactors are more efficient at capturing suspension particles of a size up to 30 μm and are characterized by an increased removal of particles of a size ranging from 30 μm to 550 μm to the outflow. Additionally, in the case of samples of treated sewage and activated sludge collected at the same location, at short intervals, similar particle distributions were observed. As far as the analysis of fractal dimensions is concerned, particles contained in the raw sewage suspension were characterized by the lowest values of the fractal dimension (median equals 1.89), while the highest values occurred in particles of activated sludge (median equals 2.18). This proves that the spatial structure of suspension particles contained in raw sewage was similar to a linear structure, with a large amount of open spaces, while the structure of particles contained in the activated sludge suspension was significantly more complex in the spatial aspect.

Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Kuśnierz

Paweł Wiercik

Quantification of solid particle transport in suspension in a stream: Case of Wadi Zeddine Ain-Defla, Algeria

Zohir Bouleknafet Omar Elahcene

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2023 | No 56 | 102-108 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2023.143750

Keywords Algeria concentration of sediment erosion liquid flow solid flow suspension Wadi Zeddine

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Abstract

Arid and semi-arid areas are characterised by differentiation in meteorological conditions. Sometimes the rains are rare and not very intense and at other times they are dense and very intense, resulting in torrents that often lead to strong soil erosion. Most of the time, the losses occur at the solids level because the erosion effect is too high. In this study, we want to evaluate the transfer of solid sediments as a function of liquid transport in the basin of Wadi Zeddine at Ain Defla in Algeria. To understand this phenomenon, we used the data of liquid flows ( Q_l, m ³∙s ^–1) and concentration of suspended sediments ( C, g∙dm ^–3), transported in the river, the data collected by the NWRA (National Water Resources Agency), over 24 years have been used to find a relationship between these two quantities, to estimate the quantity of solid transport Q_s (kg∙s ^–1) in the watercourse of the catchment area studied. The results obtained show a good correlation between solid and liquid flows, with a correlation coefficient estimated at 90%, and the average annual sediment supply recorded at the outlet of the Wadi Zeddine watershed is estimated at around 88,048 Mg, which corresponds to 202 Mg∙km ^–2∙y ^–1/ erosion rate. This value is comparable to those found in other regions with similar hydrological regimes.

Authors and Affiliations

Zohir Bouleknafet

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Omar Elahcene

1

Ziane Achour University Djelfa, Sciences of Natural and Life Faculty, BP 3117, City Ain Chih, Djelfa, 17000, Algeria

Experimental investigation of Microcystis aeruginosa cyanobacteria thickening to obtain a biomass for the energy production

Myroslav Malovanyy Volodymyr Zhuk Volodymyr Nykyforov Igor Bordun Iurii Balandiukh Galyna Leskiv

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2019 | No 43 | 113-119

Keywords coagulation–flocculation cyanobacteria electric field energy carriers gravity sedimentation suspension thickening

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Abstract

The purpose of the presented research is to analyse possible methods of thickening of the Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing cyanobacteria using the obtained concentrate as a biomass for the production of energy carriers and bio-logically valuable substances. Method of cyanobacteria thickening under the action of electric current and in the electric field, as well as the method of coagulation–flocculation and gravity thickening, was experimentally investigated in lab-scale conditions. Electrical methods didn't show positive results for the Microcystis aeruginosa thickening, despite the re-ports of their potential efficiency in a number of previous studies. The high efficiency of the method of coagulation–flocculation and gravity thickening of Microcystis aeruginosa suspensions was obtained. The optimum concentrations of industrial polymeric coagulants and flocculants for the thickening of Microcystis aeruginosa suspensions were defined in the range of about 10 ppm for the coagulants and about 1 ppm for the flocculants. Negative effect of the previous cavitational treatment of the diluted suspensions of Microcystis aeruginosa on the effectiveness of the coagulation–flocculation and gravitational thickening was confirmed experimentally. Hydrodynamic cavitation should be recommended to use after the thickening as the next step of processing of concentrated suspensions of Microcystis aeruginosa to achieve maximum extraction of energy carriers and biologically valuable substances.

Authors and Affiliations

Myroslav Malovanyy

Volodymyr Zhuk

Volodymyr Nykyforov

Igor Bordun

Iurii Balandiukh

Galyna Leskiv

1
2

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