The aim of the discussed and reviewed books is to describe repetitions in Polish. Different classifications of repetitions are given and described in detail in the monography. The Lexicon is devoted to concrete repetitive units: 1) lex-icalized repetitions, 2) operations, 3) universal repetitions for different languages. The research was based on the material of National Corpus of Polish. Both reviewed books are unique contributions to Polish syntax, semantics, lexicography and pragmatics.

W XIX i 1. połowie XX wieku w całej Europie powstały liczne parki, które choć różnią się pod wieloma względami, wykazują jednak pewne podobieństwa w strukturze przestrzennej i kompozycji. Pytanie brzmi, czy późne nowoczesne parki publiczne, wybudowane w 2. połowie XX wieku posiadają cechy klasycznego designu i „zasady” kompozycyjne? Jak oddziałuje ekstremalnie funkcjonalne podejście na projektowanie parków ery po II wojnie światowej? Odpowiedź jest wynikiem szczegółowej analizy w zakresie struktury powierzchni i zasad kompozycyjnych parków wybudowanych w tych czasach. W badaniach analizowano, według przyjętych kryteriów, Park Jubileum w Budapeszcie, jedną z najbardziej znanych, współczesnych realizacji na Węgrzech. 12 ha Park Jubileum (zbudowany w 1965 roku) znajduje się w samym sercu Budapesztu, na szczycie Góry Gellerta, obok Dunaju. Lokalizacja wysoko nad miastem, na odsłoniętym zboczu, daje możliwość szerokich panoram widokowych na całe miasto. Układ parku jest zasadniczo zależy od mocno urozmaiconej topografii, a jednym z jego największych walorów jest naturalisty wygląd zbocza, które określa strukturę przestrzeni i wpisuje się w naturalny teren, a także system ścieżek poprowadzonych wzdłuż linii konturów. Z formalnego punktu widzenia, ciekawą cechą jest dominacja obiektów dwuwymiarowych, o charakterystycznych kształtach, jak rabaty kwiatowe lub ozdobne baseny oraz układ systemu ścieżek. Pomimo, iż główną funkcją parku jest podkreślenie fantastyczny walorów widokowych, istnieje także kilka placów zabaw. Dla współczesnych użytkowników, główną zaletą parku, który w tym roku obchodzi 50-lecie istnienia, jest fakt, iż – pomimo kilku niewielkich elementów – od czasu jego powstania, nie wprowadzano w nim zasadniczych zmian. W pierwszym kroku analizie poddana została struktura przestrzenna parku, stawiając dodatkowy nacisk na istnienie lub brak jakiejkolwiek osi, na zaakcentowaniu wejść, organizację przestrzeni wewnątrz parku i na istnieniu/braku hierarchii. Ważnym elementem analizy był aspekt połączenie parku z tkanką miejską i terenami zieleni znajdującymi się w pobliżu. Następnym krokiem było porównanie wyników z innych parków powstałych przed laty, ale o podobnym otoczeniu przyrody. Celem przeprowadzonych badań jest określenie, jak bardzo kompozycja przestrzenna Parku Jubileum różni się od kompozycji przestrzennej w klasycznych parkach. Wyniki mogą pomóc zrozumieć, jakiego rodzaju kompozycja i struktura przestrzenna jest typowa dla nowoczesnych parków. Byłoby ważne, aby zachować te specjalne miejsca i struktury Parku Jubileum, podczas coraz bardziej pilnego remontu.

Fusarium crown rot (FCR), caused by Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G.Sm) Sacc., is an important disease of wheat both in Iraq and other regions of wheat production worldwide. Changes in environmental conditions and cultural practices such as crop rotation generate stress on pathogen populations leading to the evolution of new strains that can tolerate more stressful environments. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity among isolates of F. culmorum in Iraq. Twenty-nine samples were collected from different regions of wheat cultivation in Iraq to investigate the pathogenicity and genetic diversity of F. culmorum using the repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP-PCR) technique. Among the 29 isolates of F. culmorum examined for pathogenicity, 96% were pathogenic to wheat at the seedling stage. The most aggressive isolate, from Baghdad, was IF 0021 at 0.890 on the FCR severity index. Three primer sets were used to assess the genotypic diversity via REP, ERIC and BOX elements. The amplicon sizes ranged from 200–800 bp for BOX-ERIC2, 110–1100 bp for ERIC-ERIC2 and 200–1300 bp for REP. A total of 410 markers were polymorphic, including 106 for BOX, 175 for ERIC and 129 for the REP. Genetic similarity was calculated by comparing markers according to minimum variance (Squared Euclidean). Clustering analysis generated two major groups, group 1 with two subgroups 1a and 1b with 5 and 12 isolates, respectively, and group 2 with two subgroups 2a and 2b with 3 and 9 isolates, respectively. This is the first study in this field that has been reported in Iraq.

The paper features a grid-tied converter with a repetitive current controller. Our goal here is to demonstrate the complete design workflow for a repetitive controller, including phase lead, filtering and conditional learning. All key parameters, i.e., controller gain, filter and fractional phase lead, are designed in a single optimization procedure, which is a novel approach. The description of the design and optimization process, as well as experimental verification of the entire control system, are the most important contributions of the paper. Additionally, one more novelty in the context of power converters is verified in the physical system – a conditional learning algorithm to improve transient states to abrupt reference and disturbance changes. The resulting control system is tested experimentally in a 10 kW converter.

Most scheduling methods used in the construction industry to plan repetitive projects assume that process durations are deterministic. This assumption is acceptable if actions are taken to reduce the impact of random phenomena or if the impact is low. However, construction projects at large are notorious for their susceptibility to the naturally volatile conditions of their implementation. It is unwise to ignore this fact while preparing construction schedules. Repetitive scheduling methods developed so far do respond to many constructionspecific needs, e.g. of smooth resource flow (continuity of work of construction crews) and the continuity of works. The main focus of schedule optimization is minimizing the total time to complete. This means reducing idle time, but idle time may serve as a buffer in case of disruptions. Disruptions just happen and make optimized schedules expire. As process durations are random, the project may be delayed and the crews’ workflow may be severely affected to the detriment of the project budget and profits. For this reason, the authors put forward a novel approach to scheduling repetitive processes. It aims to reduce the probability of missing the deadline and, at the same time, to reduce resource idle time. Discrete simulation is applied to evaluate feasible solutions (sequence of units) in terms of schedule robustness.

The construction contractor is concerned with reducing the cost of the project, including reducing unnecessary downtime. This is achieved when resources are fully utilized; this means the crews work continuously moving without interruption from one location to the other. However, any disturbance in the optimally scheduled workflow caused by random events is likely to result in delays, interruptions in the crews work, and productivity losses. There is therefore a need for scheduling methods that allow plans to be more resilient to disruptions and ensure a reduction in downtime and implementation costs. The authors put forward a proactive-reactive approach to the schedule risk management. Proposed method makes it possible to protect schedule deadlines from the impact of risk factors by allocating time buffers (proactive approach). It also takes into account the measures that managers take during execution in response to delays that occur, such as changing construction methods, employing extra resources, or working overtime (reactive approach). It combines both ideas and is based on project simulation technique. The merits of the proposed approach are illustrated by a case of a repetitive project to erect a number of buildings. The presented example proves that the proposed method enables the planner to estimate the scale of delays of processes’ start and consider the impact of measures to reduce duration of processes in particular locations taken in reaction to delays. Thus, it is possible to determine the optimal schedule, at which the costs of losses associated with delays and downtime are minimal.

It is a usual practice for a contractor to deliver several projects at a time. Typically, the projects involve similar types of works and share the same pool of resources (i.e. construction crews). For this reason, the company’s portfolio of orders considered for a particular planning horizon can be modeled as a project with repeatable processes to be performed in heterogeneous units located in a number of construction sites. Its scheduling requires determining the best sequence of the resources’ moving from unit to unit while minding the due dates related with particular orders as well as resource continuity constraints. The authors present a model of this scheduling problem in the form of a mixed-integer linear program. The aim is to schedule a portfolio of projects in a way that minimizes the total of the resource idle time-related costs, the indirect costs, and the delay penalties. The model can be solved by means of a general-purpose solver. The model is applied to schedule a portfolio of multifamily housing projects.

Duration of construction projects can be reduced by harmonizing construction processes: adjusting productivity rates of specialized crews and enabling the crews to work in parallel as in a production line. This is achievable in the case of projects whose scope can be divided into units where a similar type of work needs to be conducted in the same sequence. A number of repetitive project scheduling methods have been developed to assist the planner in minimizing the execution time and smoothing resource profiles. However, the workflow, especially in construction, is subject to disturbance, and the actual process durations are likely to vary from the as-scheduled ones. The inherent variability of process durations results not only in delays of a particular process in a particular unit but also in the propagation of disruptions throughout the initially well-harmonized schedule. To counteract the negative effects of process duration variability, a number of proactive scheduling methods have been developed. They consist in some form of predicting the conditions to occur in the course of the project and implementing a strategy to mitigate disturbance propagation. This paper puts forward a method of scheduling repetitive heterogeneous processes. The method aims to reduce idle time of crews. It is based on allocating time buffers in the form of breaks between processes conducted within units. The merits of the method are illustrated by an example and assessed in the course of a simulation experiment.

The ground disturbance caused by the tunnel construction will inevitably have an impact on the upper part of the constructed tunnel structure, and the railroad tunnel requires a very high level of control over the structural settlement deformation. For the problem of double-hole tunnel under the built tunnel, this paper takes Chongqing Mingyue Mountain Tunnel under the built Shanghai-Rong Railway Paihua Cave tunnel and Zheng-Yu Railway tunnel as the engineering background, and starts from the mechanism of ground loss caused by tunnel excavation, firstly, the settlement at the height of the existing tunnel strata is obtained through theoretical analysis, and the new Mingyue Mountain Tunnel under the Shanghai-Rong Railway tunnel is determined to be a more dangerous section. Further simulate and calculate the dynamic excavation process of the new double-hole tunnel underpass, and study the settlement deformation law of the Mingyue Mountain Tunnel underpassing the Hurong Railway Tunnel. According to the requirements of railroad tunnel for settlement deformation control, the new tunnel is determined to be constructed by step method to ensure the safety of railroad tunnel. The shortcomings of the theoretical calculation are analyzed to illustrate the important role of numerical simulation in the evaluation of tunnel underpass projects.