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Abstract

The article describes a test stand with a spindle equipped with an active bearing preload system using piezoelectric actuators. The proper functioning of the spindle and the active system was associated with the correct alignment of the spindle shaft and the drive motor. The article presents two methods of shaft alignment. The use of commonly known shaft alignment methods with dial indicators is insufficient from the viewpoint of being able to control this preload. This work aims at making the readers aware that, for systems with active bearing preload, the latest measuring devices should be used to align the shaft. The use of commonly known methods of equalization with dial gauges is insufficient from the point of view of controlling this preload. Increasing the accuracy of shaft alignment from 0.1 to 0.01 mm made it possible to obtain a 50% reduction in the displacement of the outer bearing ring during spindle operation.

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Bibliography

[1] F. Chen and G. Liu. Active damping of machine tool vibrations and cutting force measurement with a magnetic actuator. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 89(1–4):691–700, 2017. doi: 10.1007/s00170-016-9118-y.
[2] A.H. Hadi Hosseinabadi and Y. Altintas. Modelling and active damping of structural vibrations in machine tools. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 7(3):246–257, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.cirpj.2014.05.001.
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[4] G. Quintana, J. de Ciurana, and F.J. Campa. Machine tool spindles. In: L.N. Lopez de Lacalle and Lamikiz (Eds.) Machine Tools for High Performance Machining, chapter 3, pages 75–126, Springer–Verlag, London, 2009.
[5] J. Sikorski and W. Pawłowski. Innovative designs of angular contact ball bearings systems preload mechanisms. Mechanik, 92(2):138–140, 2018. doi: 10.17814/mechanik.2018.2.29.
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[7] P. Harris, B. Linke, and S. Spence. An energy analysis of electric and pneumatic ultra-high speed machine tool spindles. Procedia CIRP, 29:239–244, 2015.
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[14] K.P. Anandan and O.B. Ozdoganlar. A multi-orientation error separation technique for spindle metrology of miniature ultra-high-speed spindles. Precision Engineering, 43:119–131, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2015.07.002.
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[16] J. Dwojak. The use of a laser to determine the alignment of machine shafts is a revolution in alignment. Transport Przemysłowy, 3, 2005. (in Polish).
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Turek
1
Marek Stembalski
1

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław, Poland.
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Abstract

Looseness of high-strength wind turbine bolts is one of the main types of mechanical failure that threaten the quality and safety of wind turbines, and how to non-destructively detect bolt loosening is essential to accurate assessment of operational reliability of wind turbine structures. Therefore, to address the issue of looseness detection of high-strength wind turbine bolts, this paper proposes a non-destructive detection method based on digital image correlation (DIC). Firstly, the mathematical relationships between the inplane displacement component of the bolt’s nut surface, the bolt’s preload force loss and the bolt loosening angle are both deduced theoretically. Then, experimental measurements are respectively conducted with DIC with different small bolt loosening angles. The results show that the bolt loosening angle detection method based on DIC has a detection accuracy of over 95%, and the bolt’s preload force loss evaluated by the deduced relationship has a good agreement with the empirical value. Therefore, the proposed DIC-based bolt loosening angle detection method can meet the requirements of engineering inspection, and can achieve quantitative assessment of preload forces loss of wind turbine bolt.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wei-Guo Xie
1
Peng Zhou
1
Li-Yun Chen
1
Guo-Qing Gu
2
Yong-Qing Wang
3
Yu-Tao Chen
4

  1. Yancheng Institute of Supervision & Inspection on Product Quality, Yancheng 224056, China
  2. School of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
  3. School of Electrical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
  4. School of Mechanical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
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Abstract

Optimum values of preload can be achieved in well-tried constructions and then applied in similar structures. For new structures, it is recommended to calculate the preload force and to test the correctness of calculation by means of experiments. In practice it may be necessary to introduce corrections, because not all real work parameters can be precisely known. Credibility of calculations depends, first of all, on the consistence between the assumptions concerning temperature conditions during work and elastic deformations of cooperating elements – first of all of a holder – and the real work conditions. The aim of the study is to determine how preload influences the work of a system of angular ball bearings, in relation to durability of bearing, moment of friction and rigidity of the bearing.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Kaczor
Andrzej Raczyński

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