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Using Clustering Methods for the Identification of Acoustic Emission Signals Generated by the Selected Form of Partial Discharge in Oil-Paper Insulation

Sebastian Borucki Jacek Łuczak Dariusz Zmarzły

Archives of Acoustics | 2018 | vol. 43 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/122368

Keywords acoustic emission method acoustic signals partial discharges insulation power transformer

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Abstract

The article presents the results concerning the use of clustering methods to identify signals of acoustic emission (AE) generated by partial discharge (PD) in oil-paper insulation. The conducted testing featured qualitative analysis of the following clustering methods: single linkage, complete linkage, average linkage, centroid linkage and Ward linkage. The purpose of the analysis was to search the tested series of AE signal measurements, deriving from three various PD forms, for elements of grouping (clusters), which are most similar to one another and maximally different than in other groups in terms of a specific feature or adopted criteria. Then, the conducted clustering was used as a basis for attempting to assess the effectiveness of identification of particular PD forms that modelled exemplary defects of the power transformer’s oil-paper insulation system. The relevant analyses and simulations were conducted using the Matlab estimation environment and the clustering procedures available in it. The conducted tests featured analyses of the results of the series of measurements of acoustic emissions generated by the basic PD forms, which were obtained in laboratory conditions using spark gap systems that modelled the defects of the power transformer’s oil-paper insulation.

Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Borucki

Jacek Łuczak

Dariusz Zmarzły

High voltage harmonics induced modifications of PD phase-resolved patterns

Marek Florkowski Barbara Florkowska Paweł Zydroń

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2018 | vol. 67 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119637

Keywords electrical insulation system diagnostics harmonics partial discharges phase-resolved patterns

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Abstract

Partial discharges (PD) are influencing electrical insulating systems of high voltage electrical devices. Typically, in laboratory and diagnostics AC tests focused on measuring and analysis of PD, a pure sinusoidal voltage waveform is assumed. However, in practice the spectral content of the working voltage is rarely so ideal and additional spectral components have a significant impact on the discharge behaviour in electrical insulation systems. In this paper the influence of voltage harmonics on PD behaviour and phase-resolved PD patterns evolution is analysed. The presented experiments were conducted on a specimen representing a gaseous inclusion embedded in electrical insulation. The experimental results showed that various harmonic compositions superimposed on the fundamental sinusoidal waveform have a significant impact on PD intensity and maximum charge. In consequence, the derived patterns of PD phase, and magnitude distributions are distorted, and statistical parameters calculated on their basis are changed. In certain en- vironments, neglecting harmonic content in the testing voltage may lead to a misleading interpretation and assessment of PD severity.

Authors and Affiliations

Marek Florkowski

Barbara Florkowska

Paweł Zydroń

Monitoring of Partial Discharges in Cable Insulation and Cable Head Using Acoustic Method

Zbigniew Ranachowski Krzysztof Wieczorek Przemysław Ranachowski Tomasz Dębowski

Archives of Acoustics | 2022 | vol. 47 | No 2 | 259-265 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2022.141654

Keywords partial discharges medium voltage insulation acoustic emission

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Abstract

The article presents the application of Acoustic Emission (AE) method for detection and registration of partial discharges (PD) generated in medium voltage (MV) cable isolation and MV cable head. The insulation of the high voltage cable is made of a flexible material whose properties are characterised by a high coefficient of attenuation of the acoustic signals. For this reason, the AE method has not been used so far to detect PD in energetic cables. The subjects of the research were the MV cable and the standard T-type cable head. The cable contained defects which were the source of partial discharges. In case of cable head the PD were provoked by thin grounded electrode which was introduced into connector opening. The results of AE measurements are presented in the form of spectrograms. Acoustic Emission was evoked when the applied voltage level reached the value of 7.5 kV for the cable and 4 kV for the cable head. The authors used the acoustic instrumentation of their own design intended for future field use. Obtaining successful results of partial discharges measurements using the acoustic method in the cable insulation makes an original contribution of the presented work.

Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Ranachowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Wieczorek

2

Przemysław Ranachowski

1

Tomasz Dębowski

1

Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland

Pilot implementation of the on-line partial discharge monitoring system for heads of the high voltage cable lines

Michał Konarski Paweł Węgierek

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2020 | vol. 27 | No 2 | 373-382 | DOI: 10.24425/mms.2020.132781

Keywords cable lines diagnostics partial discharges unconventional methods of partial discharges measurement UHF electromagnetic method

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Abstract

The article presents the assumptions, characteristics and description of the implementation of a pilot system for on-line monitoring of partial discharges in heads of the high-voltage cable lines. The main purpose of the implementation was to increase the reliability of cable line heads by equipping them with a system of continuous assessment of technical condition with direct transmission of measurement data and alarms to the SCADA system. In order to achieve the assumed goal, unconventional methods for measuring partial discharges were used, the application of which does not require disconnecting the line from the voltage. The implementation was carried out on an active 110 kV high voltage cable line in the area of activity of one of the Distribution System Operators.

Authors and Affiliations

Michał Konarski

Paweł Węgierek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Verification of a Novel Method of Detecting Faults in Medium-Voltage Systems with Covered Conductors

Stanislav Mišák Štefan Hamacek Mikołaj Bartłomiejczyk

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2017 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 277–288 | DOI: 10.1515/mms-2017-0020

Keywords fault trees partial discharges fault diagnosis power engineering power overhead lines

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Abstract

This paper describes the use of new methods of detecting faults in medium-voltage overhead lines built of covered conductors. The methods mainly address such faults as falling of a conductor, contacting a conductor with a tree branch, or falling a tree branch across three phases of a medium-voltage conductor. These faults cannot be detected by current digital relay protection systems. Therefore, a new system that can detect the above mentioned faults was developed. After having tested its operation, the system has already been implemented to protect mediumvoltage overhead lines built of covered conductors.

Authors and Affiliations

Stanislav Mišák

Štefan Hamacek

Mikołaj Bartłomiejczyk

Analysis on Acoustic Disturbance Signals Expected During Partial Discharge Measurements in Power Transformers

Michał Kunicki

Archives of Acoustics | 2020 | vol. 45 | No 4 | 733-746 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2020.135279

Keywords acoustic emission partial discharge insulation system measurements power transformers

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Abstract

This paper presents comparative analysis of various acoustic signals expected during partial discharge (PD) measurements in operating power transformer. Main purpose of the paper is to yield relevant and reliable method to distinguish between various acoustic emission (AE) signals emitted by PD and other sources, with particular consideration of real-life results rather than laboratory simulations. Therefore, selected examples of real-life AE signals registered in seven different power transformers, under normal operation conditions, within few years are showed and analyzed. Five scenarios are investigated, which represent five types of AE sources: PD generated by artificial sources, and next four real-life sources (including PD in working transformer, oil flow, oil pumps and core). Several different signal processing methods are applied and compared in order to identify the PD signals. As a result, an energy patterns analysis based on the wavelet decomposition is found as the most reliable tool for identification of PD signals. The presented results may significantly support the process of interpretation of the PD measurement results, and may be used by field engineers as well as other researchers involved in PD analysis using AE method. Finally, observed properties also provide a solid basis for establishing or improving complete classification method based on the artificial intelligence algorithms.

Authors and Affiliations

Michał Kunicki

Variability of the Acoustic Emission Signals Generated by Partial Discharges in Mineral Oil

Michał Kunicki

Archives of Acoustics | 2019 | vol. 44 | No 2 | 339-345 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2019.128497

Keywords acoustic emission partial discharge insulation system measurements signal processing

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Abstract

The main purpose of the presented research is to investigate the partial discharge (PD) phenomenon variability under long-term AC voltage with particular consideration of the selected physical quantities changes while measured and registered by the acoustic emission method (AE). During the research a PD model source generating surface discharges is immersed in the brand new insulation mineral oil. Acoustic signals generated by the continuously occurred PDs within 168 hours are registered. Several qualitative and quantitative indicators are assigned to describe the PD variability in time. Furthermore, some longterm characteristics of the applied PD model source in mineral oil, are also presented according to acoustic signals emitted by the PD. Finally, various statistical tools are applied for the results analysis and presentation. Despite there are numerous contemporary research papers dealing with long-term PD analysis, such complementary and multiparametric approach has not been presented so far, regarding the presented research. According to the presented research from among all assigned indicators there are discriminated descriptors that could depend on PD long-term duration. On the grounds of the regression models analysis there are discovered trends that potentially allow to apply the results for modeling of the PD variability in time using the acoustic emission method. Subsequently such an approach may potentially support the development and extend the abilities of the diagnostic tools and maintenance policy in electrical power industry.

Authors and Affiliations

Michał Kunicki

Low voltage winding insulation systems under the influence of high du/dt slew rate inverter voltage

Florian Pauli Andreas Ruf Kay Hameyer

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2020 | vol. 69 | No 1 | 187-202 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2020.131767

Keywords life time partial discharge SiC semiconductors winding insulation system

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Abstract

Variable speed and low voltage electrical drives are commonly operated by frequency converters. According to recent developments, there is a trend in the area of semi-conductors, that switching frequency and voltage slew rate will increase significantly. The aim of these semiconductors is to reduce the switching losses and to increase the switching frequency, which enables to reduce the size of passive components in the power- electric circuit. This results in less material effort and lower cost, for the power electronic component. However, electric motors operated by high slew rate inverters show problems in the winding insulation, which have to be analyzed. Such problems are well known for high voltage machines. Due to the increasing slew rate, this problematic occurs in low voltage machines nowadays as well. Here, the influence of fast switching semiconductors on the winding insulation system is studied, using accelerated ageing tests with fast switching high-voltage generators.

Authors and Affiliations

Florian Pauli

Andreas Ruf

Kay Hameyer

e-mail:

ORCID:

Influence of conductive particle contaminationon the insulation system of rotating electrical machines with direct oil cooling

Liguo Yang Florian Pauli Shimin Zhang Fabian Hambrecht Kay Hameyer

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 789-804 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2022.141685

Keywords cooling insulation system particle contamination partial discharge surface resistance

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Abstract

An integration of the electrical machine and the gearbox is attracting particular attention for the design of modern electric and hybrid drive trains, since it saves overall space and subsequently increases the power density. Another benefit of a high level of integration is that it enables a combined application of oils as both cooling fluid for the electrical machine and as lubrication fluid for the transmission system. In this way, the power density of the integrated drive train can be further increased. During the oil cycling, conductive contaminations may be introduced and subsequently have an influence on the function of the insulation system of the electrical machine. In the present work, the influences of the cooling oil and its conductive contaminations, conductive particles as well as their combination with humidity, on the electrical and dielectric properties of the insulation system are studied. The results show that by application of the cooling oil, the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) of the winding insulation increases significantly so that an electrical breakdown is prone to happen before a partial discharge (PD) occurs. With increasing particle contamination, the PDIV of the insulation system decreases significantly, while the capacitance increases. Besides, conductive particles and humidity decrease the surface resistance and surface breakdown voltage of the insulation papers significantly. The results indicate that the conductive particle contaminations can play an important role for the electrical degradation of the insulation system.

Bibliography

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[14] Pauli F., Ruf A., Hameyer K., Low voltage winding insulation systems under the influence of high du/dt slew rate inverter voltage, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 187–202 (2020), DOI: 10.24425/aee.2020.131767.
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Authors and Affiliations

Liguo Yang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Florian Pauli

1

Shimin Zhang

2

Fabian Hambrecht

1

Kay Hameyer

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Lubricant Division, TotalEnergies One Tech Solaize, France

Charge dynamics of partial discharges explored applying a chopped sequence

Marek Florkowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 5 | e138817 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.138817

Keywords partial discharges chopped sequence high voltage insulation non-invasive diagnostics

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Abstract

Diagnostic methodologies are of fundamental importance for operational strategies of electrical devices, both in the power grid and in industrial applications. This paper reports about a novel approach based on partial discharge analysis applied to high voltage electrical insulation. Especially dynamics of charges deposited by partial discharges is explored applying a chopped sequence. The applications refer to microvoids occurring inside solid insulating systems or at the interfaces, such as delaminations at the electrodes. The experiments were carried out on embedded voids having distinctive wall dielectric materials. The underlying physical phenomena of post discharge charge transport are analyzed. The assessment is performed using phase-resolved partial discharge patterns acquired applying a chopped sequence. The chopped partial discharge (CPD) method provides quantitative insight into post discharge charge decay processes due to deposited and accumulated charges fluctuations. The assessment indicator is based on comparing partial discharge inception angle between chopped sequence and continuous run. The experiments have shown that materials with distinctive surface conductivity revealed adequately different charge decay time dynamics. The detailed analysis yields time constant of walls charge decay for insulating paper equal to 12 ms and cross-linked polyethylene 407 ms. The CPD method may be further used to investigate streamer physics inside bounded cavities in the form of voids. The presented method provides a quantitative approach for charge non-invasive decay assessment and offers high potential in future diagnostics applications.

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M. Florkowski, M. Kuniewski, and P. Zydroń, “Partial discharges in HVDC insulation with superimposed AC harmonics,” IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 1875‒1882, 2020.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Florkowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Power Engineering, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

The Application of Selected Hierarchical Clustering Methods for Classification the Acoustic Emission Signals Generated by Partial Discharges

Sebastian Borucki Jacek Łuczak Marcin Lorenc

Archives of Acoustics | 2021 | vol. 46 | No 3 | 409-417 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2021.138134

Keywords acoustic emission method acoustic signals partial discharges power transformer clustering method

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Abstract

The paper presents the results of the application of the hierarchical clustering methods for the classification of the acoustic emission (AE) signals generated by eight basic forms of partial discharges (PD), which can occur in paper-oil insulation of power transformers. Based on the registered AE signals from the particular PD forms, using a frequency descriptor in the form of the power spectral density (PSD) of the signal, their representation in the form of the set of points on plane XY was created. Next, these sets were subjected to analysis using research algorithms consisting of selected clustering methods. Based on the suggested numeric performance indicators, the analysis of the degree of reproduction of the actual distribution of points showing the particular time waveforms of the AE signals from eight adopted PD forms (PD classes) in the obtained clusters was carried out. As a result of the analyses carried out, the clustering algorithms of the highest effectiveness in the identification of all eight PD classes, classified simultaneously, where indicated. Within the research carried out, an attempt to draw general conclusions as to the selection of the most effective hierarchical clustering method studied and the similarity function to be used for classification of the selected basic PD forms.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Borucki

1

Jacek Łuczak

1

Marcin Lorenc

1

Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland

PIFA antenna for partial discharge detection in power transformers

Cyprian Szymczak

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2021 | vol. 28 | No 2 | 343–355 | DOI: 10.24425/mms.2021.136611

Keywords diagnostics and reliability of power transformers partial discharge detection UHF method PIFA antenna

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Abstract

The article presents the process of designing and manufacturing a prototype antenna based on the PIFA (Planar Inverted F Antenna) technology for the detection of UHF signals from partial discharges occurring in the power transformer insulation system. The main objective of the simulation studies was to obtain a frequency band covering the range of radio frequencies emitted by partial discharges in oil-paper insulation (surface discharges) and to adjust the dimensions of the antenna for its installation in the inspection window of the power transformer. The proposed structure consists of a radiating element in the shape of a rectangular meandering line and an additional parasitic element in the form of a specially selected resistor connecting the reflector with the radiator. The design of the prototype antenna was tested during laboratory tests in a high-voltage laboratory using a model of a transformer tank in which partial discharges were generated. The results of the measurements showed that the developed antenna has a higher sensitivity of partial discharge detection than other popular antennas used in transformer diagnostics, i.e. the disk antenna and the Hilbert fractal antenna. Due to high sensitivity, compact and simple structure and low production costs, the proposed PIFA antenna may be an interesting alternative to the currently used commercial antennas (mainly disk antennas) in on-line monitoring systems for partial discharges of power transformers.

Authors and Affiliations

Cyprian Szymczak

1

Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Electric Power Engineering, Piotrowo 3A, 60-965 Poznan

The Effect of Protrusions on the Initiation of Partial Discharges in XLPE High Voltage Cables

Mohammad AlShaikh Saleh Shady S. Refaat Marek Olesz Haitham Abu-Rub Jarosław Guziński

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | No. 1 | e136037 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.136037

Keywords FEA protrusions XLPE water trees partial discharge void space charge stress enhancement factor

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Abstract

This paper is focusing on 3D Finite Elements Analysis (FEA) based modelling of protrusions as defects or imperfections in the XLPE high voltage cable. This study is aiming to examine the impact, protrusions have on the initiation of partial discharges. Spherical and ellipsoidal protrusions with different sizes at the conductor screen of the high voltage cable is an essential content of this paper. In addition, a spherical gas-filled void is placed inside and outside the protrusions, and a water tree produced from protrusions is under consideration. The partial discharge influence taking place at the protrusions and the stress enhancement factor is determined for all the variations mentioned to quantify the rise in the inception of partial discharges due to the protrusions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammad AlShaikh Saleh

1 2

Shady S. Refaat

2

Marek Olesz

3

Haitham Abu-Rub

2

Jarosław Guziński

3

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar
Departement of Electrical Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland

1

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