The genus Cnephasia is represented by more than 70 species of insects worldwide, including serious pests of agricultural plants, mainly cereals. Since members of this genus are frequently very similar externally, species determination based on morphotaxonomy is time-consuming and difficult, especially for non-taxonomists. Hence, it could possibly be replaced by molecular biology approaches. A short nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) constitutes a commonly used molecular marker for phylogenetic analyses identification. The aim of this work was molecular species determination of leaf rollers, collected in Poland, that on the basis of external features were hardly distinguishable. We amplified, sequenced and phylogenetically studied the fragment of the mtCOI gene for each individual. Comparative analyses showed the highest nucleotide similarity to C. genitalana, C. longana, C. pasiuana, C. asseclana and C. stephensiana, which was also confirmed by phylogeny. Obtained results showed genetic variation of the analyzed fragment of the mtCOI gene between analyzed Cnephasia spp. found in Poland that can be helpful in proper species determination. This in turn, may be essential for successful biological control and pest monitoring in crop cultivation.

Pedunculate and sessile oaks (Quercus robur L.; Q. petraea [Matt] Liebl.) often coexist in mixed forest stands.

However, species-specific investigations and forest management actions in such populations require reliable

methods of identification of the species status of individuals. We investigated genetic diversity and species differentiation

of adult and naturally established seedling cohorts in a mixed forest stand composed of Q. robur and

Q. petraea, located in the Jamy Nature Reserve in north-central Poland. Using nineteen nuclear microsatellite

loci and a model-based clustering approach as a tool for species delineation, we efficiently identified 105 and

60 adults, as well as 191 and 456 seedlings of pedunculate and sessile oaks, respectively. While the adult trees

of both species were randomly distributed throughout the sample plot, the seedlings demonstrated significant

spatial clustering, which was particularly evident for Q. petraea. The two oak species exhibited similar levels of

genetic diversity in adult and offspring cohorts. Inbreeding was found to be low and significant only at the stage of

seedlings. The estimates of effective population size were higher for Q. robur than Q. petraea, despite the overall

greater reproductive success of the later one. There was a significant level of differentiation between the studied

oak species, as measured by Fst coefficient (0.084 – adults; 0.099 – seedlings). The results on genetic diversity and

species differentiation obtained in the studied indigenous near-natural stand of Q. robur and Q. petraea could be

considered as a reference for other population genetic studies of oaks.