On 16 July 2019, another significant amendment to the provisions of the Act on the transformation of the right of perpetual usufruct to land built-up for residential purposes into the ownership title to that land was introduced. The purpose of this research paper is to analyse the influence of the amendments to the regulations on the scope of the real properties subject to the transformation of perpetual usufruct into ownership, to identify the problems and to assess the status of the implementation of the transformation process in practice. The conducted research has resulted in the presentation of the structure of land on the example of a selected city, in particular with reference to real estate let into perpetual usufruct for residential purposes. The author has also determined the status of the implementation of the transformation process in practice as well as the problems hindering the issuance of certificates for all transformed properties within the statutory period. The progress of the transformation process in a given area depends, inter alia, on the scope of real properties subject to this transformation, the requirement to perform additional analyses, including those regarding non-compliance of the legal and factual state of the property, and the assessment of the existence of public aid and related payments. This study is a continuation of the earlier research, extended by the effects of the regulations introduced in July 2019, as well as by the assessment of the progress in the transformation process in practice.

Costs of Spatial Disorder for the Real Estate Market. The article discusses the problem of costs which the spatial disorder in Poland causes in the real estate market. It also draws attention to the likely future consequences of the current lack of spatial order for the domestic real estate market. The impact of spatial chaos on the functioning of this market was considered in terms of economic, social and environmental costs. In the empirical part of the paper, analyzing land turnover in the Poznań agglomeration, the characteristics of the undeveloped real estate market in metropolitan areas in Poland were presented. At the same time, the negative effects of land trading in the situation of a flawed spatial planning system were emphasized. In addition, particular attention was paid to the common practice in Poland of excluding only part of the investment plots from agricultural use. At the same time, the urgent need to create the mechanisms of the actual protection of agricultural land within the agglomeration is emphasized.

The article deals with issues related to the application of statistical methods used in the valuation process. The proposed algorithm for real estate valuation can be used in the statistical market analysis method in the process of mass appraisal. The algorithm uses a multiple linear regression model. Legal considerations indicate the need for such an algorithm for the determination of the value of representative properties. Due to the large size of the database of comparables, the proposed algorithm can be used only to appraise typical properties. A good statistical model is parsimonious, that is, it uses as few mathematical concepts as possible in a given situation. A model should extract what is systematic in the results observed, allowing for the presence of purely random deviations. The article discusses the basic principles of building a good statistical model. Attention is drawn to the number of market attributes that are entered into the model and the range of their values. As few explanatory variables as possible should be entered into the model to explain the phenomenon under study. Explanatory variables are only those characteristics of the property that differentiate prices in a given market defined and adopted by the appraiser as the basis for valuation. The article highlights the importance of taking into account market changes during the period under study.

The transformation processes that occur in the technical, informational, and economic spheres of the regions require the development of new conceptual approaches to the development of a full-fledged land use system based on an analysis of the problems of using underground real estate. Determination of the features of land use of underground real estate is based on a quantitative basis, which is built on a systematic, integrated approach. Indicators that determine the condition and use of underground real estate are of particular importance for the development of the approach. A method of estimating a generalized indicator of the use of underground real estate in the system of land use of regions based on an integrated approach, which includes the method of expert assessments by applying qualitative indicators characterizing the status and level of use of underground real estate, considering urban, spatial, investment and innovation legal and safety features is developed. The assessment results of the integrated indicator of underground real estate land use, as well as the results of the assessment by region, showed a low level of use of underground real estate in the land use system of the regions. It is determined that most of the lands in the regions have low levels of underground real estate use. Besides, there is a need to increase the use of underground real estate by developing appropriate methodological recommendations.

The homogenous properties – as flats are – have the set of key features that characterizes them. The area of a flat, the number of rooms and storey number where it is located, the technical state of a building, and the state of the vicinity of the blocks of flats assessed. The database comprises 222 flats with their transaction prices on the secondary estate market. The analysed flats are located in a certain quarter of Wrocław city in Poland. The database is large enough to apply machine learning for successful price predictions. Their close locations significantly lower the influence of clients’ assessments of the attractiveness of the location on the flat’s price. The hybrid approach is applied, where classifying precedes the solution of the regression problem. Dependently on the class of flats, the mean absolute percentage error achieved through the calculations presented in the article varies from 4,4 % to 7,8 %. In the classes of flats where the number of cases doesn’t allow for machine predicting, multivariate linear regression is applied. The reliable use of machine learning tools has proved that the automated valuation of homogenous types of properties can produce price predictions with the error low enough for real applications.

In this article, the classification of underground space types is analyzed. It is established that there are objects that are taxed in the tax code of Ukraine and there are those that are not taxed. The results of the research are justified by the lack of mechanisms and technical solutions of three-dimensional objects of commercial space taxation, which have been intensively developing in Ukraine. The ways of solving legal conflicts regarding registration and taxation of real estate objects are suggested. Based on the study of the legislative base and normative legal documents in the sphere of land relations, a classifier of three-dimensional space objects, which today are fully or partially used for commercial purposes in various types of economic activity has been proposed. The analysis of the regulatory and legal framework regarding the taxation of underground space facilities has been carried out. Objects for which the taxation of land is charged and those objects for which there is no charge for the use of underground space have been identified. A methodology for the justified calculation of a decreasing percentage ratio for calculating a normative monetary evaluation (NME) is developed for the cases where the object of an underground commercial space is located at a distance from the center in one of the proposed zones.

Backlogs of transmission facilities (pipelines, power lines, media networks) on third – party property require regulation. This applies to both existing infrastructure and that which remains in the design phase. Drawing on literature, legislation, and practical knowledge, the article’s authors combined statutory definitions and court interpretations with industry guidelines. The transmission easement term was introduced to the Polish law the Civil Code (Act of 2008). The issue of transmission easement, and especially the rules for defining the scope of encumbrances, areas of influence the facilities have on the real estate, and the remuneration related to that, are complex issues that are worthy of being analysed more closely. The analysis of judical decisions and practical vocational experience have allowed for determining the scope of rights and obligations related to the easement laws. It is the intent of the authors of this article for its contents to clarify the transmission easement term and to draw attention to associated issues. We focus on showcasing the transmission easement issue law-wise, with aid of e.g. rulings of Polish common courts, by highlighting the defectiveness and incompleteness of regulations. It is meant as a basis for initiating detailed studies aimed at determining solutions to specific problems.