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Data Reduction Method for Synthetic Transmit Aperture Algorithm

Piotr Karwat Marcin Lewandowski Ziemowit Klimonda Andrzej Nowicki Michał Sęklewski
Archives of Acoustics | 2010 | vol. 35 | No 4 | 635-642 | DOI: 10.2478/v10168-010-0047-8
Keywords ultrasonic imaging synthetic transmit aperture data reduction effective aperture reciprocity
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Abstract

Ultrasonic methods of human body internal structures imaging are being continuously enhanced. New algorithms are created to improve certain output parameters. A synthetic aperture method (SA) is an example which allows to display images at higher frame-rate than in case of conventional beam-forming method.

Higher computational complexity is a limitation of SA method and it can prevent from obtaining a desired reconstruction time. This problem can be solved by neglecting a part of data. Obviously it implies a decrease of imaging quality, however a proper data reduction technique would minimize the image degradation.

A proposed way of data reduction can be used with synthetic transmit aperture method (STA) and it bases on an assumption that a signal obtained from any pair of transducers is the same, no matter which transducer transmits and which receives. According to this postulate, nearly a half of the data can be ignored without image quality decrease.

The presented results of simulations and measurements with use of wire and tissue phantom prove that the proposed data reduction technique reduces the amount of data to be processed by half, while maintaining resolution and allowing only a small decrease of SNR and contrast of resulting images.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Karwat
Marcin Lewandowski
Ziemowit Klimonda
Andrzej Nowicki
Michał Sęklewski

The principle of reciprocity and its role in constructing the political conception of justice according to John Rawls

Dariusz Dańkowski SJ
Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria | 2021 | No 4 | 275-292
Keywords capitalism democracy political liberalism J. Rawls reciprocity social justice
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Abstract

The idea that everyone should accept the terms of a contract, provided that others do so, is the core normative idea of John Rawls’s doctrine of social justice, presented in his major books: A Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism. In the present paper I argue that the principle of reciprocity makes it possible for Rawls to intertwine coherently two competing thought streams in the liberal tradition – the first one focusing on economic equality and the second one rooted in liberty. The idea of reciprocity adopted with the intention of satisfying the ideal of reasonableness in a well‑ordered society is the foundation of a genuine acceptance of the political conception of justice and of the civic ties and civic friendship. However, the historical and cultural analysis supports the conclusion that the Rawls’s project is buttressed by multigenerational experience of the discipline and ethos of the free market economy, which has not been openly endorsed by Rawls. Without support from such experience social solidarity within ethically neutral institutions would be hard to achieve unless it is expressed in terms of communitarian, patriotic or religious values.
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Bibliography

Barry B. (1989), Theories of Justice, t. I, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Dańkowski D. (2013), Rawls on Religion in Public Debate, Kraków: WAM.
Dańkowski D. (2021), Odpowiedzialny patriotyzm a walka o uznanie, w: M. Bogunia-Borowska (red.), Kultura (nie)odpowiedzialności, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Dreben B. (2003), On Rawls and Political Liberalism, w: S. Freeman (red.), The Cambridge Companion to Rawls, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Gutmann A. (2003), Rawls on the Relationship between Liberalism and Democracy, w: S. Freeman (red.), The Cambridge Companion to Rawls, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Habermas J. (2015), Teoria działania komunikacyjnego, przeł. A. Kaniowski, t. I, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
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Rawls J. (1996), Political Liberalism. Reply to Habermas, w: tenże, Political Liberalism, New York: Columbia University Press.
Rawls J. (1998), Liberalizm polityczny, przeł. A. Romaniuk, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Rawls J. (2001a), Collected Papers, red. S. Freeman, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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Rawls J. (2009), Teoria sprawiedliwości, przeł. M. Panufnik, J. Pasek, A. Romaniuk, S. Szymański, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
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Weithman P. (2013), Why Political Liberalism? On John Rawls’s Political Turn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Williams H.L. (2014), The Law of Peoples, w: J. Mandle, D. Reidy (red.), A Companion to Rawls, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Malden, MA: Wiley‑Blackwell.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Dańkowski SJ
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie, ul. Kopernika 26, 31‑501 Kraków

Russian Properties in Warsaw. Decades-long Polish-Russian Diplomatic and Legal Battles for Parity and the Questions of Immunities in Polish Courts

Oktawian Kuc
Polish Yearbook of International Law | 2022 | No XLII | 303-332 | DOI: 10.24425/pyil.2023.147180
Keywords state immunity diplomatic immunity Russian properties property recovery Spyville reciprocity domestic courts inviolability
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Abstract

The outbreak of the war in Ukraine in 2022 resulted in the revival of long-lasting disagreements in Polish-Russian relations. One aspect concerns numerous Russian properties in Warsaw, many abandoned or used for non-public purposes, and the disparity between both States’ properties in the other in this regard. Although the Polish Government has sought to resolve this matter amicably for many years, ultimately several legal proceedings were initiated in Polish courts aimed at recovering some of those premises. Only recently, however, Poland has resolved to employ more decisive steps, including the seizure of the former Soviet residential complex known as Spyville in order to enforce a final judgment. This article sketches the history of the dispute, provides an insight into court proceedings, and discusses the approach of Polish judicial institutions to diplomatic and State immunities.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oktawian Kuc
1
  1. Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Warsaw

Design optimization for the weight reduction of 2-cylinder reciprocating compressor crankshaft

Ali Arshad Pengbo Cong Adham Awad Elsayed Elmenshawy Ilmārs Blumbergs
Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 68 | No 4 | 449-471 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2021.139311
Keywords reciprocating compressor crankshaft optimization weight reduction topology optimization stress distribution crank web crankshaft lightweight design crack modeling modal analysis
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Abstract

This study aims to optimize the 2-cylinder in-line reciprocating compressor crankshaft. As the crankshaft is considered the "bulkiest" component of the reciprocating compressor, its weight reduction is the focus of current research for improved performance and lower cost. Therefore, achieving a lightweight crankshaft without compromising the mechanical properties is the core objective of this study. Computational analysis for the crankshaft design optimization was performed in the following steps: kinematic analysis, static analysis, fatigue analysis, topology analysis, and dynamic modal analysis. Material retention by employing topology optimization resulted in a significant amount of weight reduction. A weight reduction of approximately 13% of the original crankshaft was achieved. At the same time, design optimization results demonstrate improvement in the mechanical properties due to better stress concentration and distribution on the crankshaft. In addition, material retention would also contribute to the material cost reduction of the crankshaft. The exact 3D model of the optimized crankshaft with complete design features is the main outcome of this research. The optimization and stress analysis methodology developed in this study can be used in broader fields such as reciprocating compressors/engines, structures, piping, and aerospace industries.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ali Arshad
1
ORCID: ORCID
Pengbo Cong
2
Adham Awad Elsayed Elmenshawy
1
Ilmārs Blumbergs
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Aeronautics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Transport and Aeronautics, Riga Technical University, Latvia
  2. Institute of Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Transport and Aeronautics, Riga Technical University, Latvia

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