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Abstract

The publication of Dialectics of Enlightenment by M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno in 1947 provoked a fundamental shift in social philosophy of that time. It forced post-war philosophy to look for a new theory that could be used to analyze ‘the society of late
capitalism’. According to the common view, Dialectics of Enlightenment did not propose any new theory that could fulfill the expected role. Because of that, Horkheimer and Adorno allowed post-war ‘anti-enlightenment’, postmodern philosophical currents to deliver a solution to this problem, which ‘cut this Gordian knot’ by getting rid of the idea of determinate negation from philosophy – which had been one of the most fundamental assumptions of modern philosophy from Hegel to Lukács. According to this popular interpretation, works of critical deconstructors of the discourse of modernity, such as e.g. G. Bataille, J. Lacan, M. Foucault, J. Derrida, F. Jameson, N. Land, G. Deleuze, J.F. Lyotard or J. Baudrillard, were a necessary implication of Dialectics of Enlightenment and its inability to form a new theory. My main aim in this work is to undermine such misinterpretations of Dialectics of Enlightenment and to show errors underlying such views about the ‘counterenlightenment’ as its necessary, long-term effect. My goal is to show that Horkheimer and Adorno in fact considered their book to be a beginning of a new, still ‘proenlightenment’ method of critical social philosophy. They also inserted in the book a real solution to the post-war crisis of social philosophy. The ongoing work of contemporary Frankfurt School representatives is a proof that Dialectics of Enlightenment and the critical theory are still alive and actual nowadays.
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Bibliography

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22. Kołakowski L. (2012), Dialektyka negatywna, „Kronos” 3, s. 226–234.
23. Land N. (1992), Georges Bataille and virulent nihilism, London: Routledge.
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25. Markowski M.P. (2001), Nietzsche. Filozofia interpretacji, Kraków: Universitas.
26. Momro J. (2012), Teoria estetyczna jako protodekonstrukcja, „Kronos” 3, s. 98–112.
27. Mörchen H. (1999), Władza i panowanie u Heideggera i Adorna, przeł. M. Herer, R. Marszałek, Warszawa: Oficyna Naukowa.
28. Olesik M. (2012), Krytyka i utopia – kręte drogi dialektyki jako idei mesjańskiej w filozofii T.W. Adorna, „Kronos” 3, s. 113–126.
29. Rorty R. (2009), Przygodność, ironia i solidarność, przeł. J.W. Popowski, Warszawa: W.A.B.
30. Schnädelbach H. (2001), Próba rehabilitacji „animal rationale”, przeł. K. Krzemieniowa, Warszawa: Oficyna Naukowa.
31. Siemek M. (1994), Posłowie do wydania polskiego. Rozum między światłem i cieniem oświecenia, w: M. Horkheimer, T.W. Adorno, Dialektyka oświecenia, przeł. M. Łukasiewicz, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN.
32. Siemek M. (2018), W kręgu filozofów, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
33. Sloterdijk P. (2008), Krytyka cynicznego rozumu, przeł. P. Dehnel, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej.
34. Sloterdijk P. (2012), Teoria krytyczna umarła, „Kronos” 3, s. 59–65.
35. Walentowicz H. (2008), Utopia i antyutopia w Szkole Frankfurckiej, „Przegląd Filozoficzny – Nowa Seria” 3, s. 179–208.
36. Žižek S. (2008), W obronie przegranych spraw, przeł. J. Kutyła, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej.


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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Staśkiewicz
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Abstract

The first part of the article presents historical origins of Moses Mendelssohn’s Jerusalem (1783). It discusses Mendelssohn’s polemics with Johann Caspar Lavater, Christian Wilhelm Dohm and August Cranz which paved the way for the publication of the book. The second part treats Mendelssohn’s notion of Judaism as it is expressed in Jerusalem. Here the article argues for a fundamentally orthodox attitude of Mendelssohn toward Judaism, which prevented him from creating (a fact sometimes lamented by commentators) a far‑reaching ‘synthesis’ between the Jewish religion and the Enlightenment.
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Bibliography

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10. Gottlieb M. (2011a), Introduction, w: M. Mendelssohn, Writings on Judaism, Christianity, and the Bible, red. M. Gottlieb, przeł. C. Bowman, E. Sacks, A. Arkush, Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.
11. Gottlieb M. (2011b), Faith and Freedom: Moses Mendelssohn’s Theological‑Political Thought, New York: Oxford University Press.
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14. Herder J.G. (2013), Gott. Einige Gespräche über Spinoza’s System nebst Shaftesbury’s Naturhymnus, Berlin: Holzinger.
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34. Mendelssohn M. (2011b), From Light for the Path, w: tenże, Writings on Judaism, Christianity, and the Bible, red. M. Gottlieb, przeł. C. Bowman, E. Sacks, A. Arkush, Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, s. 189–202.
35. Mendelssohn M. (2013), W kwestii: co znaczy oświecać, w: tenże, Wybór pism filozoficznych, przeł. R. Kuliniak, T. Małyszek, Wrocław: Atut.
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40. Pilarczyk K., Dublański R. (2016), Moses Mendelssohn a judaizm i kultura żydowska, „Studia Gdańskie” 38, s. 75–87.
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42. Rosenstock B. (2010), Philosophy and the Jewish Question. Mendelssohn, Rosenzweig, and Beyond, New York: Fordham University Press.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Kozyra
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Abstract

The Enlightenment occupied an important place in the oeuvre of Professor Józef Andrzej Gierowski. This piece presents his evolving views on the Enlightenment in three syntheses of the history of early modern Poland and the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth: two university textbooks first published in 1967 and 1978 respectively, and a book addressed to a wider, non‑academic readership first published in 2001, much of which was presented to Anglophone readers in 1996. J. A. Gierowski’s views are presented against the background of the sardonic references to “the enlightened age” and “enlightened Europe” in the synthesis published by his supervisor, Władysław Konopczyński in 1936, as well as the Marxist‑Leninist scheme of the Enlightenment forced on historiography and the humanities in postwar Poland, especially by Celina Bobińska. J. A. Gierowski’s view of “the ideology of the Enlightenment” gradually shifted from the primacy of rationalist and materialist thinking to the aim of the pursuit of happi-ness within human society. While still emphasising economic and social factors, including the role of the bourgeoisie in the Dutch Republic, England and France, he increasingly distanced himself from the model of the Enlightenment as the ideology of the rising bourgeoisie, forced on him in the early stages of his academic career. After long reflection on the question of the reception and originality of the Enlightenment in the Commonwealth, he came to appreciate the contributions of Royal Prussian burghers, the Catholic clergy and the Polish‑Lithuanian nobility. He also jettisoned the postwar dogma that the beginning of the capitalist order in Poland should be dated to 1764.
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Authors and Affiliations

Richard Butterwick
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University College London
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Abstract

The article discusses the dispute over the chronology of the Enlightenment in Poland and the views of Józef Gierowski and Jacek Staszewski regarding the assessment of the Saxon times and the origins of the Polish Enlightenment. The problem of the reception of Western cultures (French, English, Italian and German) in the times of the Enlightenment in Poland was also treated more broadly.
After presenting various understandings of culture in Polish historiography, the positions of Polish researchers on the assessment of the Enlightenment in Europe (Emanuel Rostworowski) and then the culture of the Saxon times and the Enlightenment in Poland (Józef Andrzej Gierowski, Janusz Maciejewski, Jacek Staszewski) were discussed. The achievements of Polish historiography in the field of research on the reception in Poland of the works of the most eminent authors of the French Enlightenment (these were primarily Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Montesquieu), English (including Locke), Italian (Genovesi, Beccaria) and German (including Wolff, Gottsched) were shown in greater detail. The reception of this work would not have been possible without the appearance in Poland of an intellectual elite, often speaking French, who were able to evaluate and appreciate the innovative views of Western writers and philosophers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marian Chachaj
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Marii Curie‑Skłodowskiej
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Abstract

This paper focuses on the development of critical methods and the growth of the erudite school in 18th-century Denmark-Norway. It shows how Hans Gram, Andreas Hojer and Jacob Langebek contributed to modernizing the study of history, turning it into a branch of science
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Authors and Affiliations

Krystyna Szelągowska
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

In the last phase of Franciszek Karpiński's life as a writer (the first quarter of the 19th century), he practically gave up poetry and concentrated instead on writing memoirs. This article tries to find out to what extent his autobiographical work, especially his Historia mego wieku i ludzi, z którymi żyłem [A History of My Century and the People with Whom I Lived], is influenced by an attitude characteristic of the sentimentalism of the previous century. As this analysis shows Karpiński's narrative exhibits both a sensitivity much indebted to Rousseau's autobiographical method and skilful shifts of tone, from satire and irony to various shades of melancholy. For sentimentalist aesthetic and poetics the continual manipulation of tone is a means of alerting the reader to the world's complexity. As in the novels of Lawrence Sterne, that complexity is experienced by way of careful observation of fragments of reality, defined by the subjectivity of the observer and the truth of his emotions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Zając
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The Thornische Nachrichten von gelehrten Sachen, published in Toruń in 1762–1766, was a learned review journal, the first periodical of this kind in Poland. As one of its editors' priorities was to keep track of current Polish writing, the magazine regularly published reviews of the most notable books of Polish Enlightenment (among its reviewers were Stanisław Konarski, Wacław Rzewuski, Franciszek Bohomolec, Józef Minasowicz).

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Chlewicka
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Abstract

The paper discusses conditions of proper communication between the doctor and the patient focusing on the Treatise of the Hypochondriack and Hysterick Passions (1711) by Bernard Mandeville. The method of treating hypochondria, based mainly on dialogue, presented in this work allows the doctor to correctly recognize disease and to awaken self-knowledge in the patient. Combining hypochondria with stomach problems, expanding the field of factors influencing the development of this disease proves that Mandeville interprets man holistically in the treatment process, and his preferred method focuses more on psychological rather than physical problems. Philopirio, as a representative of Mandeville’s medical views, assumes the role of a medical advisor, whose main task is physical and constant contact with the patient. The Philopirio’s method of treatment becomes effective thanks to medical virtues, especially diligence and empathy. Mandeville’s work unambiguously proves that in the process of diagnosis and convalescence communication between the doctor and the patient has an important role, and sometimes it is essential in the process of curing the patient.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Droś
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Abstract

Józef Andrzej Gierowski’s academic profile is presented in the light of his interest in the problems of universal history in relation to events, but above all to phenomena which allow for a better knowledge and understanding of the mentality of the people of the time, their activities and their consequences. Gierowski’s studies on the history of Europe were closely linked to the history of the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth (especially the period of the Saxon Wettin dynasty on the Polish throne), highlighting its international position and associations, and the resulting foreign policy of its rulers. Among the questions raised, there was no shortage of issues relating to the culture and ideology of the Baroque and the Enlightenment and, of primary interest to the researcher, the problem‑laden, not fully deciphered transition period between the two currents.
The second ‘part’ of the article emphasises Józef Andrzej Gierowski’s understanding of Europe as a certain whole, encompassing not only political history, social or economic affairs, but also cultural patterns and phenomena to which he was particularly sensitive.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej K. Link Lenczowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Jagielloński
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Abstract

The issues of the history of culture and science of the eighteenth‑century Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth are rare in the works of Józef Andrzej Gierowski. This article analyses his views on these issues. He devoted most attention to the subject of the beginnings of the Enlightenment in Poland, joining a long scholarly discussion about it. He agreed that the precursors of the Enlightenment in Poland were already active in the 1740s, during the era of the Wettins’ rule. He pointed to educational reform, writing activity (Benedykt Chmielowski’s, the political and journalistic work of a number of writers) and publishing (especially of the Załuski brothers), and the development of periodicals as the three pillars on which reforms were carried out in the future – during the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski. In addition, and just as importantly, he drew attention to methodological weaknesses concerning the study of intermediate periods, i.e. between the Baroque and the Enlightenment. He also pointed out the need for a comprehen-sive picture of the cultural history of the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18 th century – proponents of both Sarmatian culture and Enlightenment thought.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Orzeł
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Łódzki
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Abstract

On the base of Emil Cioran's philosophical concepts, the Author undertakes an attampt to interpret the ethic and intellectual tensions between the traditional and Enlightenment ideas of Polish eighteenth century thinkers: Hugo Kołłątaj, Stanislaw Staszic, Jan Śniadecki and Tadeusz Czacki.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Łysiak
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Abstract

From its beginnings – in Poland it was the second half of the 18th century – the novel, a genre that eluded the distinctions of traditional normative poetics, had to face all kinds of strictures, not only in the sphere of aesthetics. At the same time, due to its innovatory representation of reality and its effectiveness as a tool of persuasion, it aroused a genuine interest among the enlightened elites. This positive attitude appears to have been shared by Ignacy Krasicki, whose work (not excepting novels) was generally regarded as a model of unparalleled literary excellence. This article re-examines his achievement as a novelist and discusses at greater length his first novel Mikołaja Doświadczyńskiego przypadki. Published in 1776, it was the first Polish novel and the most interesting example of early realistic fiction until the appearance in 1815 of Dwaj panowie Sieciechowie by Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Zając
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków

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